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Elektromobilität 11 ‐ 2013

ELEKTROMOBILITÄT

EMO

http://www.wissen-elektromobilitaet.com/

TecScan Journal > Editorial

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Elektromobilität und Umwelt..................................................................................................... 4 Batterie oder Brennstoffzelle - was bewegt uns in Zukunft? ....................................................................................... 4 Prima für's Klima?....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Steigerung der Attraktivität von Elektroautomobilen durch neue Produkt-Service-Kombinationen............................. 4 Analysis of the design and economics of molten carbonate fuel cell tri-generation systems providing heat and power for commercial buildings and H2 for FC vehicles.............................................................................................. 4 Driving on renewables - on the prospects of alternative fuels up to 2050 from an energetic point-of-view in European Union Countries ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Elektroautos nehmen auch in Deutschland Fahrt auf. IAA 2013 ................................................................................ 5 Elektromobilität: Intelligenz und Sex-Appeal gesucht ................................................................................................. 5 Elektromobilität entdeckt ihren Sinn für die Realität. eCarTec 2013........................................................................... 6 Markthochlaufszenarien für Elektrofahrzeuge. Studie im Auftrag der acatech - Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften und der Arbeitsgruppe 7 der Nationalen Plattform Elektromobilität (NPE). Langfassung ..... 6 Akzeptanz von Elektrofahrzeugen - Aussichtsloses Unterfangen oder große Chance? ............................................. 6 Elektromobilität auf dem Prüfstand. Wirksamkeit von Kaufanreizen........................................................................... 7 Systemanalyse BWe Mobil 2013. IKT- und Energieinfrastruktur für innovative Mobilitätslösungen in Baden-Württemberg. 2. geänderte Auflage............................................................................................................................ 7

Antriebssysteme ........................................................................................................................ 8 Lücke im V-Modell von E-Antrieben durch Parameter-Identifikation geschlossen...................................................... 8 Energieoptimale Fahrdynamikregelung in Elektrofahrzeugen mit Einzelradantrieb.................................................... 8 Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse von Plug-in-Hybrid-Fahrzeugkonzepten............................................................................... 8 The new 2.5L L4 gasoline engine for LEXUS IS300h - The renewed engine series for FR hybrid vehicles ............... 9 The new electric powertrain on the 2013 MY Nissan LEAF........................................................................................ 9 Der Elektroantrieb des Volkswagen e-up! - ein Schritt zur modularen Elektrifizierung des Antriebsstrangs............. 10 Der elektrifizierte Antriebsstrang des Volkswagen Golf Plug-In Hybrid..................................................................... 10 BMW gestaltet die Zukunft der Mobilität. Heute........................................................................................................ 10 Umrichtergespeiste Antriebe in elektrifizierten Fahrzeugen - Anforderungen an die Regelung und Leistungsbestimmung............................................................................................................................................... 11 The low emission turbogas hybrid vehicle concept preliminary simulation and vehicle packaging........................... 11 Potential and components of 48 V low cost hybrid vehicles ..................................................................................... 12 Design of a 48 V-belt driven starter generator-system drawing special system requirements into account.............. 12 A single-axle vehicle for traffic calmed areas - Model-based controller design for the E2V...................................... 12 Future concepts for electrically driven axles ............................................................................................................. 13 AVL Coup-e 800: Challenging the high-performance 800-Volt drivetrain in practice ................................................ 13 Modular 7-speed hybrid dual-clutch transmission 7H-DCT280................................................................................. 14 Electrification of tractor trailer vehicles - Niche or mainstream? ............................................................................... 14 Analysis of the vehicle architecture in the development of electrified vehicle concepts during the early concept decision phase.......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Fuel efficiency and driving performance comparison of different hybrid powertrain topologies ................................ 15

Fahrzeugelektronik, IKT........................................................................................................... 15 Dem Wirkungsgrad auf der Spur. Hochschulteam untersucht Energieeffizienz von Hybridantrieben....................... 15 A novel direct yaw moment controller for in-wheel motor electric vehicles ............................................................... 15 Noise characteristics of electric vehicles: Causes and design options ..................................................................... 16

Energiespeicherung, Energiewandler .................................................................................... 16 Stress generation during lithiation of high-capacity electrode particles in lithium ion batteries ................................. 16 Silicon Nanofibrils on a Flexible Current Collector for Bendable Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes................................... 16 Modelling and identification of the dominant phenomena in hydrogen fuel-cells by the application of DRT Analysis .................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Enhanced cycling stability of Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 by surface modification of MgO with melting impregnation method ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage ..................................... 17 Evaluation of advantages of an energy storage system using recycled EV batteries ............................................... 18 Online battery state of health estimation based on Genetic Algorithm for electric and hybrid vehicle applications............................................................................................................................................................... 18 Understanding the effect of synthesis temperature on the structural and electrochemical characteristics of layered-spinel composite cathodes for lithium-ion batteries ..................................................................................... 18 Hierarchical Fe2O3@Co3O4 nanowire array anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries................................. 18 Three dimensional thermal-, electrical-, and electrochemical-coupled model for cylindrical wound large format lithium-ion batteries................................................................................................................................................... 19 Empirical analysis of contributing factors to heating in lithium-ion cells: Anode entropy versus internal resistance ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 A new extension of physics-based single particle model for higher charge-discharge rates .................................... 19 A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications ........................... 20

TSJ EMO 11-2013 Elektromobilität 1

Discharge characteristics of multicell lithium-ion battery with nonuniform cells ....................................................... 20 On-line self-learning time forward voltage prognosis for lithium-ion batteries using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system....................................................................................................................................................... 20 Ether-functionalized ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium-air batteries ......................................................................... 21 Coupled thermal-electrochemical modelling of uneven heat generation in lithium-ion battery packs ....................... 21 A novel bifunctional additive for safer lithium ion batteries ....................................................................................... 21 Transient three-dimensional thermal model for batteries with thin electrodes .......................................................... 21 Entropy change effects on the thermal behavior of a LiFePO4/graphite lithium-ion cell at different states of charge....................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Porosity and phase fraction evolution with aging in lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes................................... 22 Ab initio study of the fracture energy of LiFePO4/FePO4 interfaces.......................................................................... 22 Thermal and oxidation stability of organo-fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions for lithium ion batteries.................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Synthesis of FeOF using roll-quenching method and the cathode properties for lithium-ion battery ........................ 23 AlSb thin films as negative electrodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries ...................................................................... 23 A robust state-of-charge estimator for multiple types of lithium-ion batteries using adaptive extended Kalman filter........................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Phosphorus derivatives as electrolyte additives for lithium-ion battery: The removal of O2 generated from lithium-rich layered oxide cathode ............................................................................................................................ 24 Layered perovskite oxide: A reversible air electrode for oxygen evolution/reduction in rechargeable metal-air batteries.................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Hierarchically structured materials for lithium batteries............................................................................................. 24 Ordered Mesoporous beta -MgMoO4 Thin Films for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications.............................................. 25 Alternative battery technologies, their potential and challenges ............................................................................... 25 Fast charging of battery buses and its impact on the aging of various lithium-ion cell types .................................... 25

Elektrische Ladetechnologie................................................................................................... 26 Integrated motor drives and battery charges for electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles ...................................... 26 Evaluation of charging infrastructure requirements and operating costs for plug-in electric vehicles ....................... 26 Optimal contracts for providing load-side frequency regulation service using fleets of electric vehicles................... 26

Energienetze, -verteilung......................................................................................................... 27 Study on Power Delivering in Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicle........................................................ 27 Speicher für die Energieversorgung von morgen...................................................................................................... 27 Geschäftsmodell für Smart Grids. Wie wirtschaftlich ist die Umrüstung von konventionellen zu intelligenten Netzen? .................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Breitbandige Power-Line-Kommunikation im Smart Grid. Standardisierte Technologien als Grundlage .................. 28 Mit 8800 Sensoren zum intelligenten Mehrgrössen-Reglungssystem. Ein Erfahrungsbericht aus der Praxis .......... 28 Hybrid time representation for the scheduling of energy supply and demand in smart grids .................................... 28 V2G strategies for congestion management in microgrids with high penetration of electric vehicles ....................... 28 Reliability assessment in smart distribution networks ............................................................................................... 29 Rückgrat für die Energiewende. Intelligentes Verteilungsnetzmanagement ............................................................. 29 Intelligent power management in micro grids with EV penetration............................................................................ 30 Optimal charging control for plug-in electric vehicles in smart microgrids fueled by renewable energy sources ...... 30 Encouraging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) participation through premium tariff rates .......................................................... 30 Impact of allowed reverse active power flow on planning PVs and BSSs in distribution networks considering demand and EVs growth .......................................................................................................................................... 30

Neue Materialien und Recycling ............................................................................................. 31 Schnellhärtend und ultra-hochmodulig. 1K-Pur-Klebstoffe für semi-strukturelle Klebungen..................................... 31 Accurate Control of Multishelled Co3O4 Hollow Microspheres as High-Performance Anode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries................................................................................................................................................. 31 In situ synthesis of CoFe2O4-Co rods as anode materials for lithium ion batteries ................................................... 31 Leichtbaukonzept für ein CO2-armes Fahrzeug........................................................................................................ 32 Core-shell CNT-Ni-Si nanowires as a high performance anode material for lithium ion batteries............................. 32 Rational Design of Anode Materials Based on Group IVA Elements (Si, Ge, and Sn) for Lithium-Ion Batteries ...... 32 Energy Storage on Ultrahigh Surface Area Activated Carbon Fibers Derived from PMIA ........................................ 33 Composites of LiMnPO4 with Li3V2(PO4)3 for cathode in lithium-ion battery ............................................................. 33 Capacity variation of carbon-coated silicon monoxide negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries........................... 33 Subsurface diffusion of oxide electrolyte decomposition products in metal fluoride nanocomposite electrodes....... 33 Mg rechargeable batteries: an on-going challenge................................................................................................... 34 PEMFC membrane electrode assembly degradation study based on its mechanical properties.............................. 34 Electrochemical synthesis of SnCo alloy shells on orderly rod-shaped Cu current collectors as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with enhanced performance ................................................................................................ 34 Nitrogen plasma functionalization of carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor applications .......................................... 35 SnO2/graphene composite as highly reversible anode materials for lithium ion batteries......................................... 35 Lithium ion transport properties of high conductive tellurium substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 cubic lithium garnets............ 35


High Li+ conduction in NASICON-type Li1+xYxZr2-x(PO4)3 at room temperature ........................................................ 35 Decoration of graphene with silicon nanoparticles by covalent immobilization for use as anodes in high stability lithium ion batteries................................................................................................................................................... 36 Electrochemical performances of a novel high-voltage electrolyte based upon sulfolane and gamma -butyrolactone ............................................................................................................................................................ 36 Methylated silicon: A longer cycle-life material for Li-ion batteries............................................................................ 36 Electrochemical performance of rechargeable Li/LiFePO4 cells with ionic liquid electrolyte: Effects of Li salt at 25 °C and 50 °C...................................................................................................................................................... 36 SiO2/Cu/polyacrylonitrile-C composite as anode material in lithium ion batteries ..................................................... 37 Preparation of lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte of NASICON-type Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 (x = 0.3) obtained by using the mechanochemical method and its application as surface modification materials of LiCoO2 cathode for lithium cell .............................................................................................................................................. 37 Analysis of composite electrolytes with sintered reinforcement structure for energy storage applications ............... 37 alpha -Fe2O3/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid films as high-performance anodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries................................................................................................................................................... 38 Fe3O4/carbon core-shell nanotubes as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries ..................................... 38 Electrochemical properties of an all-solid-state lithium-ion battery with an in-situ formed electrode material grown from a lithium conductive glass ceramics sheet ............................................................................................. 38 Carbon paper substrate for silicon-carbon composite anodes in lithium-ion batteries ............................................. 39 Synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiFeP1-xBxO4-delta /C cathode materials................................................ 39 Synthesis and electrochemical performance characterization of Ce-doped Li3V2(PO4)3/C as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries ............................................................................................................................................. 39 Sodium substitution for partial lithium to significantly enhance the cycling stability of Li2MnO3 cathode material.... 39 Comparing aging of graphite/LiFePO4 cells at 22 °C and 55 °C - Electrochemical and photoelectron spectroscopy studies ................................................................................................................................................ 40 (LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 + AC)/graphite hybrid energy storage device with high specific energy and high rate capability................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Improving the electrochemical performance of anatase titanium dioxide by vanadium doping as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries................................................................................................................................ 40 Carbon nanotube-embedding LiFePO4 as a cathode material for high rate lithium ion batteries.............................. 41 Stability of polymer binders in Li-O2 batteries ........................................................................................................... 41 Influence of solvent type on porosity structure and properties of polymer separator for the Li-ion batteries............. 41 Modeling of hydro-thermo-mechanical behavior of Nafion NRE212 for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using the finite viscoplasticity theory based on overstress for polymers (FVBOP).................................................... 41 Nanoporous carbons from hydrothermally treated biomass as anode materials for lithium ion batteries ................. 42 Metal hydrides for high-power batteries.................................................................................................................... 42 Ionic liquids for energy applications .......................................................................................................................... 42 Ionic liquids as safe electrolyte components for Li-metal and Li-ion batteries .......................................................... 43 Review of porous silicon preparation and its application for lithium-ion battery anodes ........................................... 43 Germanium-tin alloy nanocrystals for high-performance lithium ion batteries........................................................... 43 Superior power density solid oxide fuel cells by enlarging the three-phase boundary region of a NiO-Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 composite anode through optimized surface structure ...................................................................... 43 Interaction of electrolyte molecules with carbon materials of well-defined porosity: characterization by solid-state NMR spectroscopy........................................................................................................................................... 44 Silicon-containing anodes with low accumulated irreversible capacity for lithium-ion batteries ................................ 44 Graphene-Bonded and -Encapsulated Si Nanoparticles for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes ......................................... 44 The life cycle assessment of metal materials used for automobile body materials and castings.............................. 45 Zellenrecycling im stationären Batteriespeicher. Zellselektion, Speicherkonzeption und Systemtests ..................... 45 FutureSteelVehicle - Nature's Way to mobility. Resolution of front rail manufacturability and further Nature's Way methodology exploration in a Near-Term design. Executive summary & engineering reports, April 2013........ 45

Sicherheit .................................................................................................................................. 46 Numerical and experimental investigation of a lightweight bonnet for pedestrian safety .......................................... 46 Finite element modeling and experimental characterization of enhanced hybrid composite structures for improved crashworthiness ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Design, package and safety of optimized electric road vehicles ............................................................................... 47 Model-based safety analysis and ISO26262 - Application to a battery management system................................... 47

Schlagwortregister................................................................................................................... 48


Elektromobilität und Umwelt - 001 - Elektroauto, Brennstoffzellenauto

Batterie oder Brennstoffzelle - was bewegt uns in Zukunft? Friedrich, Kaspar In: DLR-Magazin (2013) 139, S.32-35 (4 Seiten, 4 Bilder)

In Deutschland sind gerade einmal 10000 Elektroautos zugelassen. Neuerdings sieht es so aus, als wolle das Was-serstoff-Brennstoffzellen-Auto noch einmal durchstarten. Im Prinzip haben beide Systeme Vor- und Nachteile: So sind Batteriefahrzeuge allen anderen Antriebssträngen haushoch überlegen, haben aber lediglich eine Reichweite von 150 bis höchstens 200 Kilometern und müssen dann wieder 8 Stunden aufgeladen werden. Anders das Brenn-stoffzellen-Fahrzeug: Hier ist das Netz für Wasserstoff-Tankstellen noch sehr dünn und die kostengünstige Serien-produktion ist bisher noch ausgeblieben. Auf die Dauer werden deshalb eher Hybridsysteme fahren und damit die Vorteile beider Systeme nutzen. Knackpunkt ist dabei aber die Batterie selber, die viele Lade- und Entladevorgänge ohne Kapazitätsverluste zu realisieren hat. Der nächste Meilenstein, den Forscher am DLR anpeilen, ist die Lithium-Schwefel-Batterie. Zu bedenken ist aber immer, dass Batterie- und Brennstoffzellen-Autos nur dann umweltverträg-lich sind, wenn der Strom oder der Wasserstoff, den sie verbrauchen, aus erneuerbaren Energie hergestellt wird. Hier ergeben sich dann neue Modelle für die Brennstoffzelle, in dem der immer weiter steigende Fotovoltaik- und Wind-Strom in deutschen Stromnetz durch Elektrolyse-Anlagen in Wasserstoff für das Auto umgewandelt wird. ____________________________________________________________ - 002 - Elektroauto, Erdgasauto

Prima für's Klima? Focht, Peter; Müller, Armin In: Energie und Management (2013) 19, S.1 (1 Seite, 1 Bild)

Derzeit fahren etwa 10000 Elektro- oder Hybrid-Elektromobile und 100000 Erdgasautos in Deutschland. Umweltver-bände werfen dabei den deutschen Autobauern vor, Elektro- und Hybridautos nur anzubieten, um den CO2-Wert für ihre Fahrzeugflotte zu drücken. Auf der IAA in Frankfurt wurden nun endlich neue Elektroautos aus deutscher Pro-duktion wie der e-up und der E-Golf von VW sowie der BMW i3 vorgestellt. Der up wird dabei nicht nur mit Elektro- sondern auch mit Erdgasantrieb angeboten. Erdgasfahrzeuge können ohne technische Veränderungen Bio- oder synthetisches Erdgas aus Power-to-Gas-Anlagen tanken und ermöglichen so einen Link zu den erneuerbaren Ener-gien. Umweltverbände sehen das Erdgasauto als gute Lösung rasch zu einem klimaschonenderen Verkehr zu kom-men, und sehen einen strengeren CO2-Flottengrenzwert von 95 g/km vor 2015/2016 als wichtigen Beitrag für den Klimaschutz und als Faktor, dass Autofahrer ihre Zurückhaltung gegenüber klimaverträglicheren Fahrzeugen aufge-ben. ____________________________________________________________ - 003 - Elektroautomobile, Attraktivität

Steigerung der Attraktivität von Elektroautomobilen durch neue Produkt-Service-Kombinationen Westphal, Ingo; Nehls, Jasmin; Wiesner, Stefan; Thoben, Klaus-Dieter In: Industrie Management 29 (2013) 5, S.19-24 (6 Seiten, 1 Bild, 24 Quellen)

Die Erweiterung von Produktangeboten um ergänzende Services kann die Attraktivität dieser Angebote steigern und dazu beitragen, neue Kundengruppen zu erschließen. Die Herausforderung liegt insbesondere darin, Services zu entwickeln und anzubieten, die von den Kunden als Mehrwert wahrgenommen werden und so den Ausschlag für die Entscheidung zu Gunsten des Produkts liefern. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine Methode vorgeschlagen, mit der die Generierung geeigneter Ideen für neue Kombinationen von Produkten und Services unterstützt wird, indem sys-tematisch nach möglichen Optionen für solche Ansätze gesucht wird. Ein vielversprechendes Anwendungsfeld hier-für sind im Rahmen der Elektromobilität insbesondere Elektroautomobile, kurz E-Automobile, die mit den bisherigen Geschäftsmodellen noch nicht den Schritt aus dem Nischendasein geschafft haben. Anhand des Beispiels E-Auto wird das Grundkonzept der Methode beschrieben und deren Anwendung erläutert. ____________________________________________________________ - 004 - Schmelzcarbonatbrennstoffzelle, Brennstoffzellenfahrzeug

Analysis of the design and economics of molten carbonate fuel cell tri-generation systems providing heat and power for commercial buildings and H2 for FC vehicles Li, Xuping; Ogden, Joan; Yang, Christopher In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.668-679 (12 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.068

This study models the operation of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) tri-generation systems for "big box" store busi-nesses that combine grocery and retail business, and sometimes gasoline retail. Efficiency accounting methods and


parameters for MCFC tri-generation systems have been developed. Interdisciplinary analysis and an engineer-ing/economic model were applied for evaluating the technical, economic, and environmental performance of distrib-uted MCFC tri-generation systems, and for exploring the optimal system design. Model results show that tri-generation is economically competitive with the conventional system, in which the stores purchase grid electricity and NG for heat, and sell gasoline fuel. The results are robust based on sensitivity analysis considering the uncertainty in energy prices and capital cost. Varying system sizes with base case engineering inputs, energy prices, and cost as-sumptions, it is found that there is a clear tradeoff between the portion of electricity demand covered and the capital cost increase of bigger system size. MCFC Tri-generation technology provides lower emission electricity, heat, and H2 fuel. With NG as feedstock the CO2 emission can be reduced by 10%-43.6%, depending on how the grid electric-ity is generated. With renewable methane as feedstock CO2 emission can be further reduced to near zero. ____________________________________________________________ - 005 - Kraftstoff, erneuerbare Energie, Biokraftstoff

Driving on renewables - on the prospects of alternative fuels up to 2050 from an energetic point-of-view in European Union Countries Ajanovic, Amela; Jungmeier, Gerfried; Bermann, Martin; Haas, Reinhard In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Energy Resources Technology 135 (2013) 3, S.031201/1-7 (7 Seiten, 13 Bilder, 4 Tabellen, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023919

The core objective of this paper is to investigate the perspectives of "renewable fuels" mainly from an energetic point-of-view in a dynamic framework until 2050 in comparison to fossil fuels. In addition, the impact on the economic pros-pects of an improvement of the energetic performance is analyzed. As renewable fuels, various categories of first and second generation biofuels as well as electricity and hydrogen from renewable energy sources are considered. The most important results of this analysis are: (i) While for first generation biofuels, the relatively high share of fossil en-ergy is the major problem, for second generation biofuels, the major problems are the low conversion efficiency and the corresponding high input of renewable feedstocks. Up to 2050, it is expected that these problems will be relieved, but only slightly, (ii) The energetic improvements up to 2050 will lead to substantial reduction of energetic losses in the well-to-tank as well as in the tank-to-wheel part of the energy service provision chain. (iii) By 2050, the total driv-ing costs of all analyzed fuels and powertrains will almost even out. (iv) The major uncertainty for battery electric and fuel cell vehicles is how fast technological learning will take place especially for the battery and the fuel cells. ____________________________________________________________ - 006 - Elektrofahrzeug, Markteinschätzung

Elektroautos nehmen auch in Deutschland Fahrt auf. IAA 2013 Donnerbauer, R.; Henrichs, M. In: VDI-Nachrichten 67 (2013) 39, S.15 (1 Seite, 1 Bild)

Auf der IAA 2013 waren sich die Fachleute einig, die Elektromobilität in Deutschland muss auf die Überholspur ein-scheren, denn noch sind amerikanische und asiatische Märkte und Hersteller vorteilhaft tätig. Die elektrisch angetrie-benen Serienmodelle deutscher Hersteller befinden sich auf gutem Kurs. Offiziell hält die Bundesregierung unverän-dert an ihrem im Nationalen Entwicklungsplan Elektromobilität festgeschriebenen Ziel fest, dass bis 2020 eine Million Elektrofahrzeuge auf Deutschlands Straßen fahren. Zudem soll Deutschland Leitmarkt und Leitanbieter für Elektro-mobilität werden. Diese Zielvorgabe ist vom Wunschdenken geprägt, denn es sind nur 8000 elektrisch angetriebene Pkw (Elektroautos und Plug-in-Hybride) zugelassen, was laut Statistik des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes 0,018 % des ge-samten Pkw-Gesamtbestands ausmacht. Der Hochlauf im Markt kann am schnellsten bei den Dienstwagen und Fuhrparks stattfinden. Auch für Pendler in Großstädten wird das Elektrofahrzeug nach und nach wirtschaftlich inte-ressant. Weitere Zielvorstellungen werden genannt. ____________________________________________________________ - 007 - Elektromobilität, Markteinführung

Elektromobilität: Intelligenz und Sex-Appeal gesucht Henrichs, Markus In: VDI-Nachrichten 67 (2013) 41, S.4 (1 Seite, 2 Bilder) http://vdi-nachrichten.com/Technik-Gesellschaft/Elektromobilitaet-Intelligenz-Sex-Appeal-gesucht

Elektrofahrzeuge, Antriebs- und Motorentechnik, Speichertechnologien, Energie und Infrastruktur, Reparatur und Preise bilden Themen für die internationalen Leitmesse für Elektromobilitt und Hybrid, eCarTec, in München. Elektro-autos sollen jetzt auf die Straße kommen als rein batterie-elektrisches Auto und als Plug-in-Hybrid oder mit Range-Extender. Die deutschen Hersteller wollen bis Ende kommenden Jahres 16 Serienmodelle mit elektrischem Antrieb auf den Markt bringen. Die Basis für einen Markterfolg ist hervorragend hinsichtlich Fachkräfte und Forschung. Ent-wicklung, Produktion und Vermarktung sind primär Sache der Industrie, während die Aufgabe der Politik neben der Förderung von Forschung und Entwicklung die Festlegung von Reglen ist, die einen international fairen Wettbewerb ermöglichen. Seit 2010 sind vom Bund rund 1 Mrd. Euro in die Erforschung und Entwicklung der Elektromobilitt in


vestiert worden. Zu den Erfolgen zählt die Einigung auf einen Kommunikationsstandard zwischen Elektrofahrzeug und Ladesäule und auf ein einheitliches CO2-Emission. Weitere angestrebte Zielstellungen werden vorgestellt. ____________________________________________________________ - 008 - Elektromobilität, Markteinführung

Elektromobilität entdeckt ihren Sinn für die Realität. eCarTec 2013 Bönsch, R.; Henrichs, M. In: VDI-Nachrichten 67 (2013) 42, S.1 (1 Seite, 1 Bild)

Auf der der Leitmesse eCarTec der Elektromobilität in München präsentierte sich die Branche hoffnungsfroh und suchte im Flotten- und Nutzfahrzeuggeschaft ihre Chance und trotze damit allen politischen Widrigkeiten. Die Investi-tionen auf diesem Gebiete sind hoch, doch die erzielten die Umsätze gering. Das Elektromobil Renault Zoe bewältige zur Demonstration auf der Fahrt zur Messe eine Strecke von rund 1000 km und kam mit neun Ladestopps und Fahrt-kosten von 37,50 Euro aus. Man ist sich einig, die Elektromobilität muss aus dem Showroom heraus und zu den Bür-gern, und die Elektromobilität muss zur Realität werden. Nach anfänglicher Euphorie kommt nun mit der Markteinfüh-rung der neuen Elektro-Serienmodelle von BMW, VW und Ford Hoffnung auf. Allerdings wird die die Meinung der Bundesregierung zur CO2-Minderung bemängelt. RWE hat seine Strategie für den Aufbau von Ladesäulen dem zä-hen Marktumfeld angepasst und konzentriert sich auf Hotpots (Berlin, Nordrhein-Westfahen). Norwegen ist Deutsch-land in Sachen Elektromobilität um einiges voraus. Kostenfreies Parken in der City, Gratisladen an über 3000 Statio-nen in Oslo und die Freigabe der Busspur für Elektrofahrzeuge haben dabei geholfen, die E-Mobilitat zu befördern. Flotten im regionalen Betrieb und alternativ angetriebene Busse in Städten sollen eine Art Rettungsanker bilden. Weitere Meinungen werden vorgestellt. ____________________________________________________________ - 009 - Elektrofahrzeug, Marktentwicklung

Markthochlaufszenarien für Elektrofahrzeuge. Studie im Auftrag der acatech - Deutsche Akademie der Tech-nikwissenschaften und der Arbeitsgruppe 7 der Nationalen Plattform Elektromobilität (NPE). Langfassung Plötz, Patrick; Gnann, Till; Kühn, Andre; Wietschel, Martin In: (2013) S.1-211 (+ 6.S. Einleitung), Karlsruhe: Fraunhofer ISI (217 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, Quellen) http://www.isi.fraunhofer.de/isi-media/docs/e/de/publikationen/Fraunhofer-ISI-Markthochlaufszenarien-Elektrofahrzeuge-Langfassung.pdf?WSESSIONID=29b6f4f64cbf4543ec36e66c267074ea

Die Studie untersucht die Frage, wie sich der Anteil an Elektrofahrzeugen in Deutschland bis zum Jahre 2020 entwi-ckeln wird. Dazu werden das ökonomische Potenzial von E-Fahrzeugen sowie fördernde und hemmende Faktoren analysiert. Es wird festgestellt, dass hinsichtlich der Einschätzung der Marktentwicklung erhebliche Unsicherheiten bestehen. Diese betreffen die externen Rahmenbedingungen wie die Entwicklung der Preise für Batterien, Rohöl und Elektroenergie und lassen die Prognosen zur Anzahl der E-Fahrzeuge im Jahr 2020 zwischen 200000 und 1 Million schwanken. Entscheidend für die Wirtschaftlichkeit von E-Fahrzeugen sind Jahresfahrleistungen über 15000 km bei elektrischen Fahranteilen von über 80%. In naher Zukunft werden jedoch weiter Benziner und Dieselfahrzeuge domi-nieren. Größere Marktanteile werden daneben Range-Extender- und Plug-in Hybrid-Fahrzeuge erzielen. Der private Bereich ist ein relevanter Markt für E-Fahrzeuge. Besonders Arbeitnehmer aus ländlichen Gebieten und kleinen bis mittelgroßen Städten weisen hohe Potenziale für den Kauf von E-Fahrzeugen auf. Ferner gibt es Potenziale bei rein gewerblichen Fahrzeugflotten. Maßnahmen der Politik wie die Einführung von Sonderabschreibungen, eine Pau-schalsubvention oder zinsgünstige Kredite könnten den Markthochlauf befördern. Unsicherheiten in den Analysen bestehen bei den Annahmen zur Bereitschaft, auf Fahrzeuge mit Elektroantrieb umzusteigen, sowie der Bereitschaft zur Zahlung der höheren Preise. Beides hat jedoch einen großen Einfluss auf den Markthochlauf. ____________________________________________________________ - 010 - Elektroauto, Akzeptanzsteigerung, Online-Befragung, Ergebnis

Akzeptanz von Elektrofahrzeugen - Aussichtsloses Unterfangen oder große Chance? Paternoga, Stefan; Pieper, Nadine; Woisetschläger, David M.; Beuscher, Gerald; Wachalski, Thiemo In: (2013) (11 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 7 Quellen) http://www.p3-group.com/downloads/2/1/0/6/7/Elektromobilitatesstudie_email_ID_20363.pdf

Wenn in Deutschland bis 2020 die Treibhausgasemissionen um 40 % gegenüber 1990 sinken sollen, muss auch der Verkehr seinen Beitrag leisten. Elektroautos bieten hier eine große Chance, sofern ihr Strombedarf regenerativ er-zeugt wird. Bislang zeigen die Verbraucher aber wenig Neigung, auf die noch sehr teuren Elektroautos mit ihren noch geringen Reichweiten umzusteigen. Hier mit geeigneten Mitteln für mehr Akzeptanz zu sorgen, war Ziel einer im Ok-tober 2012 durchgeführten kundenorientierten Online-Erhebung unter 1633 Befragten aus ganz Deutschland. Ermit-telt werden sollten die Bedürfnisse potenzieller Nutzer sowie deren Anforderungen an Elektromobilität und mögliche zentrale Akzeptanztreiber. Als Akzeptanz gilt hierbei eine grundsätzlich positive Einstellung und die damit verbunde-ne generelle Bereitschaft zum Kauf bzw. zur Nutzung von Elektrofahrzeugen und der entsprechenden Infrastruktur. Gefragt wurde nach den Präferenzen hinsichtlich elektromobilitätsspezifischer Aspekte wie Ladetechnik, Reichwei-tenanforderung und Abrechnungsmodi sowie Einflussgrößen für eine persönliche Akzeptanz der Elektrofahrzeuge an sich. Es zeigte sich, dass der wahrgenommene ökonomische Vorteil den stärksten Einfluss auf die Kaufbereitschaft


hat. Aufgrund der bislang hohen Anschaffungskosten stellen daher Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten und Leasingkonzep-te eine attraktive Lösung dar. Besonders Personen, die häufiger die Möglichkeit des Leasens nutzen, sind eher be-reit, sich ein Elektroauto anzuschaffen. Allerdings gaben 60 % der Befragten an, dass sie eher einen Kauf bevorzu-gen, während nur etwa 18 % die Leasingoption vorziehen würden. Auch die wahrgenommene Benutzerfreundlichkeit hat einen erheblichen Einfluss, weshalb der Informationsfluss über die Anforderungen des Betriebs und der Bedie-nung besser werden muss. Wie zu erwarten, sind auch die persönlichen Mobilitäts- und Ladeanforderungen von Be-deutung: wer große Reichweiten bewältigen muss und auf die Verfügbarkeit angewiesen ist, zeigt weniger Bereit-schaft zum Umstieg. Der normative Druck, vor allem geprägt durch Wahrnehmung der Elektromobilität über die Me-dien, und das Umweltbewusstsein sowie die Innovationsbereitschaft sind von Bedeutung und bieten entsprechende Einflussmöglichkeiten. Bemerkenswert ist außerdem, dass eine vorherige längere Probefahrt eine höhere Kaufbereit-schaft nach sich zieht. Ebenso scheinen sich Personen, die gerade vor einer Autokaufentscheidung stehen, mehr mit dem Thema Elektromobilität zu beschäftigen. Insgesamt können durch die neun hier betrachteten Einflussfaktoren 53,9 % der Varianz der Kaufbereitschaft erklärt werden. Weil über 40 % der Teilnehmer lieber ihren eigenen Akku aufladen würden und lediglich etwa 6 % einen Batteriewechsel bevorzugen, wird die Infrastruktur zwei Wege bieten müssen: zum einen in Richtung des privaten Ladens und zum anderen durch Schaffung öffentlicher Ladeeinrichtun-gen mit geeigneten Abrechnungs- und Bezahlsystemen. Hier wird Bezahlung mit Bargeld sowie die Verwendung von Cash Cards von den Nutzern favorisiert, während Verfahren im Zusammenhang mit ID-Cards bzw. der Fahrzeug-ID finden weniger und mobilfunkbasierte Systeme wie SMS oder (mobiles) Internet am wenigsten Akzeptanz finden. Eine offensivere Aufklärungsarbeit über Reichweiten und Grenzen der Elektromobilität, die tatsächlichen Merkmale der Technologie und deren Potenzial für die Umwelt und den eigenen Nutzen bleibt eine wichtige Aufgabe. ____________________________________________________________ - 011 - Elektromobilität, Käuferverhalten, Akzeptanzsteigerung

Elektromobilität auf dem Prüfstand. Wirksamkeit von Kaufanreizen Pieper, Nadine; Woisetschläger, David M.; Paternoga, Stefan; Wachalski, Thiemo; Beuscher, Gerald In: (2013) (12 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 11 Quellen) http://www.p3-group.com/downloads/2/1/0/6/7/Anschlussstudie_Elektromobilitaet_2013-06-10_ID_21065.pdf

Aller Euphorie und den ehrgeizigen politischen Zielen zum Trotz zeigen die potentiellen Kunden bei der Elektromobi-lität wenig Kaufbereitschaft. Durch Aufklärung und Information sowie durch geeignete Anreizmechanismen soll dem entgegengewirkt werden. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die konkrete Ausgestaltung geeigneter Geschäftsmodel-le, wobei vor allem nach Anreizen gesucht wird, welche die mit der Elektromobilität verbundenen Hauptnachteile - hohe Anschaffungskosten und geringe Reichweiten - kompensieren können. Als methodischer Ansatz wurde ein experimentelles Design gewählt, das die Analyse von Ursache-Wirkungs-Beziehungen zwischen relevanten Variab-len ermöglicht. Als Datengrundlage diente eine bundesweite Online-Befragung mit Hilfe standardisierter schriftlicher Fragebögen im Oktober 2012, an der insgesamt 1.633 Personen teilgenommen haben. Die Antworten zeigen, dass der Kauf eines E-Fahrzeuges in Kombination mit einer geleasten Batterie das größte Akzeptanzpotenzial hat, vor allem, wenn entsprechende Anreize durch staatliche Subventionen und besondere Angebote seitens der Händler gegeben werden. So fanden viele eine Vereinbarung interessant, sich bei Kauf eines E-Autos viermal im Monat bei seinem Autohändler kostenlos einen herkömmlich angetriebenen PKW für längere Fahrten ausleihen zu können. Auch die Gewährung einer Kfz-Steuerbefreiung für die ersten zehn Jahre wird als attraktiv bewertet. Kostenloses Parken beim Laden in der Stadt oder kostenlose Bahnfahrkarten können ebenfalls motivierend wirken. ____________________________________________________________ - 012 - Elektromobilität, Erfolgsvoraussetzung, Infrastruktur

Systemanalyse BWe Mobil 2013. IKT- und Energieinfrastruktur für innovative Mobilitätslösungen in Baden-Württemberg. 2. geänderte Auflage anonym In: (2013) Stuttgart: e-mobil BW GmbH (117 Seiten, 59 Bilder, 273 Quellen) http://www.e-mobilbw.de/Website-Management/UserData/ModuleContents/1045/Downloads/Systemanalyse_BWemobil_IKT_Energi_2013_RZ.pdf http://www.e-mobilbw.de

Im von der Bundesregierung, das Land und die Region Stuttgart geförderten baden-württembergischen Schaufenster 'LivingLab BWe mobil' und rund 60 anderen länderspezifischen Projekten wird die Anwendung neuer Mobilitätslösun-gen erforscht. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet die Bedeutung der IKT- und Energieinfrastruktur für diese Konzepte unter Berücksichtigung der Entwicklungen der entsprechenden Technologien. Potentiale und Risiken für die Automo-bil- und die IKT-Industrie sowie die Energiewirtschaft werden untersucht und mit der überarbeiteten 'Systemanalyse BWe mobil: IKT- und Energieinfrastruktur für innovative Mobilitätslösungen in Baden- Württemberg' sowie der 'Struk-turstudie BWe mobil 2011' zusammengeführt. Die Einbeziehung kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen wird dabei als wesentliche Voraussetzung für die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Baden-Württembergs gesehen, ebenso wie die Koordination von Industrie, wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen und Politik, für die seit 2010 mit der Landesagentur e-mobil BW eine entsprechende Schnittstelle realisiert wurde. Die Studie beinhaltet die Betrachtung des Systems Elektromobilität mit den Anforderungsbereichen Stromversorgung und Netzinfrastruktur, Ladekonzepte für Elektro-fahrzeuge, Technische Anforderungen an die Ladeschnittstellen, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien im Fahrzeug, Flottenmanagement, Mobilität und Stadt, Intermodale Mobilitätskonzepte sowie Informations- und Kom-munikationstechnologien für den mobilen Nutzer. Inwieweit die nötigen Voraussetzungen bereits geschaffen wurden


und welche Aktivitäten in welchem Zeitraum erforderlich sind, ist Thema des letzten Kapitels. Baden-Württemberg verfügt demnach in den Bereichen IKT, Ladeinfrastruktur und Flottenmanagement bereits über eine sehr gute Aus-gangsposition. ____________________________________________________________

Antriebssysteme - 013 - elektrischer Fahrzeugantrieb

Lücke im V-Modell von E-Antrieben durch Parameter-Identifikation geschlossen Moiszi, Alexander; Schugt, Michael; Tybel, Michael In: ATZ-Elektronik 8 (2013) 5, S.368-372 (5 Seiten, 5 Bilder) http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35658-013-0338-8

Die Designphase von neuen automobilen Komponenten im Entwicklungszyklus basiert im Wesentlichen auf Simulati-onsmodellen. Für den konventionellen Antrieb liegen bereits viele unterschiedliche Modelle und deren Parametrisie-rung in hoher Qualität vor. Für den elektrifizierten Antriebsstrang liegen die Erfahrungen in dieser Tiefe allerdings noch nicht vor. Gerade beim Design von leistungselektronischen Systemen entstehen neue Modelle, die zusätzliche elektrothermische Effekte berücksichtigen. Die Parameter für diese Modelle basieren häufig auf FEM-Simulationen (Finite-Elemente-Methode), die wiederum auf Materialparametern basieren. Die Überprüfung der Modellparameter findet in der Verifikationsphase des Produkts statt. Mit bestimmten Messmethoden werden gezielt ausgewählte Pa-rameter messtechnisch identifiziert. Voraussetzung hierfür ist, dass die entwickelte Komponente ohne Wechselwir-kung mit anderen Systemen vermessen werden kann. Bei der Entwicklung von leistungselektronischen Komponen-ten für die Automobilindustrie schließt der Power-HiL (Hardware-in-the-Loop) die Lücke zwischen einem LV-HiL und dem Systemtest. Hierdurch ist in der Validierungsphase ein Test jeder Einzelkomponente möglich, und das unab-hängig von den anderen Komponenten. Die Randbedingungen können durch eine einfache Umparametrisierung der HV-Emulatoren reproduzierbar verändert werden. Neben der systematischen Validierung eröffnet der Power-HiL dar-über hinaus die Möglichkeit einer messtechnischen Parameter-Identifikation des Simulationsmodells. Dies schließt den Kreis im V-Diagramm zur Erhöhung der Entwicklungsqualität. Das V-Modell, umfasst im Wesentlichen die Defini-tions-, die Realisierungs- und schließlich die Validierungsphase. ____________________________________________________________ - 014 - Elektrofahrzeug, Einzelradantrieb, Simulation

Energieoptimale Fahrdynamikregelung in Elektrofahrzeugen mit Einzelradantrieb Eckert, Michael; Gauterin, Frank In: ATZ-Elektronik 8 (2013) 5, S.392-400 (5 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 12 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35658-013-0343-y

Der Einsatz von Einzelradantrieben, das heißt Radnabenantrieben oder radnahen Elektromotoren, in Elektrofahrzeu-gen ermöglicht neue Fahrdynamikfunktionen sowie mehr Freiheitsgrade für die Anordnung der Antriebsstrangkom-ponenten. Eine Herausforderung für die Fahrdynamik- und Antriebsstrangregelung besteht in einer geeigneten An-steuerung der Antriebe. Es wurde eine zentrale Fahrregelung für Elektrofahrzeuge mit radindividuellen Antrieben entwickelt, welche einerseits die Fahrdynamik des batterieelektrischen Fahrzeugs steigert und andererseits die verbleibenden Freiheitsgrade für eine effizienzorientierte Verteilung der Radmomente nutzt. Anhand eines virtuellen Versuchsmodells konnte in zwei normierten Fahrmanövern beziehungsweise -zyklen nachgewiesen werden, dass sich sowohl der Lenkaufwand als auch der Energieverbrauch des Fahrzeugs reduzieren lässt. Diese Fahrregelung kann einerseits herangezogen werden, um das theoretische Potenzial unterschiedlicher Antriebsstrangvarianten in der Simulation zu bewerten. Andererseits dient es als Basis für eine echtzeitfähige Fahrdynamikregelung in einem realen Versuchsträger. Die Übertragung des Ansatzes für einen Einsatz im realen Fahrzeug kann ein Anknüpfpunkt für weitere Arbeiten darstellen. Hierbei ist insbesondere der Berechnungsaufwand zur Bestimmung der optimalen Lösung in Echtzeit zu betrachten. Ebenso lässt sich dieser Ansatz für weitere Elektro- und Hybridfahrzeugantriebs-stränge beziehungsweise jegliche überakturierte Antriebsstränge weiterentwickeln. ____________________________________________________________ - 015 - Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse, Fahrzeugkonzept

Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse von Plug-in-Hybrid-Fahrzeugkonzepten Ried, Michael; Karspeck, Tobias; Jung, Merten; Schramm, Dieter In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift - ATZ 115 (2013) 9, S.694-698,700 (6 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 10 Quellen)

Plug-in-Hybrid-Fahrzeuge (PHEV) weisen zwar einerseits Kraftstoffverbrauchsvorteile auf, andererseits werden sie wegen der zusätzlichen Herstellkosten der Elektrifizierung teurer. Im Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Auslegung des elektrischen Systems eines PHEV entwickelt, die es ermöglicht, das Optimum hinsichtlich Mehrpreis und Ver-brauchsvorteil zu finden. Es werden die notwendigen Prämissen in der frühen Entwicklungsphase definiert und der


entsprechende Lösungsraum für die Dimensionierung des elektrischen Systems analysiert. Im Beitrag werden zu-nächst die Prämissen für die Analysen dargestellt und anschließend folgende Punkte erläutert: Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen; Definition und Charakterisierung der Kosten; Modell für die Kostenschätzung; Mehrpreis eines PHEVs; Definition und Charakterisierung des Nutzens; Modell für Energiebedarf und -kosten im Realbetrieb; Energiebedarf und -kosten im Realbetrieb; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse über die Amortisationsdauer. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Auswahl zielgruppenrelevanter Fahrprofile entscheidend ist, weil das Fahr- und Nutzungsverhalten auf das optimale Kosten-Nutzung-Verhältnis einen entscheidenden Einfluss hat. ____________________________________________________________ - 016 - 4-Zylinder-Reihenmotor, Direkteinspritzung

The new 2.5L L4 gasoline engine for LEXUS IS300h - The renewed engine series for FR hybrid vehicles Ishiguro, Fumihisa; Mashiki, Zenichiro; Yamanari, Kenji In: Buch; 34. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Bd. 2, Wien, AT, 25.-26. Apr, 2013 in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik 764 (2013) S.158-171, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-376412-9 (14 Seiten, 13 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 3 Quellen)

2012 präsentierte Toyota die erneuerte 4-Zylindermotorenserie für frontangetriebene Hybridfahrzeuge. 2013 präsen-tiert Toyota die Weiterentwicklungen der hinterradangetriebenen Hybridfahrzeuge, insbesondere der D- und E-Segmente. Dabei wurde nicht nur der thermischen Wirkungsgrad und der CO2 Ausstoß verbessert, sondern gleich-zeitig die Leistung erhöht. 2012 hat Toyota den 3.5L V6-Motor des Lexus GS (2GR-FXE) als ersten Motor dieser neuen Motorenfamilie in Serie gebracht. 2013 wird Toyota den 2.5L 4-Zylinderreihenmotor im Lexus IS (2AR-FSE) einführen. Toyota entwickelte diese neuen Motoren mit dem Ziel einer Spitzenstellung in den Bereichen Kraftstoff-verbrauch, sauberem Abgas und Zuverlässigkeit. Die Modifikationen berücksichtigen insbesondere den Einsatz die-ses Motors in einem Hybridsystem. Mit der Zielsetzung bester Umweltverträglichkeit hat Toyota die Fahrzeugleistung wie z.B. Ansprechverhalten bei Beschleunigung durch die Kombination von erhöhter Motorleistung mit einem neu-entwickelten Hybridsystem verbessert. Ein signifikantes Merkmal der neuen Motorenfamilie stellt die neue Generation des D-4S Systems (Motor mit Kanaleinspritzung und Direkteinspritzung) dar, einschließlich der 2 Einspritzventile für direkte und Kanal-Einspritzung, hohem Kraftstoffeinspritzdruck (mehr als 18 MPa) und hohem Kraftstoffdurchfluss. Die neue Generation des D-4S systems erlaubt es, hohe Leistung und einen guten thermischen Wirkungsgrad zu erreichen. Der Einsatz eines gekühlten AGR-Systems im 2AR-FSE Motor trägt zu niedrigem Kraftstoffverbrauch auch auf Autobahnstrecken, bei. Extrem reibungsarme Technologie und der erprobte Atkinson Cycle sind ebenso Charak-teristika der neuen Motorenfamilie. Diese Merkmale erlauben es, hohe Leistung und einen thermischen Wirkungs-grad bis zu 38,5 % zu erreichen, was zu herausragend niedrigem CO2-Ausstoß und Kraftstoffverbrauch beiträgt. Der neue 2013 LEXUS-IS, ein D-Segment Fahrzeug mit dem führenden Motor dieser Familie (2AR-FSE), erreicht einen extrem niedrigen CO2 Ausstoß von 100g/km. Dieser Wert liegt deutlich unter dem von Wettbewerbsfahrzeugen der D-E Segmente mit konventionellen Benzin order Dieselmotoren. Toyota wird diesen neuen Motor in einer breiten Fahrzeugpalette zum Einsatz bringen und damit zur Lösung der Problematik der Energieressourcen, der globalen Erwärmung and der Luftqualität beitragen. ____________________________________________________________ - 017 - Elektrofahrzeug, Antriebsoptimierung

The new electric powertrain on the 2013 MY Nissan LEAF Nakada, Naoki; Nakazawa, Shinsuke In: Buch; 34. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Bd. 2, Wien, AT, 25.-26. Apr, 2013 in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik 764 (2013) S.288-299, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-376412-9 (12 Seiten, 12 Bilder, 2 Quellen)

Der Nissan Leaf wurde 2010 als weltweit erstes in Serie gefertigtes Elektrofahrzeug in den Markt eingeführt. Unter seinen bis heute vielen Auszeichnungen, gewann der Nissan Leaf den Titel Europäisches Auto des Jahres (COTY) 2011, den Titel Welt COTY 2011, und den Titel Japan COTY 2011-2012 und wurde in die Ward's 10 Best Engines-Liste für das Jahr 2011 aufgenommen, welches auf den hohen Beifall im Markt hinweist. Seit 2012 sind nun 46000 Nissan Leaf auf den Strassen von weltweit 33 Ländern, vor allem in Japan, den USA und in Europa. Das Modelljahr 2013 des Nissan Leaf wurde angekündigt und veröffentlicht, mit wesentlichen Verbesserungen in der Gesamtleis-tung, aufbauend auf einer gründlichen Analyse der Fahrdaten des Nissan Leaf unter realem Einsatz, die während der vergangenen zwei Jahre aufgezeichnet wurden. Eine der wichtigsten Änderungen am 2013-Modell ist der Einsatz eines völlig neuen Elektroantriebs. Der Antriebsmotor, Wechselrichter und Ladegerät von diesem neuen elektrischen Antriebsstrang wurden alle komplett neu gestaltet. Darüber hinaus sind die Hochspannungsteile, die spezifisch für Elektrofahrzeuge sind, in einem Antriebsstrang integriert, der 30 % kleiner, 10 % leichter und deutlich günstiger ist als der entsprechende Elektroantrieb, der im 2011-Modell verwendet wurde. Im Vergleich zum 2011-Modell, wurde auch der Fahrbereich des 2013 Nissan LEAF um mehr als 10 % vergrößert, ein Ergebnis aus der Anwendung eines ver-besserten zusammenarbeitenden regenerativem Bremssystems und einer Klimaanlage, die auf einer Wärmepumpe aufbaut, sowie der Reduzierung des Fahrzeuggewichts, Absenken des Luftwiderstandsbeiwert und der Verringerung der störenden Belastungen der Nebenaggregate. Darüber hinaus wurden die Mensch-Maschine-Interface-Elemente, einschließlich des Navigationssystems und der Instrumente, ebenfalls verbessert, um den Komfort beim Fahren ei-nes Elektrofahrzeugs zu verbessern. Dieses Papier beschreibt verschiedene Schlüsseltechnologien, die im 2013 Nissan Leaf zur Anwendung kommen, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf dem neu entwickelten elektrischen An-triebsstrang.


- 018 - Elektrofahrzeug, Modularisierung

Der Elektroantrieb des Volkswagen e-up! - ein Schritt zur modularen Elektrifizierung des Antriebsstrangs Zillmer, Michael; Neußer, Heinz-Jakob; Jelden, Hanno; Lück, Peter; Kruse, Georg In: Buch; 34. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Bd. 2, Wien, AT, 25.-26. Apr, 2013 in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik 764 (2013) S.300-322, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-376412-9 (23 Seiten, 23 Bilder)

Bereits auf der IAA 2009 präsentierte Volkswagen ein Konzeptfahrzeug mit elektrischem Antrieb auf Basis des up!. Dieses Konzept wurde konsequent bis zur Serienreife weiterentwickelt und geht in diesem Jahr als Volkswagen e-up! in Serie. Der elektrische Antrieb besteht aus einer hocheffizienten permanenterregten Synchronmaschine, einem reibungsoptimierten 1-Gang-Getriebe sowie einer innovativen Antriebssteuerung. In Kombination mit der eingesetz-ten Lithium-Ionen-Batterie ermöglicht der Antrieb im neuen Volkswagen e-up! eine elektrische Reichweite von zirka 150 km. Das Fahrzeug zeichnet sich darüber hinaus durch ein dynamisches und reproduzierbares Fahrverhalten aus. Der Volkswagen e-up! beschleunigt aus dem Stand auf 100 km/h in weniger als 13 Sekunden und erreicht eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 135 km/h. Das Antriebssystem im Volkswagen e-up! ist Bestandteil eines modularen Baukastens, dessen Komponenten den Aufbau unterschiedlich elektrifizierter Antriebssysteme für Hybrid- und Elekt-rofahrzeuge ermöglichen. Auch die Steuerungssoftware für die neuen Antriebe wird von einem modularen Ansatz abgeleitet. Der Baukasten für elektrifizierte Antriebsstränge stellt die konsequente Weiterführung des Modularisie-rungsansatzes für neue Fahrzeuge von Volkswagen dar. Die damit verbundene Reduzierung der Aufwände und Kos-ten ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Steigerung der Marktdurchdringung von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeu-gen. ____________________________________________________________ - 019 - Plug-In-Hybrid-Fahrzeug, elektrifizierter Antriebsstrang

Der elektrifizierte Antriebsstrang des Volkswagen Golf Plug-In Hybrid Philipp, Kai; Jelden, Hanno; Neußer, Heinz-Jakob In: Buch; 34. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Bd. 2, Wien, AT, 25.-26. Apr, 2013 in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik 764 (2013) S.323-341, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-376412-9 (19 Seiten, 15 Bilder)

Der Golf Plug-In Hybrid ist der nächste Schritt in der Umsetzung der Elektrifizierungsstrategie von Volkswagen. Das 2014 erscheinende Modell verfügt über ein Lithium-Ionen-Batteriesystem, das beim Fahren mit dem 80 kW starken Elektromotor bis zirka 50 km Reichweite ermöglicht. Für den Hybridbetrieb ist im Antriebsstrang ein 1,4-Liter-TSI-Motor mit 110 kW integriert, der im Zusammenspiel mit der E-Maschine für ein dynamisches Ansprechverhalten und für sportliche Fahrleistungen sorgt. Die Kraftübertragung beider Antriebe erfolgt über ein neu entwickeltes Doppel-kupplungsgetriebe mit der Bezeichnung DQ400E. Mit dem Golf Plug-In Hybrid treibt Volkswagen die Entwicklung des Modulbaukastens für elektrifizierte Antriebe, dessen Komponenten modular und skalierbar ausgelegt sind, weiter voran. Dank seiner breit angelegten Strategie ist der Konzern in der Lage, in rascher Abfolge neue elektrifizierte Mo-delle in unterschiedlichen Leistungsstufen zu entwickeln und zu fertigen. Der Golf Plug-In Hybrid bringt scheinbar unvereinbare Gegensätze zusammen. Mit seiner Lithium-Ionen-Batterie, die bis zu 8,8 kWh Energie speichert, lässt er sich über ausgedehnte Strecken elektrisch und damit lokal emissionsfrei und höchst ökonomisch bewegen. Zugleich bietet der Golf Plug- In Hybrid uneingeschränkte Langstreckentauglichkeit und bei Bedarf auch eine ausge-prägt sportliche Charakteristik. Die technischen Eckdaten sprechen für sich: Der CO2-Ausstoß im NEFZ beschränkt sich auf 35 g/km, die Beschleunigung von null auf 100 km/h liegt bei 7,7 s und die Höchstgeschwindigkeit bei 217 km/h. Zugleich ist er ein voll alltagstaugliches Fahrzeug der Kompaktklasse mit dem typischen Nutzwert eines Golf. Als Mitglied der Golf 7-Familie nutzt der Golf Plug-In Hybrid den Modularen Querbaukasten (MQB) des Konzerns. Mit ihm treibt Volkswagen die Entwicklung des E-Baukastens, dessen Komponenten modular und skalierbar konzipiert sind, weiter voran. ____________________________________________________________ - 020 - Plug-In-Hybrid-Fahrzeug, Elektrofahrzeug

BMW gestaltet die Zukunft der Mobilität. Heute Diess, Herbert In: Buch; 34. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Bd. 2, Wien, AT, 25.-26. Apr, 2013 in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik 764 (2013) S.342-356, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-376412-9 (15 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 9 Quellen)

Das Automobil, wie wir es kennen, entwickelt sich radikal weiter. Seine Industrialisierung befindet sich in einem tech-nologischen Umbruch. Nicht nur fortschreitende Innovationen, sondern vor allem auch Umweltauflagen, steigende Kraftstoffpreise und die Urbanisierung prägen diesen Systemwechsel und damit die Entwicklungsarbeit. Die sprich-wörtliche "Freude am Fahren" bei geringstmöglichem Energieeinsatz auch in Zukunft zu realisieren, ist die zentrale Aufgabe der Forschungs- und Ingenieursarbeit der BMW Group. Eine entscheidende Rolle hierbei spielt die Motoren- und Antriebstechnik. Antworten auf die umweltpolitischen und selbst gesteckten Ziele sind neue Technologien: Plug-in-Hybride und Elektrofahrzeuge. Wie die BMW Group den technologischen Umbruch als Vorreiter und Treiber ges-taltet, an welchen Innovationen und Angeboten sie forscht, ist Inhalt dieses Beitrags.


- 021 - Elektrofahrzeug, umrichtergespeister Antrieb

Umrichtergespeiste Antriebe in elektrifizierten Fahrzeugen - Anforderungen an die Regelung und Leistungs-bestimmung Tober, Werner; Macek, Christoph; Geringer, Bernhard; Nußbaumer, Peter; Wolbank, Thomas In: Buch; 34. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, Bd. 2, Wien, AT, 25.-26. Apr, 2013 in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik 764 (2013) S.371-394, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-376412-9 (24 Seiten, 19 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 21 Quellen)

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den Herausforderungen der Leistungsbestimmung an Fahrzeugen mit elektrischen Traktionsantrieben. Der derzeitige Trend zu alternativen Antriebskonzepten, welche insbesondere Elektrofahrzeuge sein können, treibt die Entwicklung weiter voran und verlangt nach genauen Lösungsansätzen zur Leistungsbestim-mung und folglich Wirkungsgraderfassungen. Um den Energieverbrauch und damit die Effizienz sowie die Emissio-nen ermitteln und mit herkömmlichen Antriebskonzepten vergleichen zu können, ist die genaue Leistungs- sowie Wirkungsgradbestimmung unumgänglich und für die Fahrzeugentwicklung in Richtung gesteigerter Effizienz enorm wichtig. Dies gilt sowohl für den Traktionsantrieb in Elektro- und Hybridfahrzeugen als auch für Nebenverbraucher wie beispielsweise der Kompressor der Klimaanlage, etc. Die Probleme, die dabei auftreten können, beziehungswei-se auf welche Aspekte geachtet werden muss, werden erläutert. Die Berechnung der Leistung erfolgt nach diskreter Abtastung von Spannungen und Strömen der Maschine. Als Periodendauer ist die Grundfrequenz des Stromes he-ranzuziehen. Zur genauen Analyse ist eine Abtastrate von etwa dem 20-fachen der maximalen Schaltfrequenz des Umrichters einzustellen. Gerade die Regelung durch umrichtergespeiste Maschinen führt zu Problemen, welche bei konstanter Netzfrequenz nicht entstehen. Durch die gepulsten Spannungsausgänge an den Umrichtern entsteht ein breites Oberschwingungsspektrum und führt zu unerwünschten Verlusten, welche durch eine Erhöhung der Schalt-frequenz jedoch reduziert werden können. Außerdem werden die gewünschten Außenleiterspannungen aufgrund unumgänglicher Totzeiten am Umrichter nicht genau erreicht. Für Verfahren der sensorlosen (keine Verwendung von Sensoren zur direkten Rotorlage- oder Drehzahlerfassung) Fluss-, Drehzahl- oder Positionsbestimmung ist die ge-naue Kenntnis der Spannung aber oft essentiell. Kompensationsmaßnahmen der Umrichtertotzeit können diese Ver-fahren erheblich verbessern. Auch in der Fahrzeugentwicklung sind solche sensorlose Regelungsverfahren oft ge-wünscht, um Vorteile der erhöhten Ausfallssicherheit, Kosten- und Platzersparnis (kein zusätzlicher Lagegeber oder Drehzahlmesser) ausnützen zu können. Außerdem kann ein sensorloses Regelungsverfahren als Backup-System bei sicherheitskritischen Anwendungen eingesetzt werden. ____________________________________________________________ - 022 - Gasturbine-Hybridfahrzeug, Elektrofahrzeug, Energiespeicher

The low emission turbogas hybrid vehicle concept preliminary simulation and vehicle packaging Capata, R.; Sciubba, E. In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Energy Resources Technology 135 (2013) 3, S.032203/1-13 (13 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 10 Tabellen, 16 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4024118

The paper presents a comprehensive review of the gas turbine hybrid vehicle (GTHV) under development at the Uni-versity of Roma "Sapienza." A GHTV is an electric vehicle (traction entirely electric on 1 or 2 axles) equipped with a small turbogas operating as a range extender and -when needed as a recharger for other auxiliaries. After a brief review of the history of the GTHV technology, a few configurations proposed in the past by different Authors are de-scribed and critically analyzed. Then, a complete feasibility assessment of a prototype configuration of a GTHV is presented and discussed in detail. Two possible implementations are studied: one for a small city car (peak power 4-8 kW) and one for a sport GT or passenger sedan (50-100 kW). All issues related to the system and component de-sign, packaging, identification of the "optimal" hybridization ratio, performance of the conversion chain (gas turbine + batteries + electrical motor), kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS), mechanical and electric storage devices (fly-wheels, capacitors, advanced batteries), monitoring and control logic, compliance with the European vehicular ECE emission regulations, are explicitly addressed. One of the most important results of this analysis is though that there are several "nearly optimal" solutions and the final choice for a possible future industrialization would be dictated by manufacturing, commercial or marketing considerations. It because not only the system performance, but also the absolute and relative sizes (i.e., nameplate power) of the turbines and of the battery package depend substantially on the type of driving mission the car is required to perform. In the paper, both theoretical and practical issues are ad-dressed, and on the basis of the analysis of the existing state of the art, it is argued that the GTHV is an environmen-tally friendly, technically and economically feasible product based on mature components. ____________________________________________________________


- 023 - Personenkraftwagen, Hybridantrieb, Kfz-Bordnetz

Potential and components of 48 V low cost hybrid vehicles Nalbach, Marc; Körner, Andre; Hoff, Carsten In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.11-30, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (20 Seiten, 13 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 9 Quellen)

Improvements of the car energy consumption and efficiency in regard to reduced CO2 emissions and the broad reali-zation of electro mobility are still remaining the main focus of the automotive development in the future. Based on the well-known and implemented stop-start function using voltage stabilizer DC/DC converters or dual battery implemen-tations, upcoming Micro Hybrid functionalities like enhanced stop start, zero emission coasting and regenerative brak-ing as well as boosting and creeping are being developed to achieve the future emission reduction targets of 2020. In addition, new energy efficient actuators like electrical power steering were widely introduced to contribute positively to the energy efficiency of today's cars. However, these actuators harm the stability of the 12 V power system signifi-cantly. To cover these different demands, a new dual voltage power system architecture based on 48 V was initiated and developed during the recent years. Core components of this new architecture are the DC/DC power converter and the 48 V energy storage system which has to be added. The alternator is shifted from 12 V to the 48 V power system and has to be adapted accordingly. In the following the DC/DC converter as well as the 48 V storage are dis-cussed in detail. Within the energy storage system the regenerated braking energy should be accumulated. After-wards it supplies the 48V system as well as the 12 V consumers using the DC/DC converter. The total duration of possible regenerative braking timings is below 10% within the NEDC. This means that charging capability exceeds discharging current by a factor of approximately 10. ____________________________________________________________ - 024 - Personenkraftwagen, Hybridantrieb, Starter-Generator-System

Design of a 48 V-belt driven starter generator-system drawing special system requirements into account Schmid, Ralf; Hackmann, Wilhelm; Birke, Peter; Schiemann, Michael In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.32-51, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (20 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 0 Quellen)

48 V Riemen Starter Generator (RSG)-Systeme bieten ein hohes Potential zur Verbesserung zukünftiger Fahrzeug-plattformen hinsichtlich der Reduktion des Kraftstoffverbrauchs und der CO2-Emissionen bei gleichzeitiger Realisie-rung der bekannten Mild-Hybrid Funktionalitäten. Diese Funktionalitäten können mit 48 V RSG-Systemen weitgehend erreicht werden, die im Vergleich zu den 12 V Systemen erhöhte Leistungsanforderungen erfüllen können und damit in der Lage sind, ein ausreichendes Potential für die Energierekuperation während der Verzögerungsphasen bereit-zustellen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Auslegungsprozedur eines 48 V RSG-Systems (bestehend aus 48 V 'high po-wer' Batterie, DC/DC-Wandler, Umrichter und Elektromaschine) im Detail beschrieben. Die relevanten Systempara-meter und die möglichen Auslegungsoptionen werden vorgestellt. ____________________________________________________________ - 025 - Zweiradfahrzeug, Einachsfahrzeug, Elektroantrieb

A single-axle vehicle for traffic calmed areas - Model-based controller design for the E2V Paul, Oborowski; Brabetz, Ludwig; Mohamed, Ayeb; Christian, Spieker In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.53-65, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (13 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 2 Quellen)

The Electrical Explorer Vehicle (E2V) is a two-wheeled, single-axle vehicle which is specifically designed for the use in traffic-free areas. The drive concept comprises two wheel hub motors for driving, braking and steering. Two addi-tional linear actuators enable a displacement of the wheel hub motors in order to support the stabilization of the vehi-cle by shifting the position of the center of gravity. This paper presents the control system of the E2V and its model-based design. Therefore a model is outlined that describes the dynamics of the vehicle under different road condi-tions. To determine appropriate set points and parameters for the control system, the equilibria of the vehicle are ana-lyzed. Derived from an analysis of the equilibria a suitable control scheme is presented. The functionality of the con-trol system is evaluated by simulations of the closed loop system. ____________________________________________________________


- 026 - Personenkraftwagen, Fahrwerk, Fahrzeugachse, Elektroantrieb

Future concepts for electrically driven axles Meyer, Marcus; Lück, Peter In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.109-127, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (19 Seiten, 14 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 5 Quellen)

The development of future passenger car powertrains is characterised by the goal of CO2-neutral mobility. In addition to the on-going development of high efficient conventional powertrains and useage of alternative fuels, Volkswagen also regards the electrification of the powertrain as playing an important role in the overall strategy. Current develop-ment is focused on the three main components of electrically driven vehicles: the battery, the power electronics, and the electric motor and gearbox. Through further optimisation in performance, reliability, and costs at component level, another approach to cost reduction involves combining functions and components that were previously separate. In the approach followed by Volkswagen, the power electronics are integrated into the housing of the electric motor in order to benefit from synergy effects between the components and to reduce the number of external enclosures, ca-bles, and cooling interfaces. In conjunction with a new modular and coaxial gearbox concept, it is possible to achieve a highly compact powertrain that can also be used when installation space is restricted, for example on the rear axle. Furthermore, the shown powertrain concept is characterised by its modular expansion capability. In consideration of growing markets and competition right from the start of development, attention was directed towards the require-ments of series production and an increase in cost effectiveness. In parallel (plug-in) hybrid vehicles it can be used as a rear-wheel drive in combination with a conventional combustion engine in the front without the need of any changes to the front end package. When moving off, this uses the traction advantages at the rear axle and makes it possible to offer electric four-wheel drive when needed. The electric motor can be decoupled if required when operating with the internal combustion engine on long-distance routes thereby minimising losses. In series (plug-in) hybrid vehicles, for instance in fuel-cell vehicles in which the fuel cell and its ancillary units are accommodated in the front end of the vehicle, it is always necessary to have a very compact drive. These requirements are also optimally met by the cur-rent approach of a coaxial axle drive. The concept of a coaxial drive thus opens up the opportunity of application not only in battery-electric vehicles but also in rear-wheel drive hybrid vehicles as well as the main drive in fuel-cell vehi-cles. ____________________________________________________________ - 027 - Personenkraftwagen, Sportwagen, Elektroantrieb, Fahrleistung

AVL Coup-e 800: Challenging the high-performance 800-Volt drivetrain in practice Engstle, Armin; Deiml, Mathias; Angermaier, Anton; Schlecker, Martin; Fuentes, Alonso In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.148-159, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (12 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 4 Quellen)

The AVL Coup-e 800 features an electric high performance powertrain with 800 volt powernet. The consequent de-sign of all core components of the electric powertrain - HV-Battery, E-Motor und Inverter - for the 800 Volt powernet guarantees dynamic driving performance, which corresponds to the sustaining customer request for sporty vehicle concepts. Accelerating 0 - 100 km/h in about 6 seconds, the AVL Coup-e 800 reaches a maximum speed of 180 km/h and a range of 135 km with one battery charge. Having presented the powertrain and electric system design of the Coup-c 800 in HEV-conference 2012 the focus of this follow-up paper is: (1) Description of the E/E-Architecture which was implemented in the Coup-e 800; (2) presentation of the Software-Architecture of the main powertrain Con-troller Units (Vehicle Control Unit, E-Motor Control Unit and Battery Management System); (3) field report on applica-tion experience for main powertrain controllers; and (4) evaluation of the 1200 Volt powertrain in terms of automotive capability for high-performance vehicles. In this sense, the publication discusses two basic questions in the develop-ment of future full-electric vehicles: (1) What are the major challenges for the software function developer and the calibration engineer of electric vehicles? (2) What are the limitations of the electric powertrain in driving performance in comparison to the conventional drivetrain? Developing the Coup-e 800, AVL has introduced the first '6-Cylinder all-electric-powertrain' into the heart of a Mercedes Sport Coupe. The electric drivetrain of the Coup-e 800 provides re-producible driving performance that is expected by the ordinary automobile customer who is 'spoiled' by conventional combustion engine technology. Especially in the premium segment electric vehicles have to fulfill the requirement of sportiness also at velocities above 120 kin/h. Increasing the voltage level in the powertrain of the Coup-e 800 to 1200 Volt IGBT-technology has established a sound basis for the development of this kind of electrified vehicle concepts. Obviously, this development has to be accompanied by a significant decrease in cw-value and a reduction in weight in order to provide a reasonable driving-range also at higher velocities. ____________________________________________________________


- 028 - Doppelkupplungsgetriebe, Modulbauweise, Fahrzeugantriebsart

Modular 7-speed hybrid dual-clutch transmission 7H-DCT280 Müller, Jörg; Leesch, Mirko; Paul, Stephan; Liebold, Jens In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.161-183, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (23 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 10 Quellen)

The market studies presented illustrate the strong competition between the various transmission technologies, with dual-clutch transmissions (DCTs) in particular gaining significance worldwide by the end of this decade. Mainly pro-viding seven speeds, these will then be used almost exclusively in front transversal position for combustion engines up to 300 Nm. Low-cost transmissions must be developed for the future rising - but in absolute terms - small number of hybrid systems. Following this trend, the paper presents a new structurally optimized 7- speed DCT which, by cut-ting out a second countershaft of the type familiar in current transmissions on the market, paves the way for a modu-lar system somewhere between a conventional and a hybrid transmission. Here, by way of option, either a mechani-cal reverse-speed module or an electric motor is integrated in the package gained. The electric motor connected at the final-drive end provides wide-ranging and efficient hybrid functions without exerting additional strain on the gear set components. The design produced for both transmission versions shows that a large number of common compo-nents can be used for the gear set components, the housing and the add-on parts, thus helping to save costs for the hybrid variant. The electric motor is configured as a permanent-magnet synchronous motor and delivers a continuous rating of 20 kW. Its design is derived on the basis of a new multi-criteria optimization program which, among other aspects, is capable of boosting efficiency. The result of this paper is a forward-pointing family of transmissions com-prising a conventional and hybrid DCT for drive torque of up to 280 Nm that are more compact, lighter and less ex-pensive in design than current systems. ____________________________________________________________ - 029 - Nutzfahrzeug, Hybridantrieb, Kraftstoffverbrauch, Analyse

Electrification of tractor trailer vehicles - Niche or mainstream? Ackerl, Martin; Pretsch, Sabine; Branko, Rogic; Winter, Martin In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.221-232, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (12 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 6 Quellen)

Recently commercial vehicles with hybrid electric drivetrains found their way into commercial markets. On one hand, they offer fuel saving potential in different driving situations and on the other hand it is possible to keep emissions within the future legal requirements. For example, in future it may be necessary to drive in pedestrian areas without any emissions. Nevertheless, these new drivetrain topologies also offer new challenges for engineers. Control strate-gies must be developed to reduce fuel consumption and to secure the limitation of emissions specified by law. Before a hybrid vehicle is engineered, an analysis should be done to verify the highest possible fuel saving potential that is reachable for an implemented, causal hybrid operation strategy. This helps to evaluate hybrid energy management controls. The following article explains a method to determine the maximum fuel saving potential of hybrid vehicles. It is also shown, that fuel consumption of tractor semi-trailer vehicles, driven in their daily long haul application area, can theoretically be reduced with a parallel hybrid drivetrain. The high usable power of Li-Ion batteries and electric motors extends the current possibilities of the driven auxiliaries, too. A combination of intelligent controllers and auxil-iaries or the integration of the auxiliary operation strategy into the vehicle energy management system can lead to further fuel consumption reductions. ____________________________________________________________ - 030 - Personenkraftwagen, Elektroantrieb, Energiespeicher

Analysis of the vehicle architecture in the development of electrified vehicle concepts during the early con-cept decision phase Busche, Ingo; Vajna, Sandor In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.307-324, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (18 Seiten, 14 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 12 Quellen)

One of the primary topics in the research and development of future mobility is the electrification of vehicles. This can be seen from broad public interest in the topic of electrified mobility as well as media attention. In addition, an in-creasing number of electrified production vehicles are already available on the market or shortly to be launched. There is also great political interest, led by key terms such as 'climate change' and 'peak oil'. The related fuel prices and the politically desired, increasingly restrictive CO2 legislation are presenting automotive manufacturers with new challenges. Whilst this 'new' form of mobility is acclaimed by the population in terms of general environmental aware-ness, the demands pertaining to individual customer benefits remain oriented towards current standards (e.g. range, mobility costs). Due to the low margins to be anticipated during the start-up phase of a new technology, high devel-opment costs are confronted with low unit numbers. With the objective of reaching a mass market, these costs will not be fully compensated by customers; potential savings must therefore be accessed at an early stage during devel-opment. Factors which influence the vehicle concept will be revealed in the following, and parameters for evaluation


and estimation will be presented. Two elementary topics of electric mobility will be dealt with in depth. Firstly, the in-stallation space estimation for the storage battery will be dealt with and secondly, the range for plug-in hybrid or range extender vehicles will be analysed from the customer's point of view. ____________________________________________________________ - 031 - Personenkraftwagen, Hybridantrieb, Antriebsstrangtopologie

Fuel efficiency and driving performance comparison of different hybrid powertrain topologies Felsch, Christian; Fugel, Markus; Scholz, Norbert; Zillmer, Michael In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.326-345, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (20 Seiten, 14 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 3 Quellen)

This paper introduces the system architecture, the basic functionality, and the available operating modes of a parallel and an input power split hybrid powertrain topology. The fuel efficiency potential as well as the driving performance of both topologies are compared, using longitudinal vehicle simulations. It is shown that these topologies achieve similar fuel efficiencies. At the same time, the parallel hybrid is capable of delivering a higher maximum wheel torque, which leads to superior driving performance. Simulation-based methods in an early phase of the hybrid electric vehicle de-velopment process support the evaluation of different hybrid powertrain topologies. The procedures described in this paper are successfully applied within the powertrain electronics department at Volkswagen. They ensure that the optimum topology according to Volkswagen's hybrid electric vehicle design specifications is chosen. It was shown that the power split topology has an efficiency advantage during inner-city operation, whereas the parallel topology has an advantage during highway and real-world operation. This holds for both hybrid driving, as well as electric driv-ing. With respect to driving performance, the parallel topology is superior. ____________________________________________________________

Fahrzeugelektronik, IKT - 032 - Telemetriesystem, Drehmomentmessung, Temperaturmessung

Dem Wirkungsgrad auf der Spur. Hochschulteam untersucht Energieeffizienz von Hybridantrieben Sailer, Florian; Zajac, Lukas S. In: SPS Magazin 26 (2013) 9, S.130-131 (2 Seiten, 2 Bilder)

Der Beitrag stellt das Dx-Telemetriesystem des Herstellers Caemax vor, das im Rahmen eines Hochschulprojektes für die Messung der Energieflüsse zwischen den elektrischen und mechanischen Komponenten innerhalb des An-triebsstranges eines Fahrzeuges mit leistungsverzweigtem Hybridantrieb verwendet wird. Das Telemetriesystem er-möglicht neben der berührungslosen Messung des Drehmomentes an rotierenden Antriebswellen mithilfe von DMS (Dehnmessstreifen) auch die Erfassung von Temperaturen. Die Energieversorgung der Messelektronik auf der rotie-renden Antriebswelle erfolgt induktiv mit einer flexiblen Ringantenne (Ringstator), die in einer auf der Antriebswelle angebrachten Wicklung eine Wechselspannung induziert, mit der die Sendeelektronik und die Signalaufbereitung versorgt werden. Die digitale Datenübertragung erfolgt wahlweise im 433 MHz-, 866 MHz-, 915 MHz- oder 2,4 GHz-Band mit einer Abtastrate von bis zu 4,8 kSamples/sec pro Kanal. Der biegsame Ringstator lässt sich einfach an schwierige Einbauverhältnisse anpassen. Als vorteilhaft erweist sich zudem, dass die Datenübertragung unabhängig von der Spannungsversorgung erfolgt, sodass der Ringstator an einer beliebigen Stelle entlang der Antriebswelle angeordnet werden kann. Pro Sendemodul stehen sechs Übertragungskanäle zur Verfügung, sodass die Messwerte von 2 DMS-Voll- oder 4 DMS-Halbbrücken sowie zwei zusätzliche Temperaturmesswerte übertragen werden können. Die bidirektionale Datenübertragung ermöglicht die Konfiguration und Parametrierung der Signalaufbereitung per Web-Browser. ____________________________________________________________ - 033 - Elektrofahrzeug, Radnabenmotor, Giermomentregler

A novel direct yaw moment controller for in-wheel motor electric vehicles Chen, Yuhang; Hedrick, J.Karl; Guo, Konghui In: Vehicle System Dynamics 51 (2013) 6, S.925-942 (18 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2013.773453

A novel direct yaw moment controller is developed in this paper. A hierarchical control architecture is adopted in the controller design. In the upper controller, a driver model and a vehicle model are used to obtain the driver's intention and the vehicle states, respectively. The upper controller determines the desired yaw moment by means of sliding mode control. The lower controller distributes differential longitudinal forces according to the desired yaw moment. A nonlinear tyre model, 'UniTire', is utilised to develop the novel distribution strategy and the control boundary. ____________________________________________________________


- 034 - Personenkraftwagen, Elektroantrieb, Fahrzeuggeräusch

Noise characteristics of electric vehicles: Causes and design options Küppers, Thomas; Lieske, Dirk; Mayer, Günther In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.97-107, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (11 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 3 Quellen)

While the electric vehicle development is still in the beginning, there is potential to consider all customer expectations regarding the NVH-comfort very early in the development process. The acoustics of the electric powertrain itself is not sole important for passenger cars. Missing the covering sound of the combustion engine, electric powered units for power steering, brake booster, air conditioning, etc. are getting more and more relevant for the sound. In several op-erating conditions the acoustics of these cars is totally different from the cars we use today. This article focuses the challenges for NVH-engineers in the acoustic development process adapted to the electric vehicle powertrain. The artificially produced sound atmosphere brings the possibility of testing extreme sound scenarios. The final step of demonstration vehicle application focuses on feasibility, authenticity and complex programming structure for interac-tive evaluation during real driving scenarios. A historically grown disadvantage of electronic sound synthesis is the (in)acceptance of the virtual, not necessary sound source. On one hand the installation of a synthetic sound source raises costs, weight and energy consumption, which are high sensitive criteria for electric vehicles. On the other hand the customer is getting less interested in the sound source, as long as the sound impression is great. To get a feed-back of today's customers the acceptance of electronic sound synthesis was also observed through the different evaluation levels. The more experience in synthetic sound setups the candidates got, the more trust they got in reali-zation. Rejection is generated by the fear of artificial, too noisy sound effects which bring annoyance. It is a decision of the marketing strategy, whether the sound synthesis feature is actively communicated or there is no advertisement, so that customers notice the sound atmosphere without knowing its origin. Which sound design scenario - whether genuine electric powertrain sound, complete sound reduction or additive sound synthesis - suits best, is besides the question of technical feasibility, a question of time and the habit of customers. ____________________________________________________________

Energiespeicherung, Energiewandler - 035 - Elektrodenwerkstoff, Lithiierung

Stress generation during lithiation of high-capacity electrode particles in lithium ion batteries Huang, S.; Fan, F.; Li, J.; Zhang, S.; Zhu, T. In: Acta Materialia 61 (2013) 12, S.4354-4364 (11 Seiten, 54 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.04.007

A model is developed to study the stress generation in a spherical particle subjected to lithium insertion. The model accounts for both the plastic deformation and the coexistence of lithium-poor and lithium-rich phases with a sharp and curved phase boundary. Such two-phase and inelastic deformation characteristics often arise during lithiation of crystalline particles with high capacity. A flexible sigmoid function is used to create the lithium profile with a step-like change in lithium concentration, mimicking a sharp phase boundary that separates a pristine core and a lithiated shell in the particle. The mechanics results, obtained by an analytic formulation and finite difference calculations, show the development of tensile hoop stress in the surface layer of the lithiated shell. This hoop tension provides the driving force of surface cracking, as observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The two-phase lithiation model is further compared with the single-phase one, which assumes a gradual and smooth variation in radial lithium distribu-tions, and thus predicts only hoop compression in the surface layer of the particle. Furthermore, the effect of dilata-tional vs. unidirectional lithiation strains in the two-phase model is studied, thereby underscoring the critical role of anisotropy of lithiation strain in controlling stress generation in high-capacity electrodes for lithium ion batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 036 - biegsamer Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Silicium

Silicon Nanofibrils on a Flexible Current Collector for Bendable Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Choi, Jae-Yong; Lee, Dong-Jin; Lee, Yong-Min; Lee, Young-Gi; Kim, Kwang-Man; Park, Jung-Ki; Cho, Kuk-Young In: Advanced Functional Materials 23 (2013) 17, S.2108-2114 (7 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 45 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202458

A high-energy-capacity, flexible lithium-ion battery is fabricated using a new nanofibril-structured silicon anode on a flexible current collector. Silicon is known to be the highest capacity anode material. However, its huge volume changes during the lithium insertion and extraction results in pulverization, which is the cause of the rapid capacity fade that occurs as the charge-discharge cycles progress. Nanostructured silicon can overcome this pulverization problem. A flexible current collector with high electric conductivity is prepared by a RF-magnetron sputtering of a thin copper layer (<1 micro m) onto a porous polymeric membrane. This provides not only flexibility of the electrode but also a template for simple fabrication of nanostructured silicon. Cells using the new, flexible current collector and cor-


responding silicon nanofibril-structured anode exhibit energy capacities over 2000 mAh g-1 during 30 charge-discharge cycles at C/2. In addition, the coulombic efficiency remains over 99% after the third cycle. These results demonstrate the potential of the new anode for use in commercial high-capacity, flexible lithium-ion batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 037 - Wasserstoffbrennstoffzelle, DRT-Analyse

Modelling and identification of the dominant phenomena in hydrogen fuel-cells by the application of DRT Analysis Lopes, Vitor V.; Rangel, Carmen M.; Novais, Augusto Q. In: ESCAPE 23, 23rd European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, Lappeenranta, FI, Jun 9-12, 2013 in: Computer aided chemical engineering 32 (2013) S.283-288 (6 Seiten, 12 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63234-0.50048-8

This paper proposes the use of the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) for the analysis of the dynamic behavior of hydrogen fuel-cells. With this aim it presents a new method to compute the DRT directly from electrochemical imped-ance spectroscopy (EIS) data. The method is formulated as a nonconvex complex domain optimization problem where each EIS spectra is approximated by a general fractional-order Legendre basis. The DRT is computed directly from the Legendre basis functions and validated against the experimental data. The method is tested with real EIS data collected from an hydrogen polymer electrolyte fuel-cell under different operating conditions and the results are discussed. ____________________________________________________________ - 038 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Schmelzimprägnierung, Mischoxid

Enhanced cycling stability of Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 by surface modification of MgO with melting impreg-nation method Shi, S.J.; Tu, J.P.; Tang, Y.Y.; Liu, X.Y.; Zhang, Y.Q.; Wang, X.L.; Gu, C.D. In: Electrochimica Acta 88 (2013) S.671-679 (9 Seiten, 53 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.111

MgO-coated Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 was synthesized via melting impregnation method followed by a solid state reaction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show that the MgO layer is well coated on the surface of the layered oxide particles. Although the initial discharge capacity of Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 with proper MgO modification decreases compared to the bare one, the 2 wt.% MgO coated cathode exhibits the excellent cycling stability with capacity retention of 96.4% at a current density of 200 mA g-1 after 100 cycles at room temperature and 94.3% after 50 cycles at 60 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectros-copy (EIS) shows that the thin MgO layer mainly reduces the charge transfer resistance and stabilizes the surface structure of active material during cycling. Melting impregnation method is promising for MgO coating to improving the cycling stability of Li-rich layered oxide cathode for Li-ion batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 039 - Natriumionenbatterie, Energiespeicher, Elektrodenwerkstoff

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage Pan, Huilin; Hu, Yong-Sheng; Chen, Liquan In: Energy & Environmental Science 6 (2013) 8, S.2338-2360 (23 Seiten, 23 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 197 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee40847g

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the huge abundant sodium resources and low cost. In this article, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. The authors compare the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in the available electrode materials. This review also includes some new results from our group and our thoughts on devel-oping new materials. Some perspectives and directions on designing better materials for practical applications are pointed out based on knowledge from the literature and our experience. Through this extensive literature review, the search for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries is still challenging. However, after intensive research efforts, we believe that low-cost, long-life and room-temperature sodium-ion batteries would be promising for applications in large-scale energy storage system in the near future. ____________________________________________________________


- 040 - Elektrofahrzeug, Energiespeichersystem, Traktionsbatterie

Evaluation of advantages of an energy storage system using recycled EV batteries Chen, Tsai-Hsiang; Hsieh, Ting-Yen; Yang, Nien-Che; Yang, Jin-Shyr; Liao, Ching-Jung In: International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 45 (2013) 1, S.264-270 (7 Seiten, 27 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.08.037

This paper introduces an effective method to evaluate the advantages of an energy storage system (ESS) using re-cycled electric vehicle (EV) batteries (ESS-rEVb). In contrast with previous work mainly to investigate the optimal battery capacity and location under the economic consideration, such as the capital cost and maintenance cost, this paper is an attempt to utilize an optimization algorithm to find out the advantages of the installation of ESS-rEVb in a distribution network from the point of view of power network operation. The Genetic Algorithm (GA), an optimal search technique, was adopted to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. The major objective functions con-sist of the electric fee saving, line loss reduction, and voltage deviation minimization. Major constraints such as the line thermal limit and allowable maximum voltage deviation are all taken into account in the process. To precisely simulate the influence of charge/discharge time of the ESS-rEVb on the distribution network, the daily load curves and hourly renewable energy generation in Taiwan were also taken into account. The outcomes are of value to power engineers to assess the application of ESS-rEVb both on operation safety and economic benefits. ____________________________________________________________ - 041 - Elektrofahrzeug, Lithiumbatterie, Hybridfahrzeug

Online battery state of health estimation based on Genetic Algorithm for electric and hybrid vehicle applica-tions Chen, Zheng; Mi, Chunting-Chris; Fu, Yuhong; Xu, Jun; Gong, Xianzhi In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.184-192 (9 Seiten, 27 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.158

State of health (SOH) of batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles can be observed using some battery parameters. Based on a resistance-capacitance circuit model of the battery and data obtained from abundant experiments, it was observed that the diffusion capacitance shows great correlation with SOH of a lithium-ion battery. However, accurate measurement of this diffusion capacitance in real time in an electric or hybrid electric vehicle is not practical. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to estimate the battery model parameters including the diffusion capaci-tance in real time using measurement of current and voltage of the battery. The battery SOH can then be determined using the identified diffusion capacitance. Temperature influence is also considered to improve the robustness and precision of SOH estimation results. Experimental results on various batteries further verified the proposed method. ____________________________________________________________ - 042 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Strukturanalyse

Understanding the effect of synthesis temperature on the structural and electrochemical characteristics of layered-spinel composite cathodes for lithium-ion batteries Lee, Eun-Sung; Huq, Ashfia; Manthiram, Arumugam In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.193-203 (11 Seiten, 47 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.010

The effect of synthesis temperature on the structural and electrochemical characteristics of the layered-spinel com-posite cathode system xLi[Li0.2Mn0.6Ni0.2]O2-(1 - x)Li[Mn1.5Ni0.5]O4 (0 <= x <= 1) has been investigated. With a joint neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinement method, the composition and weight percent variations of the layered and spinel phases in this composite cathode system have been obtained as a function of x and synthesis temperature. While no significant composition and weight percent variations are found with the synthe-sis temperature, the electrochemical characteristics of both the layered and spinel phases in the composites are sig-nificantly affected by the synthesis temperature. In contrast to the layered sample (x = 1), the capacity of the layered phase in the composites increases with decreasing synthesis temperature due to an increase in surface area. Con-versely, the effect of synthesis temperature on the spinel phase is similar in both the spinel sample (x = 0) and the composite samples. However, the lower synthesis temperature increases the cation ordering in the 16d octahedral sites of the spinel phase, which changes the voltage profiles below 3 V due to the decrease in the lattice distortion during lithium ion insertion into the empty 16c octahedral sites. ____________________________________________________________ - 043 - Eisenoxid, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Anodenmaterial

Hierarchical Fe2O3@Co3O4 nanowire array anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries Xiong, Q.Q.; Xia, X.H.; Tu, J.P.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Y.Q.; Zhou, D.; Gu, C.D.; Wang, X.L. In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.344-350 (7 Seiten, 46 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.042

A hierarchically Fe2O3@Co3O4 nanowire array is prepared by the aid of hydrothermal synthesis and sacrificial hy-drolysis method. The obtained nanowire array shows hierarchical porosity and large surface area. The resulted


Fe2O3@Co3O4 nanowire array is evaluated as an anode material for Li ion batteries, which exhibits high capacity and good cycle stability (1005.1 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g-1) and an excellent rate per-formance, mainly owing to the unique hierarchical nanowire architecture and an elegant synergistic effect of two elec-trochemically active materials. The developed strategy can be readily generalized to construct other multifunctional hybrid nanostructures, which will be promising materials for high-performance electrochemical devices. ____________________________________________________________ - 044 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Modell

Three dimensional thermal-, electrical-, and electrochemical-coupled model for cylindrical wound large for-mat lithium-ion batteries Lee, Kyu-Jin; Smith, Kandler; Pesaran, Ahmad; Kim, Gi-Heon In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.20-32 (13 Seiten, 21 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.007

A numerical model for cylindrical wound lithium-ion cells, which resolves thermal, electrical and electrochemical cou-pled physics, is presented in this paper. Using the Multi-Scale Multi-Domain (MSMD) model framework, the wound potential-pair continuum (WPPC) model is developed as a cell domain submodel to solve heat and electron transfer across the length scale of cell dimension. By defining the cell composite as a wound continuum, the WPPC model can evaluate layer-to-layer differences in electrical potential along current collectors, and electric current in the wind-ing direction to investigate the effects of thermal and electrical configurations of a cell design, such as number and location of tabs, on performance and life of a cylindrical cell. In this study, 20-Ah large-format cylindrical cell simula-tions are conducted using the WPPC model with the number of electrical tabs as a control parameter to investigate how macroscopic design for electrical current transport affects microscopic electrochemical processes and apparent electrical and thermal output. ____________________________________________________________ - 045 - Schnellaufladung, Lithiumionenbatterie, Erwärmung

Empirical analysis of contributing factors to heating in lithium-ion cells: Anode entropy versus internal resis-tance Srinivasan, Rengaswamy; Carkhuff, Bliss G. In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.560-566 (7 Seiten, 26 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.108

Charging a battery beyond its maximum capacity can lead both to cell overheating and to the venting of gasses. A fundamental understanding of cell heating could lead to the development of real-time sensors that anticipate and avert catastrophic battery failure. Joule heating (also called ohmic or resistive heating) from cell internal resistance (Rint) dominates the overall thermal energy (Delta Q) generated during charging. Contrary to prior hypotheses, though, Joule heating does not appear to contribute to venting observed during overcharging. In this manuscript, we examine an alternate hypothesis, that heat released by the entropy change in the anode (Delta Sanode) and the con-comitant increase in the anode temperature (Tanode) triggers the venting. Using our recently developed non-invasive battery internal temperature (BIT) sensor to monitor Tanode, we separated the contributions of Delta Sanode, Rint and the anode resistance (Ranode) to Delta Q. These quantities were tracked during constant current charging of a 18650 Lith-ium-ion cell, from zero state of charge (SoC) to overcharge. The resulting analysis suggests that anode entropy change is more important than resistive heating resulting from Ranode to the overall thermal energy. Anode entropy measurements, enabled by the BIT sensor, might serve as an alternative or adjunct method for anticipating and avoiding cell venting events. ____________________________________________________________ - 046 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Modell reduzierter Ordnung

A new extension of physics-based single particle model for higher charge-discharge rates Luo, Weilin; Lyu, Chao; Wang, Lixin; Zhang, Liqiang In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.295-310 (16 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.129

A new approximate physics-based Lithium-ion cell model is developed by extending the descriptions of the non-uniform reaction distribution effect and the electrolyte concentration/potential distribution effect into single particle model, namely the extended single particle model. In this model, the simplification of the solid-phase diffusion is based on the existing approximate solution where a polynomial is used to approximate the concentration profile in-side the particle. Diffusion in the electrolyte and the concentration polarization effect are simplified using the approxi-mate solution based on parabolic profile approximation for the electrolyte concentration distribution. Especially, this model analyzes the mathematical description of the non-uniform reaction distribution effect inside the electrode, and an approximate solution of this effect is obtained by synthetically applying the volume average technique, approxi-mated by the uniform reaction distribution situation, exponential profile approximation and the iterative calculation techniques. Thus the description of the non-uniform reaction distribution effect is successfully extended and the pore


wall fluxes at the two current collector interfaces can be accurately predicted. Simulation results show that this model greatly improves the computational efficiency with little loss of accuracy. ____________________________________________________________ - 047 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Alterungsmechanismus

A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications Barre, Anthony; Deguilhem, Benjamin; Grolleau, Sebastien; Gerard, Mathias; Suard, Frederic; Riu, Delphine In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.680-689 (10 Seiten, 148 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.040

Lithium-ion batteries have become the focus of research interest, thanks to their numerous benefits for vehicle appli-cations. One main limitation of these technologies resides in the battery ageing. The effects of battery ageing limit its performance and occur throughout their whole life, whether the battery is used or not, which is a major drawback on real usage. Furthermore, degradations take place in every condition, but in different proportions as usage and exter-nal conditions interact to provoke degradations. The ageing phenomena are highly complicated to characterize due to the factors cross-dependence. This paper reviews various aspects of recent research and developments, from differ-ent fields, on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations. In this paper is presented a summary of tech-niques, models and algorithms used for battery ageing estimation (SOH, RUL), going from a detailed electrochemical approach to statistical methods based on data. In order to present the accuracy of currently used methods, their re-spective characteristics are discussed. Remaining challenges are deeply detailed, along with a discussion about the ideal method resulting from existing methods. ____________________________________________________________ - 048 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Entladungskennlinie

Discharge characteristics of multicell lithium-ion battery with nonuniform cells Miyatake, So; Susuki, Yoshihiko; Hikihara, Takashi; Itoh, Syuichi; Tanaka, Kenichi In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.736-743 (8 Seiten, 15 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.179

This paper addresses the discharge characteristics of a multicell lithium-ion battery with nonuniform cells. By using a multicell battery with two different types of cell, we experimentally investigate the relationship between discharge ca-pacity and battery topology. In the series connection of nonuniform cells, the total capacity of the battery is governed by a cell with the smallest capacity. In the parallel connection, the total capacity becomes the sum of cells in parallel. In a multicell battery with the series-parallel connection, the discharge capacity depends on its configurations such as connection and number of nonuniform cells. Also, we derive a mathematical model for discharge characteristics of the multicell battery based on the equivalent circuit model of an individual cell. For a multicell battery with a general configuration, the discharge capacity is successfully evaluated by numerical simulations of the mathematical model. ____________________________________________________________ - 049 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Batteriemanagement

On-line self-learning time forward voltage prognosis for lithium-ion batteries using adaptive neuro-fuzzy in-ference system Fleischer, Christian; Waag, Wladislaw; Bai, Ziou; Sauer, Dirk Uwe In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.728-749 (22 Seiten, 39 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.114

The battery management system (BMS) of a battery-electric road vehicle must ensure an optimal operation of the electrochemical storage system to guarantee for durability and reliability. In particular, the BMS must provide precise information about the battery's state-of-functionality, i.e. how much dis-/charging power can the battery accept at cur-rent state and condition while at the same time preventing it from operating outside its safe operating area. These critical limits have to be calculated in a predictive manner, which serve as a significant input factor for the supervising vehicle energy management (VEM). The VEM must provide enough power to the vehicle's drivetrain for certain tasks and especially in critical driving situations. Therefore, this paper describes a new approach which can be used for state-of-available-power estimation with respect to lowest/highest cell voltage prediction using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The estimated voltage for a given time frame in the future is directly compared with the actual voltage, verifying the effectiveness and accuracy of a relative voltage prediction error of less than 1%. Moreover, the real-time operating capability of the proposed algorithm was verified on a battery test bench while run-ning on a real-time system performing voltage prediction. ____________________________________________________________


- 050 - Lithium-Luft-Batterie, Sauerstoffdiffusion

Ether-functionalized ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium-air batteries Nakamoto, Hirofumi; Suzuki, Yushi; Shiotsuki, Taishi; Mizuno, Fuminori; Higashi, Shougo; Takechi, Kensuke; Asaoka, Takahiko; Nishikoori, Hidetaka; Iba, Hideki In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.19-23 (5 Seiten, 21 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.147

Ionic liquids composed of N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium (DEME), N-methyl-N-methoxyethylpiperidinium (PP1.1o2) cations functionalized with ethers, N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium (PP13), and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P14) cations and the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (TFSA) anion are investi-gated for application as electrolytes in non-aqueous lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries. The PP13-TFSA, P14-TFSA and DEME-TFSA ionic liquids have high oxygen radical stability. A comparison of the lithium supply capacity measured using pulse-gradient spin-echo NMR for 7Li nuclei and the oxygen supply capacity measured using electrochemical methods indicates that the oxygen supply is the rate-limiting step for the generation of lithium-oxygen compounds (LiOx) in these ionic liquids with supporting electrolytes. The DEME-TFSA system has the highest LiOx generation activity among the ionic liquid systems examined. We demonstrate the improved performance (output power, dis-charge-charge capacity and coulombic efficiency) of a Li-O2 battery using the DEME-TFSA system compared with that using the PP13-TFSA system. The improvements observed for the DEME-TFSA system are attributed to the high LiOx generation properties and lithium ion supply. ____________________________________________________________ - 051 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Elektrofahrzeug

Coupled thermal-electrochemical modelling of uneven heat generation in lithium-ion battery packs Wu, Billy; Yufit, Vladimir; Marinescu, Monica; Offer, Gregory J.; Martinez-Botas, Ricardo F.; Brandon, Nigel P. In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.544-554 (11 Seiten, 32 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.164

In battery packs with cells in parallel, the inter-cell connection resistances can cause unequal loads due to non-uniform interconnect overpotentials and consequentially lead to non-uniform heating. This article explores how load imbalances are generated in automotive applications, by describing a battery pack with finite interconnect resis-tances. Each cell inside the pack is represented by a pseudo 2D electrochemical model coupled with a lumped ther-mal model. Increasing the number of cells in parallel results in a linear increase in load non-uniformity, whilst increas-ing the ratio of interconnect to battery impedance results in a logarithmic increase in load non-uniformity, with cells closest to the load points experiencing the largest currents. Therefore, interconnect resistances of the order of m Ohm can have a significant detrimental impact. Under steady state discharge the cell impedance changes until the loads balance. This process, however, can take hundreds of seconds and therefore may never happen under dy-namic load cycles. Cycling within a narrow state-of-charge range and pulse loading are shown to be the most detri-mental situations. Upon load removal, re-balancing can occur causing further heating. Simulation of a 12P7S pack under a real world load cycle shows that these effects could cause localised thermal runaway. ____________________________________________________________ - 052 - Elektrolytadditiv, Überladungsschutz

A novel bifunctional additive for safer lithium ion batteries Feng, Jinkui; Lu, Li In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.29-32 (4 Seiten, 22 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.170

A novel flame retardant, Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), is successfully synthesized and investigated as electrolyte additive for lithium ion batteries. It is found that RDP can be electro-polymerized at 4.4 V (vs. Li/Li+), which will protect the batteries from voltage runaway by consuming the overcharge current. Moreover, RDP addition could lower the self-extinguishing time (SET) of the electrolyte. The influence of proper RDP addition on the cycling per-formance and capacity is negligible. Thus, RDP could be used as a novel electrolyte additive for lithium ion batteries functioned as both overcharge protection and flame retardant. The results may also be helpful for the further design of advanced lithium ion battery electrolytes. ____________________________________________________________ - 053 - Lithiumionenbatterie, thermisches Verhalten, Modell

Transient three-dimensional thermal model for batteries with thin electrodes Taheri, Peyman; Yazdanpour, Maryam; Bahrami, Majid In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.280-289 (10 Seiten, 35 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.175

A three-dimensional analytical model is proposed to investigate the thermal response of batteries, with a plurality of thin electrodes, to heat generation during their operation. The model is based on integral-transform technique that gives a closed-form solution for the fundamental problem of unsteady heat conduction in batteries with orthotropic


thermal conductivities, where the heat generation is a function of both temperature and depth-of-discharge. The full-field solutions take the form of a rapidly converging triple infinite sum whose leading terms provide a very simple yet accurate approximation of the battery thermal behavior with modest numerical effort. The accuracy of the proposed model is tested through comparison with numerical simulations. The method is used to describe spatial and temporal temperature evolution in a sample pouch type lithium-ion polymer battery during galvanostatic discharge processes while subjected to convective-radiative cooling at its surfaces (the most practical case is considered, when surround-ing medium is at a constant ambient temperature). In the simulations, emphasis is placed on the maintenance of the battery operational temperature below a critical temperature. Through definition of a surface-averaged Biot number, certain conditions are highlighted, under which a two-dimensional thermal analysis is applicable. ____________________________________________________________ - 054 - Li-Ionen-Akkumulator, Ladezustand, Wärmeverhalten, LiFePO4

Entropy change effects on the thermal behavior of a LiFePO4/graphite lithium-ion cell at different states of charge Jalkanen, K.; Aho, T.; Vuorilehto, K. In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.354-360 (7 Seiten, 16 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.199

The enthalpy and entropy changes in a commercial lithium-ion cell were studied by using potentiometric measure-ments. The experiments were done on the full cell and individually on its electrode materials, LiFePO4 and artificial graphite. The graphite electrode entropy change follows the amount of intercalated lithium, whereas the LFP elec-trode entropy change is independent of the lithium content. The full cell entropy change behavior can be concluded to originate from the graphite electrode. For the states of charge between 30 and 75%, the full cell entropy change is positive in the discharge direction, causing the cell to absorb heat. Thus when low discharge currents are used, this entropy effect dominates over the irreversible, heat producing losses, and as a result the cell cools down. In the charge direction the entropy change has the same absolute value but is negative in sign. Because of this, the cell produces extra heat in addition to the irreversible heat production, and thus warms up. These phenomena were con-firmed in a calorimetric experiment. The thermal behavior results can be utilized in designing the battery pack cooling system and in choosing favorable states of charge for the battery cycling. ____________________________________________________________ - 055 - Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Akkumulator, Elektrofahrzeug

Porosity and phase fraction evolution with aging in lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes Channagiri, Samartha A.; Nagpure, Shrikant C.; Babu, S.S.; Noble, Garret J.; Hart, Richard T. In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.750-757 (8 Seiten, 20 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.023

Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries designed for electric vehicles operate under different charge and discharge rates, state of charge and temperature . However, aging of these batteries due to disruption of ionic or electronic conductiv-ity while operating under these different cycling conditions has been a concern. In this research, we measured statis-tical distribution of porosity in the cathode as a function of aging and location within the cylindrical battery, using X-Ray micro-computed tomography. A change in porosity (~20%) of the sample is noticed between aged and unaged samples. Concurrent X-Ray diffraction studies in these samples showed an increase (~34%) in FePO4 phase frac-tion. Structural breakdown of the composite cathode material during charge and discharge cycling is proposed as a possible mechanism to rationalize the above results. ____________________________________________________________ - 056 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, LiFePO4, Dichtefunktionaltheorie

Ab initio study of the fracture energy of LiFePO4/FePO4 interfaces Jung, Jongboo; Cho, Maenghyo; Zhou, Min In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.706-714 (9 Seiten, 59 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.030

The structure and works of separation of LiFePO4/FePO4 interfaces, interfacial energies, and relevant surface ener-gies are evaluated using ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT). The calculations concern various modes of separation of (100) and (010) interfaces which result in stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric sur-faces. Corresponding interfacial fracture toughnesses are calculated based on the works of separation. The analysis reveals the most stable separation configurations and quantifies the cleavage energies. The findings can be used to explain the fracture behavior observed in experiments. ____________________________________________________________


- 057 - Wärmebeständigkeit, Oxidationsbeständigkeit

Thermal and oxidation stability of organo-fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions for lithium ion bat-teries Nishikawa, Daiki; Nakajima, Tsuyoshi; Ohzawa, Yoshimi; Koh, Meiten; Yamauchi, Akiyoshi; Kagawa, Michiru; Ao-yama, Hirokazu In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.573-580 (8 Seiten, 57 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.034

Thermal and oxidation stability of fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions have been investigated. Charge/discharge behavior of natural graphite electrode has been also examined in the same electrolyte solutions. Fluorine compounds demonstrate much lower reactivity with metallic Li than ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate. Fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions show the lower reactivity with LiC6 and the smaller exothermic peaks due to decomposition of electrolyte solutions and surface films than original solutions without fluorine compound. Oxidation currents are also smaller in fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions than in original ones. First cou-lombic efficiencies in fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions are similar to those in original ethylene carbon-ate-based solutions except one case. Mixing of fluorine compounds highly increase first coulombic efficiencies of natural graphite electrode in propylene carbonate-containing solution. ____________________________________________________________ - 058 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Kathodeneigenschaft

Synthesis of FeOF using roll-quenching method and the cathode properties for lithium-ion battery Kitajou, Ayuko; Komatsu, Hideyuki; Nagano, Rintarou; Okada, Shigeto In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.494-498 (5 Seiten, 11 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.053

Rutile-type FeOF is a promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries, because it has a relatively large theoretical capacity of 885 mAh g-1 in eco-friendly iron-based cathodes. Although it is difficult to synthesize by conventional solid-state synthesis methods, it can be quickly synthesized by the roll-quenching method. The quick synthesis method is suit-able to reduce the produce cost, but also to avoid the fluorine gas release during synthesis procedure. The obtained FeOF by roll-quenching method has kept some crystallinities, and provides a large discharge capacity (900 mAh g-1) between 0.7 and 4.0 V. The charge and discharge reaction mechanism was investigated by structural analyses. ____________________________________________________________ - 059 - Natriumionenbatterie, Elektrodenwerkstoff

AlSb thin films as negative electrodes for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries Baggetto, Loic; Marszewski, Michal; Gorka, Joanna; Jaroniec, Mietek; Veith, Gabriel M. In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.699-705 (7 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.074

The electrochemical reactions of amorphous/nanocrystalline AlSb thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering are reported for the first time. The reaction with Li proceeds with an average reaction potential of 0.65 V, a reversible capacity of 750 mAh g-1, and very fast reaction kinetics. A storage capacity close to 500 mAh g-1 (70% of the maximum capacity) is achieved at 125 C-rate. Only small increases in overpotentials are measured with increasing currents: ~0.15 V at 12 C and ~0.7 V at 125 C. In contrast, the reaction with Na results in average reaction poten-tial of 0.5 V and a storage capacity of 450 mAh g-1. The capacity retention and reaction kinetics with Na are pres-ently not satisfactory with pronounced capacity losses upon cycling and larger overpotentials with increasing current. The capacity retention can be improved by using FEC additive in the Na-ion electrolyte, which highlights that the SEI plays an important role for the electrode cycling stability. The study of the reaction mechanism by X-ray diffraction reveals that the electrode material remains amorphous at all potentials, and suggests that during the reaction with Li the atomic short range ordering is similar to the expected phases. ____________________________________________________________ - 060 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Ladungszustand, Kalman-Filter

A robust state-of-charge estimator for multiple types of lithium-ion batteries using adaptive extended Kalman filter Xiong, Rui; Gong, Xianzhi; Mi, Chunting-Chris; Sun, Fengchun In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.805-816 (12 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.076

This paper presents a novel data-driven based approach for the estimation of the state of charge (SoC) of multiple types of lithium ion battery (LiB) cells with adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF). A modified second-order RC net-work based battery model is employed for the state estimation. Based on the battery model and experimental data, the SoC variation per mV voltage for different types of battery chemistry is analyzed and the parameters are identi-fied. The AEKF algorithm is then employed to achieve accurate data-driven based SoC estimation, and the multi-parameter, closed loop feedback system is used to achieve robustness. The accuracy and convergence of the pro-


posed approach is analyzed for different types of LiB cells, including convergence behavior of the model with a large initial SoC error. The results show that the proposed approach has good accuracy for different types of LiB cells, es-pecially for C/LFP LiB cell that has a flat open circuit voltage (OCV) curve. The experimental results show good agreement with the estimation results with maximum error being less than 3%. ____________________________________________________________ - 061 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Elektrolytadditiv, Phosphor

Phosphorus derivatives as electrolyte additives for lithium-ion battery: The removal of O2 generated from lithium-rich layered oxide cathode Lee, Dong-Joon; Im, Dongmin; Ryu, Young-Gyoon; Lee, Seoksoo; Yoon, Jaegu; Lee, Jeawoan; Choi, Wanuk; Jung, Insun; Lee, Seungyeon; Doo, Seok-Gwang In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.831-835 (5 Seiten, 29 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.091

Direct internal pressure measurements of the cylindrical Li-ion cells with a mixture of LiCoO2 and Li1.167Ni0.233Co0.1Mn0.467Mo0.033O2 (a solid solution between 0.4 Li2Mn0.8Ni0.1Mo0.1O3 and 0.6 LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2) as cathode and graphite as anode have been performed during cell charging. Cell internal pressure at the end of charg-ing is greatly reduced from 2.85 to 0.84-1.84 bar by adding a small amount of phosphorus derivatives such as triphenyl phosphine (TPP), ethyl diphenylphosphinite (EDP), and triethyl phosphite (TEP) into a carbonate-based electrolyte. The phosphorus derivatives are supposed to react with O2 generated from the decomposition of the Li2MnO3 component. The chemical states of additive molecules before and after the charging process have been characterized with a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It has also been shown that those additives improve the cycle life when applied in coin full cells. ____________________________________________________________ - 062 - geschichtetes Perowskitoxid, Luftelektrode

Layered perovskite oxide: A reversible air electrode for oxygen evolution/reduction in rechargeable metal-air batteries Takeguchi, Tatsuya; Yamanaka, Toshiro; Takahashi, Hiroki; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Kuroki, Tomohiro; Nakanishi, Haru-yuki; Orikasa, Yuki; Uchimoto, Yoshiharu; Takano, Hiroshi; Ohguri, Nobuaki; Matsuda, Motofumi; Murota, Tadatoshi; Uosaki, Kohei; Ueda, Wataru In: Journal of the American Chemical Society 135 (2013) 30, S.11125-11130 (6 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 32 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja403476v

For the development of a rechargeable metal-air battery, which is expected to become one of the most widely used batteries in the future, slow kinetics of discharging and charging reactions at the air electrode, i.e., oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, are the most critical problems. Here we report that Ruddlesden-Popper-type layered perovskite, RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 (n = 3), functions as a reversible air electrode catalyst for both ORR and OER at an equilibrium potential of 1.23 V with almost no overpotentials. The function of RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 as an ORR catalyst was confirmed by using an alkaline fuel cell composed of Pd/LaSr3Fe3O10-

2x(OH)2x.H2O/RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 as an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.23 V was obtained. RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 also cata-lyzed OER at an equilibrium potential of 1.23 V with almost no overpotentials. Reversible ORR and OER are achieved because of the easily removable oxygen present in RP-LaSr3Fe3O10. Thus, RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 minimizes effi-ciency losses caused by reactions during charging and discharging at the air electrode and can be considered to be the ORR/OER electrocatalyst for rechargeable metal-air batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 063 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Konstruktionswerkstoff

Hierarchically structured materials for lithium batteries Xiao, Jie; Zheng, Jianming; Li, Xiaolin; Shao, Yuyan; Zhang, Ji-Guang In: Nanotechnology 24 (2013) 42, S.424004/1-7 (7 Seiten, 49 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/42/424004

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the most promising power sources to be deployed in electric vehicles, including solely battery powered vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. With the increasing de-mand for devices of high-energy densities (>500 Wh kg-1), new energy storage systems, such as lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries and other emerging systems beyond the conventional LIB, have attracted worldwide interest for both transportation and grid energy storage applications in recent years. It is well known that the electrochemical perform-ance of these energy storage systems depends not only on the composition of the materials, but also on the structure of the electrode materials used in the batteries. Although the desired performance characteristics of batteries often have conflicting requirements with the micro/nano-structure of electrodes, hierarchically designed electrodes can be tailored to satisfy these conflicting requirements. This work will review hierarchically structured materials that have been successfully used in LIB and Li-O2 batteries. Our goal is to elucidate (1) how to realize the full potential of en-ergy materials through the manipulation of morphologies, and (2) how the hierarchical structure benefits the charge transport, promotes the interfacial properties and prolongs the electrode stability and battery lifetime.


- 064 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Dünnschichtelektrode

Ordered Mesoporous beta -MgMoO4 Thin Films for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications Haetge, Jan; Suchomski, Christian; Brezesinski, Torsten In: Small 9 (2013) 15, S.2541-2544 (4 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 13 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201202585

we have shown that Beta -MgMoO 4 can be templated to produce well-defi ned mesoporous thin films. Apart from the low fi rst cycle Coulombic effi ciency, these sol-gel derived materials exhibit promising charge storage characteristics. We contend that the combination of open mesopore cavities with thin sub 15 nm inorganic walls provides a benefi cial microstructure for lithium-ion battery applications. Lastly, it is interesting to note that the synthetic method em-ployed here seems extendable to a variety of metal molybdates with similar pore structure and nanocrystalline walls. ____________________________________________________________ - 065 - Kfz-Batterie, Li-Ionen-Batterie, Metall-Luft-Batterie

Alternative battery technologies, their potential and challenges Krewer, Ulrike; Schröder, Daniel; Ramirez-Sanchez, Angelica In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.234-248, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (15 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 23 Quellen)

There is a significant variety in battery technology apart from Lithium ion insertion batteries. The presented technolo-gies, alternative Lithium ion batteries, metal air batteries and Li sulfur batteries, all show significantly higher energy densities than Lithium ion insertion batteries. However, it seems yet to be difficult to tap these energy densities at attractive battery performances. Lithium ion batteries with alloying or reaction processes both show significant changes in volume during battery cycling, leading often to low life time. Lithium air batteries have the highest theo-retical energy density among all batteries; yet, exploiting their potential depends on the success of shielding the Lith-ium electrode from contact with water and developing air electrodes which permit high reaction rates which are not disturbed by blocked pores. Zinc air batteries are a low cost and environmental friendly version of metal air batteries; being based on aqueous electrolyte, these cells may need active humidification/drying to maintain a stable water level. Finally, Lithium sulfur batteries are closed batteries and allow to be operated also at very low environmental temperatures; understanding and limiting the shuttle transport of polysulfides between the electrodes is key to a long cycle life. Judging on present research intensity, most of these technologies can be expected to be improved signifi-cantly within the next years, This may enable to reach a mid-term goal of replacement of Lithium ion batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 066 - Omnibus, Elektroantrieb, Lithium-Ionen-Batterie

Fast charging of battery buses and its impact on the aging of various lithium-ion cell types Matthias, Rogge; Sauer, Dirk Uwe In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.250-267, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (18 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 9 Quellen)

In this work, the impact of fast charging on the aging of two commercial available lithium-ion cell types has been in-vestigated. The cells differ in their cathode material. Cell A uses a nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode and cell B a lithium iron phosphate cathode. The test procedure consists of a power profile which represents a realistic driving cycle of a public bus in a heavy route service. The cells show a similar capacity fade over the test cycles, but the de-velopment of the internal resistance differs strongly. After the first cycles, the internal resistance of cell B stays ap-proximately constant, whereas the value of cell A increases. The increasing resistance may cause disadvantages in the application, like the rising cooling demand. Therefore cell B seems to be advantageous for fast charging con-cepts. Still, this does not mean that all lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells are generally suitable for fast charging. The aging is always cell dependent and can differ according to the manufacturer, the cell type, the cell geometry and sev-eral more reasons. This requires individual cell tests to determine the aging with the special focus on the application. The measurements have shown that a battery system, suitable for fast charging battery buses, can be built with commercial available high power lithium-ion cells. However, further aging tests are required to make a reliable state-ment about the overall lifetime of the system. ____________________________________________________________


Elektrische Ladetechnologie - 067 - Elektroauto, Hybridauto, Batterieladegerät, Elektroantrieb

Integrated motor drives and battery charges for electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Haghbin, Saeid In: Buch; Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, N.S. 3492 (2013) S.1-124, Göteborg: Chalmers University of Technology, 978-917-385-811-3 (124 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 112 Quellen)

Plug-in vehicles, electric vehicles or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, use grid power to charge the battery. The com-ponents in the traction circuit, like the electric motor and the inverter, are not used during the battery charging, so there is a possibility to use them in the charger circuit to reduce the size, weight and price of the on-board charger; that is called an integrated motor drive and battery charger or simply an integrated charger which can be galvanically isolated or non-isolated from the utility grid. Different examples of integrated chargers reported by academia or indus-try, isolated or non-isolated, are reviewed and compared in terms of circuit configuration, control strategy, degree of integration, and efficiency. Moreover some new isolated and non-isolated solutions are presented and explained. A patented integrated motor drive and isolated battery charger based on a split-phase permanent magnet (PM) motor is described where the motor windings are reconfigured for the traction and charging mode by using a relay-based switching device. To reduce the magnetization current due to the motor airgap, the motor rotates at synchronous speed during the battery charging. So, an extra clutch is used in the system to disconnect the motor from the vehicle transmission during the charge operation. The mathematical model of the split-phase PM motor based on a double dq approach, the developed controllers, and the system functionality are explained. Moreover, simulation and ex-perimental results show that the system has a good performance in terms of system efficiency and dynamic response with two PM motor alternatives in two separate practical systems. Two new categories of integrated motor drives and non-isolated battery chargers are presented and explained. The first scheme is based on the winding's reconfigura-tion of a split-phase PM motor which simulation and practical results are provided. The second scheme is a single-phase solution that a split-phase PM motor and two inverters enable battery charging. Based on the double dq model of the split-phase PM motor that provides the theoretical framework, a modal field-oriented controller is proposed for a drive system that utilizes two identical inverters and a split-phase PM motor. A decoupling strategy is proposed based on the eigenvalue decomposition to impart a systematic methodology for the current controllers design. More-over, a maximum torque per ampere strategy is derived to reach an optimal torque development in the drive system. Simulation results are provided to show the system performance in the steady-state and dynamic for a speed control system. For a reference speed profile, the drive system has a fast speed response while the torque and currents are tracking the optimal trajectories. ____________________________________________________________ - 068 - Plug-in-Hybridfahrzeug, Ladeinfrastruktur

Evaluation of charging infrastructure requirements and operating costs for plug-in electric vehicles Zhang, Li; Brown, Tim; Samuelsen, Scott In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.515-524 (10 Seiten, 33 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.048

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), have the potential to improve the energy and environmental landscape of personal transportation, but face a hurdle of access to charging infrastructure. Additionally, the types, locations, and quantities of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) that will be required are not well established. This study investigates the charging infrastructure requirements from the perspective of PEV operating cost and BEV feasibility. California was selected as the research region and PEV parameters were selected based on the early deployed vehicles available in the emerging commer-cial market. To minimize operating cost, an optimal charging strategy based on 24 h travel patterns is proposed. Re-sults indicate that charging time strategy is the most important factor in reducing PEV operating cost while greater numbers of charging locations provide diminishing benefits for PHEVs. Higher charging power capability, combined with an acceptable charging time strategy offer only slight benefits for PHEVs, but charging power is an important factor in increasing BEV functionality and decreasing public charging requirements. The approximation of the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) needed at different types of locations (e.g., home, work place, shopping) is pro-posed based on an optimal charging strategy. ____________________________________________________________ - 069 - Elektrofahrzeug, Batterieladung, Optimierung

Optimal contracts for providing load-side frequency regulation service using fleets of electric vehicles Zarkoob, Hadi; Keshav, Srinivasan; Rosenberg, Catherine In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.94-111 (18 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.179

We focus on the charging process of a fleet of electric vehicles overnight for providing load-side regulation service. At the heart of this complex problem, the goal is to transfer a certain amount of energy to the fleet by a given deadline; however, when and how fast the energy is sent is flexible. We examine a unidirectional setting in the cases where


regulation signals are deterministic (worst case) and stochastic. We study both a single-shot optimization scenario carried at the start of the charging period, and a dynamic optimization scenario, where the optimal control strategy is re-evaluated several times over the duration of the charging interval. We show that most of the gains from dynamic optimization can be obtained by re-evaluating the optimization problem at the midpoint of the charging interval. More-over, the optimal value of the regulation service in the worst-case deterministic setting nearly matches the stochastic setting with dynamic optimization. We validate our results using both simulation and real-world data. ____________________________________________________________

Energienetze, -verteilung - 070 - Hybridelektrofahrzeug, Energiemanagement

Study on Power Delivering in Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sun, Ping; Yu, Xiu-Min; Dong, Wei In: Advanced Research on Material Engineering and Electrical Engineering, MAEE 2013, International Conference on Material Application and Electrical Engineering, Selected, peer reviewed papers, Changsha, CN, Mar 16-17, 2013 in: Advanced Materials Research 676 (2013) S.235-241, Zürich: Trans Tech Publications (http://www.ttp.net) (7 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.676.235 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.676.235

The equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is a method to reduce the global minimization problem to an instantaneous minimization problem to be solved at each instant. The adaptive ECMS is a development of ECMS in which the equivalence factors are not pre-coded, but rather calculated online. The equivalence factors, their opti-mal value, which minimizes the cost function while maintaining the vehicle substantially charge sustaining, depends on the specific driving cycle. The method proposed in this paper is one of the most important simplifications for actual real time implementation of A-ECMS and power delivering in energy management for HEV. The charging factor can be calculated if the discharging factor is calculated in the experiment for real time. And only a subset of (charging and discharging factors) generates a trend close to zero which indicates charge-sustainability. ____________________________________________________________ - 071 - Energienetz (elektrisch), erneuerbare Energie

Speicher für die Energieversorgung von morgen Heyder, Bernhard In: bbr - Fachmagazin für Brunnen- und Leitungsbau 64 (2013) 7/8, S.66-70 (5 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 13 Quellen)

Das Elektrizitätssystem in Deutschland befindet sich in einem herausfordernden Wandel. Schon in naher Zukunft wird es immer größere Zeiträume geben, in denen ein Überangebot an erneuerbarer Energie am Netz nicht ver-braucht werden kann - heute ein regionales, aber auf lange Sicht ein nationales Ungleichgewicht. Umgekehrt wird es Perioden geben, in denen Sonne und Wind tagelang nicht zur Verfügung stehen und der Verbrauch anderweitig ge-deckt werden muss, ohne dass stabile Kraftwerke im bisherigen Maß verfügbar sind. Speicher bekommen dabei eine neue Bedeutung, Energieangebot und -nachfrage zeitlich in Einklang zu bringen. Weiterhin bewährt und ausbaufähig sind Pumpspeicher, auch wenn ihre Kapazität für die Überbrückung von mehrwöchigen Perioden ohne Sonne und Wind auch zukünftig nicht ausreichen wird. Die Kopplung des Gasnetzes an das Stromnetz überwindet diese Be-grenzung. Für Strombezieher werden kleine Speicher zur lokalen Optimierung interessant. Jenseits von Speichern erweitert die smarte Energiewelt die Möglichkeiten, erneuerbare Energienetze zu steuern. Anders als in der "alten Energiewelt" versetzen intelligente Systeme über Preissignale und elektronische Zähler Kunden in die Lage, mit ihren Verbräuchen auf ein Überangebot bzw. Mangel erneuerbarer Energie zu reagieren. Diese Ansätze sind technisch machbar und erfordern die Weiterentwicklung des energiewirtschaftlichen Rahmens, damit sie auch wirtschaftlich interessant werden. ____________________________________________________________ - 072 - Smart Grid, Geschäftsmodell

Geschäftsmodell für Smart Grids. Wie wirtschaftlich ist die Umrüstung von konventionellen zu intelligenten Netzen? Steiner, Beat In: Bulletin VSE/AES (Electrosuisse und Verband Schweizerischer Elektrizitätsunternehmen) 104 (2013) 9, S.17-21 (5 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 11 Quellen)

Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes BizGrid wurden wirtschaftliche Aspekte der informations- und kommunikations-technischen Aufrüstung schweizerischer Stromverteilnetze untersucht. Hierzu wurde ein Tool entwickelt, das die Mehrwerte und die Mehrkosten gegenüberstellt. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass die Investitionen heute in der Schweiz in keinem Verhältnis zu den möglichen Einsparungen stehen. Das Rollout sollte jedoch erst gesetzlich forciert wer-


den, wenn zukunftssichere Geräte angeboten werden und deren Interoperabilität gewährleistet ist. Der Beitrag geht auf folgende Themen im Einzelnen ein: Technologie und Nutzen, Rentabilitätsbegriff, Kriterien des schweizerischen StromVG, Identifikation der Kostentreiber, Zählerhardware, Wohnungswechsel, Lastmanagement, öffentliche Be-leuchtung, Kommunikationskanal, Unbundling. ____________________________________________________________ - 073 - Energieversorgungsnetz, Breitband-Powerline-Kommunikation

Breitbandige Power-Line-Kommunikation im Smart Grid. Standardisierte Technologien als Grundlage Dominiak, Stephen; Andersson, Lars; Dersch, Ulrich In: Bulletin VSE/AES (Electrosuisse und Verband Schweizerischer Elektrizitätsunternehmen) 104 (2013) 9, S.35-38 (4 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 2 Quellen)

Bei Smart Grids wird die Kommunikation im Stromverteilnetz eine Schlüsselrolle spielen. Die breitbandige Powerline-Kommunikation (BPL) bietet Netzbetreibern und EVUs eine interessante Lösung, ihre bestehende Infrastruktur - das elektrische Verteilnetz - auch für bidirektionale Kommunikation, d.h. zwischen Transformatorenstationen, zu nutzen und damit mit einem Mehrwert im Hinblick auf die Smart-Grid-Umsetzung zu versehen. Der Beitrag befasst sich zu-nächst mit dem Umstand, dass für die Mittelspannungsebene nur wenige Lösungen vorhanden sind (Unterstation als Daten-Sammelpunkt, Fernüberwachung) und geht dann auf die Struktur der Mittelspannungs-Verteilnetze ein. Das BPL-Grundkonzept für Mittelspannung wird beschrieben, MV-BPL-Installationen des spanischen Energieversorgers Iberdrola werden beispielhaft vorgestellt. Mit einem kurzen Zukunftsausblick schließt der Beitrag. ____________________________________________________________ - 074 - Smart Grid, SmartMeter, intelligentes Niederspannungsnetz

Mit 8800 Sensoren zum intelligenten Mehrgrössen-Reglungssystem. Ein Erfahrungsbericht aus der Praxis Gürses, Gonca In: Bulletin VSE/AES (Electrosuisse und Verband Schweizerischer Elektrizitätsunternehmen) 104 (2013) 9, S.40-42 (3 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 1 Quelle)

Der Beitrag stellt ein automatisiertes Metering-System vor, das im Frühjahr 2013 in Arbon (Thurgau, Schweiz) fertig-gestellt wurde. Das System greift auf die Sensorfunktion smarter Stromzähler (SmartMeter) zurück und baut darauf ein intelligentes Regelungssystem für die Spannungshaltung im Niederspannungsnetz auf. Zunächst wird der Stand der Technik in Gestalt eines regelbaren Ortsnetztransformators (RONT) vorgestellt, dann werden der Aufbau und die Steuerung der intelligenten Ortsnetzstation auf Basis des RONT und der Messwerte der SmartMeter beschrieben. Dieses Konzept des intelligenten Niederspannungsnetzes entlastet das Hoch- und Mittelspannungsnetz von Rege-lungsaufgaben und steigert das Potenzial zur Einspeisung regenerativer Energien, ohne die Kosten für einen Netz-ausbau zu steigern. Gleichzeitig werden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Mittel- und Niederspannungsnetz verringert. ____________________________________________________________ - 075 - Energiebedarf, Optimierungsmodell, intelligentes Energienetz

Hybrid time representation for the scheduling of energy supply and demand in smart grids Silvente, Javier; Aguirre, Adrian; Crexells, Guillem; Zamarripa, Miguel; Mendez, Carlos; Graells, Moises; Espuna, Antonio In: ESCAPE 23, 23rd European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, Lappeenranta, FI, Jun 9-12, 2013 in: Computer aided chemical engineering 32 (2013) S.553-558 (6 Seiten, 8 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63234-0.50093-2

A new optimization model is presented for the short-term management of the energy supply and demand in smart grids. The detailed model includes a flexible demand profile in order to manage the energy requirements by incorpo-rating penalizations in the economic objective function for delays in satisfying energy demand. The MILP model for the optimization of deterministic scenarios is reformulated in order to incorporate discrete and hybrid time representa-tions. This approach allows considering a different granularity of the problem. Finally, the improved performance of the hybrid approach introduced is shown by comparing the performance of these two time representations. ____________________________________________________________ - 076 - Elektrofahrzeug, Überlastungsverwaltung

V2G strategies for congestion management in microgrids with high penetration of electric vehicles Lopez, M.A.; Martin, S.; Aguado, J.A.; de la Torre, S. In: Electric Power Systems Research 104 (2013) S.28-34 (7 Seiten, 38 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2013.06.005

Modern electric power systems will face new operational challenges due to the influence of a high penetration of electric vehicles (EVs). In this context, power system operators may take advantage of EVs equipped with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies to deal with network congestion management issues. The working framework is an electric power system where energy trading is organized through an auction where the agents can exchange energy within it


or alternatively between neighbouring distribution networks. An approach is proposed to address V2G strategies for congestion management issues. Power distribution factors (DFs) are used to determine the amount of energy that a specific EV should contribute to alleviate the congestion in a line. It is assumed that EVs can decrease or increase their battery energy level, stop their charging or even inject energy to the grid aiming for the secure state of the sys-tem. This approach is tested for a reference microgrid (MG) example containing several EVs and it is shown to be suitable to solve this kind of technical problems. ____________________________________________________________ - 077 - Smart Grid, Monte-Carlo-Methode, Elektrofahrzeug

Reliability assessment in smart distribution networks Celli, Gianni; Ghiani, Emilio; Pilo, Fabrizio; Soma, Gian Giuseppe In: Electric Power Systems Research 104 (2013) S.164-175 (12 Seiten, 27 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2013.07.001

The development of the future energy system will be based on planning and management of the distribution system in accordance with the Smart Grid philosophy. This approach involves the extensive use of information and commu-nication technology and innovative control systems in order to enable the realization of smart distribution systems, the active participation of demand, the availability of energy storage, as well as the integration of distributed generation and renewable energy sources and the expected growing number of electric vehicles in distribution networks. The important question that still remains unanswered is how much reliable should be the functioning of the whole future power, information, and communication infrastructures. The increasing complexity of the future distribution system implies to go beyond the classical deterministic contingency analysis with the application of a more correct stochastic approach. Being aware of this, the authors developed a new tool for the reliability assessment of the future distribu-tion network based on a Pseudo-Sequential Monte Carlo simulation. The reliability models of the main power system components, of the renewable generation, and of the communication infrastructure have been considered in the methodology, permitting the simulation of the whole smart distribution system and the estimation of the effects on its reliability performance of the wireless communication system outages. ____________________________________________________________ - 078 - Verteilungsnetzmanagement, INES-Ptojekt, Smart-Grid

Rückgrat für die Energiewende. Intelligentes Verteilungsnetzmanagement Neusel-Lange, Nils; Oerter, Christian; Zdrallek, Markus; Behrend, Sven; Mecking, Bernhard; Birkner, Peter; Dietzler, Ulrik; Schermuly, Rainer In: ew - Elektrizitätswirtschaft 112 (2013) 14, S.46-49 (4 Seiten, 6 Bilder)

Im Zuge der Energiewende in Deutschland kommen auf die lokalen Mittel- und Niederspannungsnetze bisher nie dagewesene Herausforderungen zu. Viele dieser Netze haben sich längst von Versorgungsnetzen zu Einsammelnet-zen für regenerativen Strom gewandelt - eine Aufgabe, für die sie jedoch nie geplant und gebaut wurden. Hier kann ein intelligentes Verteilungsnetzmanagement einen deutlichen Beitrag zum Gelingen einer bezahlbaren Energiewen-de leisten. Eine kostengünstige Alternative zum konventionellen Netzausbau ist das Konzept der dezentralen Netz-automatisierung, das unlängst im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts "Ines - intelligentes Verteilungsnetzmanagement-system" im Konsortium Bergische Univ. Wuppertal, SAG (Langen), Bilfinger Mauell (Velbert) und Mainova (Frankfurt am Main) verwirklicht wurde. Das Konzept umfasst ein neues Verfahren zur automatisierten Identifikation des aktuel-len Netzzustands und einer gezielten Regelung einzelner Erzeugungs- und Verbrauchseinheiten im Niederspan-nungsnetz. Die Algorithmen wurden als Softwarebaustein in ein kostengünstiges, maßgeschneidertes Kleinfernwirk-system (Smart RTU) eingebettet. Die fertige Automatisierungstechnik (S-Box) wird in bestehende Ortsnetzstationen integriert. Sie kommuniziert zyklisch mit einigen wenigen, geschickt im Netz positionierten Sensoren (M-Box) und Aktoren (ABox). Das Gesamtkonzept Ines geht über die eigentliche Überwachung und Steuerung des Niederspan-nungsnetzes hinaus. Erst die genaue und umfassende Ines-Datenbasis ermöglicht eine autonome Echtzeitberech-nung der Niederspannungsnetze, mit einem Detaillierungsgrad der Daten wie er in den Transportnetzen üblich ist. Durch das universelle und automatisierte Regelungskonzept integriert Ines außerdem am Markt erhältliche Rege-lungskomponenten für Spannung, Blind- und Wirkleistung von Drittherstellern und ist damit eine offene Systemlösung und Smart-Grid-Plattform, die durch den Ausbau des Ines-Systempartnerkonzepts kontinuierlich erweitert wird. Als einfacher und bewährter Statusindikator bietet sich das Ampelprinzip mit den drei Farben Rot, Gelb und Grün an. Nach erfolgreich verlaufenen Felderprobungen wurde das Produkt Der Ansatzes wurde durch das Forschungskon-sortium bereits auf die Mittelspannungsebene ausgeweitet. ____________________________________________________________


- 079 - Elektrofahrzeug, Energiemanagement, Microgrid

Intelligent power management in micro grids with EV penetration Ramachandran, Bhuvaneswari; Srivastava, Sanjeev K.; Cartes, David A. In: Expert Systems with Applications 40 (2013) 16, S.6631-6640 (10 Seiten, 28 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.06.007

Large deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs) adds new challenges in the operation of a microgrid. Assuming that a number of EV owners allow their batteries to charge when their cars are parked, this paper proposes an approach that aims to find suitable individual active power set-points corresponding to the hourly charging rate of each EV bat-tery connected to the microgrid. A multi agent system based controller is designed to find these active power set points for optimal power management of EVs, distributed energy resources in the microgrid, and the loads. ____________________________________________________________ - 080 - Aufladungsregelung, Elektrofahrzeug, Energienetz

Optimal charging control for plug-in electric vehicles in smart microgrids fueled by renewable energy sources Zhu, Li; Yu, F. Richard; Ning, Bin; Tang, Tao In: International Journal of Green Energy 10 (2013) 6-10, S.924-943 (20 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 31 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2012.727364

There is a growing interest in plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). Charging EVs from smart microgrids fueled by renew-able energy resources is becoming a popular green approach. Although some works have been done on renewable energy sources and EVs in smart microgrids, the stochastic characteristics and the dynamic interplay between these two important green solutions should be carefully considered. Furthermore, one of the important performance met-rics, service availability for EVs, is largely ignored in the existing works. In this article, the authors study the charging policies in smart microgrids with EVs and renewable energy sources. They analyze service availability under different charging policies. Based on the renewable energy sources states, battery states, and the number of charging EVs, an optimal charging policy is obtained to maximize the energy utilization with service availability constraints. They formulate the optimal charging problem as a stochastic decision process. Maximizing the energy utilization with ser-vice availability constraints is the objective in the model. Extensive simulation results are presented. It is illustrated that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the service availability for EVs in microgrids fueled by renewable energy sources. ____________________________________________________________ - 081 - Versorgungsnetz, Elektrofahrzeug, elektrisches Überlandnetz

Encouraging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) participation through premium tariff rates Richardson, David B. In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.219-224 (6 Seiten, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.024

The provision of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services to an electric grid by electric vehicles (EVs) can potentially reduce the cost of vehicle ownership through revenue generation. Recent studies indicate that yearly vehicle profit from V2G may not be sufficient to induce widespread participation. This paper investigates the feasibility of a premium tariff rate for V2G power, similar to current feed-in-tariff (FIT) programs for renewable energy. Using Ontario, Canada as a case study, an hourly time-series model for a fleet of commuter EVs is created. Tariff rates for V2G peak power are calcu-lated based on the same return on investment as the current FIT for renewable energy in Ontario. The tariff rates are competitive with the renewable energy tariffs, especially when EVs are allowed to provide ancillary services to the grid in addition to peak power. Despite the guaranteed rate of return, yearly vehicle profit is low. Two variations are considered to increase vehicle profit, thereby enhancing the attractiveness of V2G. A higher return on investment is favored over direct benefits offered to EV owners. A higher return on investment may be justifiable based on the higher level of risk inherent in V2G when compared to renewable energy. ____________________________________________________________ - 082 - Photovoltaik, Batteriespeichersystem, Verteilernetz

Impact of allowed reverse active power flow on planning PVs and BSSs in distribution networks considering demand and EVs growth Gabash, A.; Alkal, M.E.; Li, P. In: Buch; PESS 2013, 4. Power and Energy Student Summit, Tagungsband, Bielefeld, DE, Jan 24-25, 2013 (2013) S.11-16, 978-3-923216-76-5 (6 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 21 Quellen)

Planning photovoltaic systems (PVs) and battery storage systems (BSSs) in distribution networks (DNs) needs to consider many aspects simultaneously. In this paper, three important issues have been investigated, namely, in-creases of incremental load density, electric vehicles (EVs), and the allowed reverse active power flow (ARAPF) from the DN back to the connecting transmission network (TN). Three PVs are considered to be connected to a real IEEE 41-bus ADN, and remunerated by using a feed-in tariff (FIT) price model. Maximum curtailed PV power and maxi-


mum spilled energy are used as criteria to elucidate the impact of these issues an sizing a BSS to save expected PV energy losses. The most economically attractive scenario occurs when the trend of increase of PV power generation and of demand is same. From this study, many rules can be derived which will be useful for planners of DNs to make optimal decisions. It is important to emphasize that the planning process considered in this paper has a static nature, while more sophisticated dynamics would be considered in our future works. ____________________________________________________________

Neue Materialien und Recycling - 083 - Einkomponentenpolyurethankleber, Leichtbau, hoher Modul

Schnellhärtend und ultra-hochmodulig. 1K-Pur-Klebstoffe für semi-strukturelle Klebungen Grimm, Judith; Zahn, Alain In: Adhäsion - Kleben & Dichten 57 (2013) 7/8, S.16-20 (5 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 1 Quelle) http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35145-013-0344-2

Eine neue, marktreife Generation ultra-hochmoduliger 1K-Polyurethan-Klebstoffe eignet sich insbesondere für semi-strukturelle Klebungen im automobilen Leichtbau. Die außergewöhnlich hohen Moduli dieser elastischen Klebstoffe, die sich gezielt auf schnelle Montageprozesse einstellen lassen, werden durch die sogenannte i-Cure-Technologie ermöglicht. Somit sind langzeitbeständige Klebungen realisierbar, deren Auslegung aufgrund temperaturstabiler Mo-dul-Festigkeitwerte Entscheidend vereinfacht wird. Die neuen hochversteifenden UHM-Klebstoffe eignen sich unter dem Aspekt der Gewichtsreduktion und Designfreiheit bestens für die Verklebung von Leichtbaumaterialien und Mischbauweise im Fahrzeugbau. Aufgrund der geschickten Kombination von Technologien werden entscheidende Anwendungsvorteile geschaffen: Basis der Entwicklung solcher hochwertiger 1K-PUR-Klebstoffe bildet die i-Cure-Technologie. Durch Beschleunigung mit Booster und Wärmeeintrag werden schnelle Fertigungsprozesse ermöglicht, gefolgt von einem weitgehend klimaunabhängigen, schnellen und gleichzeitig einwandfreien Härtungsprozess. Nach vollständiger Aushärtung erfüllt der Klebverbund hohe Anforderungen in Bezug auf Festigkeit, Elastizität, Haftkraft sowie Beständigkeit. ____________________________________________________________ - 084 - Cobaltoxid, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Anodenmaterial

Accurate Control of Multishelled Co3O4 Hollow Microspheres as High-Performance Anode Materials in Lith-ium-Ion Batteries Wang, Jiangyan; Yang, Nailiang; Tang, Hongjie; Dong, Zhenghong; Jin, Quan; Yang, Mei; Kisailus, David; Zhao, Huijun; Tang, Zhiyong; Wang, Dan In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52 (2013) 25, S.6417-6420 (4 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301622

More than just an empty shell: Multishelled Co3O4 microspheres were synthesized as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries in high yield and purity. As their porous hollow multishell structure guarantees a shorter Li+ diffusion length and sufficient void space to buffer the volume expansion, their rate capacity, cycling performance, and specific capac-ity were excellent (1615.8 mA h g-1 in the 30th cycle for triple-shelled Co3O4; see graph). ____________________________________________________________ - 085 - Cobaltferrit/Cobalt-Verbundwerkstoff, Stabstruktur

In situ synthesis of CoFe2O4-Co rods as anode materials for lithium ion batteries Zhang, Mei; Jin, Yuhong; Wen, Qianqian; Chen, Cheng; Jia, Mengqiu In: Applied Surface Science 277 (2013) S.25-29 (5 Seiten, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.03.095

The CoFe2O4-Co rods with diameters in the range of 300 nm to 700 nm and length extending from 1 micro m to 4 micro m were synthesized successfully by a facile in situ method. A transmission electron microscopy image has shown that the as-formed CoFe2O4-Co rods are composed of smaller nanocrystallites. The CoFe2O4-Co rods as an-ode materials for lithium ion batteries indicate high reversible capacity of 574.3 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 in the first cycle, and good rate capability at various current densities between 100 mA g-1 and 1600 mA g-1. The improved electrochemical performance is ascribed to the presence of the metallic Cobalt and the well-designed rod structure. ____________________________________________________________


- 086 - CO2-Emission, Leichtbaufahrzeug, Faserverbundstoff

Leichtbaukonzept für ein CO2-armes Fahrzeug Fritz, Wolfgang; Hofer, Dietmar; Götzinger, Bruno In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift - ATZ 115 (2013) 9, S.702-707 (6 Seiten, 6 Bilder)

Vorgestellt wird das von Magna Steyr zusammen mit Partnern entwickelte Konzept Cult (Cars UltraLight Technolo-gies), ein auf höhere Fahrzeugklassen übertragbares modernes A-Segment-Fahrzeugkonzept. Zur Realisierung der CO2-Reduktion auf 49 g/km wurden die Stellhebel Aerodynamik, Rollwiderstand, Wirkungsgrad, Leichtbau und An-trieb (CNG - direkt eingeblasen) identifiziert. Im Beitrag wird der Bereich Leichtbau fokussiert. Das Fahrzeuggewicht sollte von 900 auf 600 verringert werden. Dies sollte erreicht werden über Funktionsintegration, Werkstoffsubstitution und Downsizing/Sekundäreffektnutzung. Insgesamt wurde das Fahrzeug um 400 kg leicht, wiegt aber 672,5 kg, da zugunsten des Antriebskonzepts (CNG mit Hybridisierung) ein höheres Gewicht akzeptiert wurde. Es wurde ein Multi-Materialansatz verfolgt, um den richtigen Werkstoff am richtigen Ort einzusetzen. So wurden etwa Al-Profile mit Al-Gussknoten, einer Stirnwand aus dem Sandwich-Werkstoff Cimera, einer Faserverbund-Unterbodengruppe und Or-ganoblechen kombiniert. Die Simulationsmethodik hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von Faserverbundmaterialien wurde weiterentwickelt. Zudem fand eine ganzheitliche Bewertung des Produktlebenszyklus von der Rohstoffgewinnung über Energieerzeugung, Produktion und Nutzung bis zur Verwertung hin statt. ____________________________________________________________ - 087 - Kern-Schale-Struktur, CNT-Ni-Si-Nanodraht

Core-shell CNT-Ni-Si nanowires as a high performance anode material for lithium ion batteries Lu, Congxiang; Fan, Yu; Li, Hong; Yang, Yi; Tay, Beng-Kang; Teo, Edwin; Zhang, Qing In: Carbon 63 (2013) S.54-60 (7 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.038

Core-shell carbon nanotube (CNT)-Si heterogeneous nanowires have been identified as one of the most promising candidates for future anode materials in lithium ion batteries. However, stress in these nanostructures, is the long-existing bottleneck, rendering severe fading of the capacities and even failure of the batteries. We prove that the in-terfaces between CNT cores and Si shells play a critical role in the stress engineering. With rationally engineered interfaces, our core-shell nanowires with CNT-Ni-Si structure are able to offer excellent capacity retention and rate performance. Introduction of the rough Ni interfacial layer and utilization of the CNT cores lead to reinforced stability of the structure, well accommodated stress and enhanced charge transfer, which are responsible for the improved performance. This core-shell CNT-Ni-Si nanostructure provides a simple but effective pathway towards realization of long lifetime and high performance lithium ion batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 088 - Elemente der 4. Hauptgruppe, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator

Rational Design of Anode Materials Based on Group IVA Elements (Si, Ge, and Sn) for Lithium-Ion Batteries Wu, Xing-Long; Guo, Yu-Guo; Wan, Li-Jun In: Chemistry - An Asian Journal 8 (2013) 9, S.1948-1958 (11 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 133 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201300279

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represent the state-of-the-art technology in rechargeable energy-storage devices and they currently occupy the prime position in the marketplace for powering an increasingly diverse range of applica-tions. However, the fast development of these applications has led to increasing demands being placed on advanced LIBs in terms of higher energy/power densities and longer life cycles. For LIBs to meet these requirements, research-ers have focused on active electrode materials, owing to their crucial roles in the electrochemical performance of bat-teries. For anode materials, compounds based on Group IVA (Si, Ge, and Sn) elements represent one of the direc-tions in the development of high-capacity anodes. Although these compounds have many significant advantages when used as anode materials for LIBs, there are still some critical problems to be solved before they can meet the high requirements for practical applications. In this Focus Review, we summarize a series of rational designs for Group IVA-based anode materials, in terms of their chemical compositions and structures, that could address these problems, that is, huge volume variations during cycling, unstable surfaces/interfaces, and invalidation of transport pathways for electrons upon cycling. These designs should at least include one of the following structural benefits: 1) Contain a sufficient number of voids to accommodate the volume variations during cycling; 2) adopt a "plum-pudding"-like structure to limit the volume variations during cycling; 3) facilitate an efficient and permanent transport pathway for electrons and lithium ions; or 4) show stable surfaces/interfaces to stabilize the in situ formed SEI layers. ____________________________________________________________


- 089 - Energiespeicherung, Aktivkohlefaser, PMIA

Energy Storage on Ultrahigh Surface Area Activated Carbon Fibers Derived from PMIA Castro-Muniz, Alberto; Suarez-Garcia, Fabian; Martinez-Alonso, Amelia; Tascon, Juan M.D.; Kyotani, Takashi In: ChemSusChem. Chemistry & Sustainability, Energy & Materials 6 (2013) 8, S.1406-1413 (8 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 63 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300295

High-performance carbon materials for energy storage applications have been obtained by using poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide), PMIA, as a precursor through the chemical activation of the carbonized aramid fiber by using KOH. The yield of the process of activation was remarkably high (25-40 wt %), resulting in activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with ultrahigh surface areas, over 3000 m2 g-1, and pore volumes exceeding 1.50 cm3 g-1, keeping intact the fibrous morphology. The porous structure and the surface chemical properties could easily be controlled through the condi-tions of activation. The PMIA-derived ACFs were tested in two types of energy storage applications. At -196 °C and 1 bar, H2 uptake values of approximately 3 wt % were obtained, which, in combination with the textural properties, rendered it a good candidate for H2 adsorption at high pressure and temperature. The performance of the ACFs as electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors was also investigated. Specific capacitance values between 297 and 531 F g-1 at 50 mA g-1 were obtained in aqueous electrolyte (1 M H2SO4), showing different behaviors depending on the surface chemical properties. ____________________________________________________________ - 090 - LiMnPO4, Li3V2(PO4)3, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator

Composites of LiMnPO4 with Li3V2(PO4)3 for cathode in lithium-ion battery Wang, Fei; Yang, Jun; Nuli, Yanna; Wang, Jiulin In: Electrochimica Acta 103 (2013) S.96-102 (7 Seiten, 29 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.201

A series of xLiMnPO4.yLi3V2(PO4)3/C (x/y = 8:1, 4:1, 2:1, 1:1) composites have been successfully synthesized by spray drying followed by solid-state reaction. The morphology and crystalline structure are characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The composites contain both LiMnPO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 phases with nanosized dispersion, and Mn doping LVP and V doping LMP also coexist. The incorporation of Li3V2(PO4)3 with LiMnPO4 can effectively enhance electrochemical kinetics of LiMnPO4 phase via the structure modification and shortened Li-diffusion length in the LiMnPO4. Among these composites, 2LiMnPO4.Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite delivers a discharge capacity of 148 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C rate, against 105 mAh g-1 for the pristine LiMnPO4/C, and exhibits much better high/low-temperature performances than the latter. ____________________________________________________________ - 091 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Carbonbeschichtung

Capacity variation of carbon-coated silicon monoxide negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries Kim, Kun-Woo; Park, Hosang; Lee, Jae-Gil; Kim, Jongjung; Kim, Young-Ugk; Ryu, Ji-Heon; Kim, Jae-Jeong; Oh, Seung M. In: Electrochimica Acta 103 (2013) S.226-230 (5 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.040

The capacity variation observed with a carbon-coated silicon monoxide (C-SiO) composite electrode has been ex-plained by the microstructural changes evolved during cycling. In an initial few cycles, the Si domain in SiO is lithiated by alloying reaction, during which cracks form in the Si domain due to volume change. An increase in the contact area between Si and electrolyte solution due to the crack formation, and down-sizing of Si particles facilitate the lithia-tion reaction, such that the Si domain is lithiated to the most lithium-rich Li-Si phase (Li15Si4). Due to an increase in the degree of lithiation, the reversible capacity steadily increases. A severe volume change that is accompanied by the full lithiation, however, leads to a serious particle crack and pulverization, and surface film deposition on the newly exposed Si surface. All these features lead to a breakdown of electrically conductive network within the elec-trode layer. As a result, some Si particles are electrically isolated to cause a loss in the reversible capacity. ____________________________________________________________ - 092 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Metallfluoridelektrode

Subsurface diffusion of oxide electrolyte decomposition products in metal fluoride nanocomposite elec-trodes Gmitter, Andrew J.; Halajko, Anna; Sideris, Paul J.; Greenbaum, Steve G.; Amatucci, Glenn G. In: Electrochimica Acta 88 (2013) S.735-744 (10 Seiten, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.114

Conversion materials based on metal fluorides offer enhanced charge capacity as positive electrodes in Li-ion elec-trochemical cells. However, to date, little is understood about the interactions these structurally dynamic materials have with nonaqueous electrolytes during both lithiation and delithiation. Such interactions are explored using bis-


muth (III) fluoride. This work details the evolution of the electrolyte decomposition products at both highly oxidizing potentials (4.5 V vs. Li/Li+) and during delithiation of the positive electrode after having formed a decomposition layer via electrochemical reduction of the electrolyte solvents. For the first time, the impact of the electrolyte reactions on the surface and subsurface chemistry of the inorganic conversion material is explored. Observed results offer an ex-planation for the direct influence of electrolyte choice on cycling efficiency of metal fluoride conversion materials. ____________________________________________________________ - 093 - Magnesiumbatterie, Anodenwerkstoff, Kathodenwerkstoff

Mg rechargeable batteries: an on-going challenge Yoo, Hyun Deog; Shterenberg, Ivgeni; Gofer, Yosef; Gershinsky, Gregory; Pour, Nir; Aurbach, Doron In: Energy & Environmental Science 6 (2013) 8, S.2265-2279 (15 Seiten, 13 Bilder, 71 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee40871j

The first working Mg rechargeable battery prototypes were ready for presentation about 13 years ago after two break-throughs. The first was the development of non-Grignard Mg complex electrolyte solutions with reasonably wide elec-trochemical windows in which Mg electrodes are fully reversible. The second breakthrough was attained by demon-strating high-rate Mg cathodes based on Chevrel phases. These prototypes could compete with lead-acid or Ni-Cd batteries in terms of energy density, very low self-discharge, a wide temperature range of operation, and an impres-sive prolonged cycle life. However, the energy density and rate capability of these Mg battery prototypes were not attractive enough to commercialize them. Since then we have seen gradual progress in the development of better electrolyte solutions, as well as suggestions of new cathodes. In this article we review the recent accumulated ex-perience, understandings, new strategies and materials, in the continuous R&D process of non-aqueous Mg batter-ies. This paper provides a road-map of this field during the last decade. ____________________________________________________________ - 094 - Brennstoffzelle, PEFMC-Elektroden-Baugruppe, Abbau

PEMFC membrane electrode assembly degradation study based on its mechanical properties Sridhar, Ranjani Lalitha; Krishnan, Ramya In: International Journal of Materials Research - Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 104 (2013) 9, S.892-989 (98 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 25 Quellen)

The membrane electrode assembly determines the performance of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Deg-radation of the membrane electrode assembly has been the subject of recent research with impedance measure-ments, cyclic voltammetry measurements, scanning electron microscopy, tunneling electron microscopy as the tech-niques currently in use for characterization. This paper considers the membrane electrode assembly as a laminate and uses the study of mechanical properties as a tool for identification of delamination. An attempt has also been made to compare the changes in the mechanical properties obtained due to delamination with the results obtained from impedance measurement, cyclic voltammetry studies and performance in the fuel cell. In this study mechanical properties such as stress, strain and modulus have been measured and the decrease in modulus as a result of de-lamination has been characterized. It has been found that study of the mechanical properties of the membrane elec-trode assembly compliments the other techniques and can be used in the post-mortem analysis of causes for degra-dation. ____________________________________________________________ - 095 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Anode, Cu-Nanostäbchen, SnCu-Umhüllung

Electrochemical synthesis of SnCo alloy shells on orderly rod-shaped Cu current collectors as anode mate-rials for lithium-ion batteries with enhanced performance Zhan, Fangwei; Zhang, Hui; Qi, Yue; Wang, Jiazheng; Du, Ning; Yang, Deren In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds 570 (2013) S.119-124 (6 Seiten, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.154

In this article, we report a two-step electrodeposition method for the synthesis of Cu/SnCo core-shell rod-shaped ar-rays as anodes of lithium-ion batteries. Firstly, the arrayed Cu nanorods with diameters of 200 nm were fabricated on a Cu foil through an electrodeposition method with alumina oxide membrane (AAO) as the template. Secondly, the SnCo alloy shells were subsequently electrodeposited on the surface of the rod-shaped Cu arrays to form the hybrid nanostructures. These hybrid electrodes delivered the enhanced cyclic performance and high rate capability serving as the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The improved electrochemical performance might be attributed to the large surface-to-volume area, sufficient buffering space, and high electronic conductivity associated with these 3-dimensional (3D) nanostructures. ____________________________________________________________


- 096 - Stickstoffplasmafunktionalisierung

Nitrogen plasma functionalization of carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor applications Hussain, Shahzad; Amade, Roger; Jover, Eric; Bertran, Enric In: Journal of Materials Science 48 (2013) 21, S.7620-7628 (9 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 52 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7579-z

Surface modification of carbon nanotubes with a simple and fast plasma treatment allows for the design of new nanomaterials with enhanced electrochemical properties. Both structural disorder and nitrogen concentration of the nanolubes increase after a nitrogen plasma treatment. The effect of plasma power and nitrogen pressure on the charge storage capability of the nanotubes has been investigated in detail. Depending on the plasma conditions, ni-trogen functionalities such as quaternary nitrogen in the basal planes, and pyrrolic groups at the edges are intro-duced in the nanotubes structure. The potential difference between anodic and cathodic peaks of the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple decreases from 102 mV down to 75.7 mV after the nitrogen plasma treatment, which accounts for an in-creased reversibility of the electron transfer process between nanotubes and electrolyte. Moreover, the treated nano-tubes show a significant increase in their specific capacitance from 22 F/g up to 55 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s in a 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution. Pyridinic and pyrrolic functionalities are found to play an important role in enhancing the re-versibility and specific capacitance of the obtained electrodes. ____________________________________________________________ - 097 - Verbundwerkstoff, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Zinnoxid

SnO2/graphene composite as highly reversible anode materials for lithium ion batteries Guo, Qi; Zheng, Zhe; Gao, Hailing; Ma, Jia; Qin, Xue In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.149-154 (6 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.116

Tin oxide (SnO2)/graphene composite is synthesized via a simple wet chemical method using graphene oxide and SnCl2.2H2O as raw materials. Graphene of high reduction degree in the composite can provide high conductivity and large-current discharge capacity. SnO2 nanoparticles with dimension around 5 nm are uniformly distributed on the graphene matrix. The SnO2/graphene composite exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance such as high re-versible capacities, good cycling stability and excellent high-rate discharge performance. The initial discharge and charge capacities are 1995.8 mAh g-1 and 1923.5 mAh g-1, respectively. After 40 cycles, the reversible discharge capacity is still maintained at 1545.7 mAh g-1 at the current density of 1 A g-1, indicating that the composite is a promising alternative anode material used for high-storage lithium ion batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 098 - Festelektrolyt, Ionenleitfähigkeit

Lithium ion transport properties of high conductive tellurium substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 cubic lithium garnets Deviannapoorani, C.; Dhivya, L.; Ramakumar, S.; Murugan, Ramaswamy In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.18-25 (8 Seiten, 36 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.166

In this paper synthesis, structure and Li+ transport process of Li7-2xLa3Zr2-xTexO12 (x = 0.125 and 0.25) lithium garnets are reported. Preparation of high Li+ conductive Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) in cubic phase by conventional solid state method demands sintering it around 1200 °C for 36 h in Al2O3 crucible. Cubic phase lithium garnet is successfully obtained at lower sintering temperature around 750 °C with the substitution of Zr4+ by Te6+ in the garnet lattice over the inves-tigated composition range. Among the investigated compounds Li6.5La3Zr1.75Te0.25O12 sintered at 1100 °C exhibits a maximum room temperature total (bulk + grain boundary) ionic conductivity of 1.02 x 10-3 S cm-1. The present stud-ies reveal the stabilization of the cubic garnet phase relatively at lower sintering temperature along with an enhance-ment in Li+ conductivity with lithium content lesser than 7 by suitable doping in Li7La3Zr2O12. ____________________________________________________________ - 099 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Ionenleitfähigkeit

High Li+ conduction in NASICON-type Li1+xYxZr2-x(PO4)3 at room temperature Li, Yutao; Liu, Meijing; Liu, Kai; Wang, Changan In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.50-53 (4 Seiten, 20 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.175

The NASICON oxides with general formula Li1+xYxZr2-x(PO4)3 (0.1 <= x <= 0.2) are prepared by conventional solid-state reaction. The samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and 7Li MAS NMR measurements. The structures are refined by the Rietveld method from powder X-ray diffraction data. With the introduction of Y3+, the volume of the large M1 cavity is reduced and the rhombohedral NASICON phase is stabilized at room temperature. The bulk and total Li+ conductivities of Li1.15Y0.15Zr1.85(PO4)3 sintered by SPS are 1.4 x 10-4 and 0.71 x 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C, respectively; the activation energy is about 0.39 eV in the temperature range 300-473 K.


- 100 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Siliciumnanoteilchen, Anode

Decoration of graphene with silicon nanoparticles by covalent immobilization for use as anodes in high sta-bility lithium ion batteries Zhao, Guangyu; Zhang, Li; Meng, Yufeng; Zhang, Naiqing; Sun, Kening In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.212-218 (7 Seiten, 36 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.025

Si nanoparticle-graphene hybrids are fabricated by covalent immobilization and subsequent heating in a H2 + Ar at-mosphere. The absence of a graphite (002) peak in X-ray diffraction shows that the hybrid synthesized by this ap-proach prevents graphene nanosheets re-agglomerating. Transmission electron microscopy shows a homogeneous distribution of Si nanoparticles on the graphene. Galvanostatic charge/discharge tests demonstrate that the Si nanoparticle-graphene hybrid has much better charge capacity retention than pristine Si nanoparticles and a Si nanoparticle/graphene mixture. The relationship of the capacity to the weight ratio of Si nanoparticles and graphene in the hybrid has been investigated. The results reveal that the hybrid of with a weight ratio 15:1 (Si:G) exhibits the most stable cycle performance, which retains 92.7% capacity of the 1st cycle after 50 charge/discharge cycles. The 1st Li+ insertion capacity is 1297 mAh g-1, and the 50th Li+ insertion capacity is 1203 mAh g-1. ____________________________________________________________ - 101 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Diethylcarbonat

Electrochemical performances of a novel high-voltage electrolyte based upon sulfolane and gamma -butyrolactone Cui, Xiaoling; Zhang, Hongming; Li, Shiyou; Zhao, Yangyu; Mao, Liping; Zhao, Wei; Li, Yongli; Ye, Xiushen In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.476-485 (10 Seiten, 35 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.063

To seek the promising candidate for 5 V electrolytes, fluorine-free lithium bis(oxalato)borat (LiBOB) is chosen as the lithium salt, gamma -butyrolactone (GBL) as well as sulfolane (SL) with the property of stability against oxidative de-composition is chosen as supporting electrolyte solvents, and linear diethyl carbonate (DMC) is chosen as the third supporting electrolyte solvent to lower viscosity. After systematical analytical studies, it indicates that SL solvent is the main and key reason for the improvement of electrochemical performance, which not only improves the stability of electrolyte system against oxidative decomposition, but also decreases the electrode polarization resistance. More than that, 1.0 mol L-1 LiBOB-SL/GBL/DMC electrolyte shows good compatibilities with both intercalation hosts as LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode and carbonaceous anode. It suggests that this novel electrolyte would be an alternative elec-trolyte for 5 V high-voltage rechargeable lithium-ion batteries based upon LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode. ____________________________________________________________ - 102 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Zyklusfähigkeit

Methylated silicon: A longer cycle-life material for Li-ion batteries Touahir, Larbi; Cheriet, Abdelhak; Dalla Corte, Daniel Alves; Chazalviel, Jean-Noel; Henry de Villeneuve, Catherine; Ozanam, Francois; Solomon, Ionel; Keffous, Aissa; Gabouze, Noureddine; Rosso, Michel In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.551-557 (7 Seiten, 28 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.089

Using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, one can prepare methylated amorphous silicon thin-layer an-odes for Li-ion batteries exhibiting good cyclability. The properties of that material are investigated here in view of this target application. In comparison with pure amorphous silicon prepared in the same conditions, the improvement is twofold: longer lifetime, and capability of working with thicker electrodes. For example, capacity retention after 100 cycles of 150 nm thick layers with 10% carbon content is almost 70% larger than that of pure a-Si layers. The ob-served improvement is attributed to mechanical softening of amorphous Si by incorporation of CH3 groups. ____________________________________________________________ - 103 - ionische Flüssigkeit, Lithiumbatterie

Electrochemical performance of rechargeable Li/LiFePO4 cells with ionic liquid electrolyte: Effects of Li salt at 25 °C and 50 °C Wongittharom, Nithinai; Lee, Tai-Chou; Hsu, Ching-Hua; Ting-Kuo Fey, George; Huang, Kai-Pin; Chang, Jeng-Kuei In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.676-682 (7 Seiten, 39 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.014

Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) are used as Li salts in butylmethylpyrrolidinium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI) ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte for Li/LiFePO4 cells. This kind of IL electrolyte shows high thermal stability (>400 °C) and non-flammability, and is thus ideal for high-safety applications. At 25 °C, a maximum capacity of 113 mAh g-1 (at 0.1 C) is found for LiFePO4 in the IL with 0.5 M LiTFSI. An excessive LiTFSI concentration leads to a capacity decrease due to reduced electrolyte ionic con-ductivity. At 50 °C, the measured capacity and rate capability are significantly improved compared to those at 25 °C. With 1 M LiTFSI-doped IL electrolyte (the optimum concentration at 50 °C), a capacity of 140 mAh g-1 is found at


0.1 C and 45% of the capacity can be retained when the rate increases to 5 C, values which are comparable to those found in a traditional organic electrolyte. In the IL electrolyte, the LiFePO4 electrode shows better cyclic stability at 50 °C than it does at 25 °C; this trend is opposite to that found in the organic electrolyte. At 50 °C, there is negligible capacity loss of LiFePO4 after 100 charge-discharge cycles in 1 M LiTFSI-doped BMP-TFSI IL electrolyte. ____________________________________________________________ - 104 - Verbundwerkstoff, Anodenmaterial, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator

SiO2/Cu/polyacrylonitrile-C composite as anode material in lithium ion batteries Li, Mingqi; Li, Jing; Li, Kai; Zhao, Yan; Zhang, Yongguang; Gosselink, Denise; Chen, P. In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.659-666 (8 Seiten, 29 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.017

A new SiO2/Cu/polyacrylonitrile-C composite (donated as SiO2/Cu/PAN-C) is prepared by mechanical ball milling and heat treatment of CuO-coated SiO2 and polyacrylonitrile. During heat treatment, Cu is produced by reduction of CuO and SiO2 is embedded in the matrix of Cu and PAN-C. SiO2 in the composite presents a specific capacity of 1230 mAh g-1, and exhibits excellent cyclic stability and rate capability when cycling in the voltage range of 0.0-3.0 V. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) indicate that the addition of Cu effectively improves the conductivity of elec-trode and diminishes interfacial impedance. ____________________________________________________________ - 105 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Festelektrolyt

Preparation of lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte of NASICON-type Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 (x = 0.3) obtained by using the mechanochemical method and its application as surface modification materials of LiCoO2 cathode for lithium cell Morimoto, Hideyuki; Awano, Hiroyuki; Terashima, Junpei; Shindo, Yohei; Nakanishi, Shinji; Ito, Nobukiyo; Ishikawa, Kiyotaka; Tobishima, Shin-ichi In: Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013) S.636-643 (8 Seiten, 27 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.039

Amorphous a-LATP (x = 0.3) fine powder with the composition of Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 in Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-P2O5 system was prepared directly from a mixture of Li2O, gamma -Al2O3, TiO2, and P2O5 as starting materials, by using a me-chanical milling (MM) technique at room temperature. A NASICON-type Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 (x = 0.3) (c-LATP (x = 0.3)) solid solution was obtained by the heat treatment of mechanochemically prepared amorphous a-LATP (x = 0.3) material. The sintered c-LATP (x = 0.3) pellet showed high lithium ion conductivity of the order of 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature and activation energy of about 35 kJ mol-1. The high-conducting lithium ion c-LATP (x = 0.3) solid elec-trolyte fine powders were investigated as surface modification materials of LiCoO2 cathode in lithium cells using nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. The c-LATP (x = 0.3)-modified LiCoO2 electrodes exhibited high capacity (ca. 180 mAh g-1) and good cycle performance with a high charge cut-off potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) in lithium cell. The in-crease in the electrode/electrolyte interfacial resistance for the LiCoO2 electrode modified with c-LATP (x = 0.3) fine powder was inhibited. ____________________________________________________________ - 106 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Verbundwerkstoff, Lithiumanode

Analysis of composite electrolytes with sintered reinforcement structure for energy storage applications Kalnaus, Sergiy; Tenhaeff, Wyatt E.; Sakamoto, Jeffrey; Sabau, Adrian S.; Daniel, Claus; Dudney, Nancy J. In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.178-185 (8 Seiten, 42 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.096

Effective conductivity and mechanical properties of composite polymer electrolytes, in which the reinforcement phase is a sintered packed bed of Li-ion conductive ceramics particles, were estimated using finite element analyses. The computations targeted estimation of the effect of sintering degree, i.e. size of the inter-particle connective necks, on the overall properties of the composite. Methods for microstructure generation and computational procedures were presented. The mechanical ability of the membrane to block lithium dendrites was assessed based on a stability crite-rion, which depends on the computed effective stiffness. It was found that the minimum size of the inter-particle con-nections necessary to provide mechanical stability without losing the enhancement in conductivity was 0.05 times the mean particle radius. ____________________________________________________________


- 107 - einwandiges Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen

alpha -Fe2O3/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid films as high-performance anodes for rechargeable lith-ium-ion batteries Cao, Zeyuan; Wei, Bingqing In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.330-340 (11 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.101

The hybrid films composed of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) macro-films and alpha -Fe2O3 nanoparticles in fine crystalline size (6-20 nm) are prepared by a simple heat treatment of the as-synthesized SWNT macro-films. The SWNT macro-films with superior conductivity and flexibility can facilitate the charge transfer processes as well as accommodate the volumetric change of the alpha -Fe2O3 nanoparticles due to the Li-intercalated phase transforma-tions, enabling high specific capacities over 1000 mAh g-1 and an excellent cyclic stability up to 100 cycles for the alpha -Fe2O3/SWNT hybrid films. The increment of the capacity to approach the theoretical capacity of alpha -Fe2O3 during cycling results from the relaxed conversional reactions between the reduced and oxidized states of iron ions (Fe0, Fe(II) and Fe(III)). Experimental results have shown that the thickness of the hybrid films has a significant im-pact on the diffusion coefficient of Li+. With a thickness comparable to Li+ characteristic diffusion length in the range of 300-500 nm, the hybrid films exhibit an optimal electrochemical performance. The findings on the synthesis ap-proach and the thickness effect provide a promising strategy for a large-scale production of high-performance anode materials for Li-ion batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 108 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Anodenmaterial

Fe3O4/carbon core-shell nanotubes as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries Xia, Hui; Wan, Yunhai; Yuan, Guoliang; Fu, Yongsheng; Wang, Xin In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.486-493 (8 Seiten, 49 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.126

Magnetite (Fe3O4)/carbon core-shell nanotubes have been successfully synthesized by partial reduction of monodis-persed hematite (Fe2O3) nanotubes with carbon coating. Fe2O3 is completely converted to Fe3O4 during the reduction process and a thin carbon layer is continuously coated on the surface of Fe3O4 with the nanotube morphology re-served. The Fe3O4/carbon core-shell nanotubes exhibit superior electrochemical properties as anode material for lithium-ion batteries compared with the Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanotubes. The Fe3O4/carbon core-shell nanotubes elec-trode shows a large reversible capacity up to 938 mAh g-1 as well as improved cycling stability and excellent rate capability. The promising anode performance of the Fe3O4/carbon core-shell nanotubes can be attributed to their tubular morphology and continuous carbon coating, which provide improved structural stability and fast charge trans-port. ____________________________________________________________ - 109 - Elektrodenwerkstoff, Lithiumionenbatterie, Glaskeramik

Electrochemical properties of an all-solid-state lithium-ion battery with an in-situ formed electrode material grown from a lithium conductive glass ceramics sheet Amiki, Yuichi; Sagane, Fumihiro; Yamamoto, Kazuo; Hirayama, Tsukasa; Sudoh, Masao; Motoyama, Munekazu; Iriyama, Yasutoshi In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.583-588 (6 Seiten, 19 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.006

A lithium insertion reaction in a Li+ conductive glass ceramics solid electrolyte (lithium aluminum titanium phosphate: LATP) sheet produces an in-situ formed electrode active material, which operates at 2.35 V vs. Li/Li+ in the vicinity of the LATP-sheet/current-collector interface. Electron energy loss spectroscopy clarifies that titanium in the LATP sheet in the vicinity of the current collector/LATP-sheet interface is preferentially reduced by this lithium insertion reaction. Charge transfer resistance between the in-situ-formed-electrode and the LATP-sheet is less than 100 Ohm cm2, which is smaller than that of the common LiPON/LiCoO2 interface. A thin film of LiCoO2 is deposited on one side of the LATP-sheet as a Li+ source for developing the in-situ formed electrode material. Eventually, a Pt/LATP-sheet/LiCoO2/Au multilayer is fabricated. The multilayer structure successfully works as an all-solid-state lithium-ion battery operating at 1.5 V. A redox peak of the battery is observed even at 100 mV s-1 in the potential sweep curve. Additionally, charge-discharge reactions are repeated stably even after 25 cycles. ____________________________________________________________


- 110 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, pyrolytischer Kohlenstoff

Carbon paper substrate for silicon-carbon composite anodes in lithium-ion batteries Si, Q.; Matsui, M.; Horiba, T.; Yamamoto, O.; Takeda, Y.; Seki, N.; Imanishi, N. In: Journal of Power Sources 241 (2013) S.744-750 (7 Seiten, 20 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.090

We have developed a new Si-based anode for lithium secondary batteries consisting of a carbon paper substrate and Si/C composite deposited on it (Si/C/CP electrode). The Si/C composite was formed by pyrolysis of a slurry consist-ing of Si power and THF solution of PVC as the carbon precursor. The electrode contains no additional conductive carbon and binder, which supports the tight contact among the Si particle, pyrolytic carbon and carbon paper. The Si/C/CP electrode with the three-dimensional carbon fiber framework of the carbon paper was also advantageous to absorb severe volume changes of silicon particles. The electrode performance revealed that the Si/C/CP electrode prepared from the mixture of Si and PVC with the ratio of 10:90 by weight had a quite high initial capacity of 1720 mAh g-1 and initial Coulombic efficiency of 90%, and also exhibited excellent capacity retention with a reversible ca-pacity of 1200 mAh g-1 even after 100 cycles. ____________________________________________________________ - 111 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Kathodenwerkstoff

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiFeP1-xBxO4-delta /C cathode materials Zhang, Lu; Kang, Xueya; Wumair, Tuerdi; Dou, Junqing; Han, Ying In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.147-151 (5 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.093

The composite materials of B-doped LiFeP1-xBxO4-delta /C (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15) at P-site are synthesized in flowing N2 atmosphere by liquid phase reduction method with heat treatment. The synthesized products are charac-terized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The results show that the samples all have well-regulated olivine-type structures, high crystallinity, moderate and uniform particle size, while B-doping improves the conductivity of composite materials, decreases the polarization of electrode, and enhances the cycling performance and high rate capability effectively. The LiFeP0.9B0.1O4-delta /C composite exhibits the best electrochemical performance in the all samples. The discharge capacities of LiFeP0.9B0.1O4-delta /C are 155.2 mAh g-

1, 146.2 mAh g-1, 139.4 mAh g-1, 132.4 mAh g-1, 119.1 mAh g-1 and 102.6 mAh g-1 at the rate of 0.2C, 0.5C, 1.0C, 2.0C, 5.0C, and 10.0C. ____________________________________________________________ - 112 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Kathodenwerkstoff

Synthesis and electrochemical performance characterization of Ce-doped Li3V2(PO4)3/C as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries Dang, Jiexin; Xiang, Feng; Gu, Ningyu; Zhang, Rongbin; Mukherjee, Rahul; Oh, Il-Kwon; Koratkar, Nikhil; Yang, Zhenyu In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.33-39 (7 Seiten, 32 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.113

In this paper, a series of Ce-doped Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode materials for Li-ion batteries were synthesized by a facile and fast microwave assisted sol-gel route. The investigation of the influence of Ce doping on the structural and electrochemical characteristics of Li3V2(PO4)3/C shows that the resulting composite exhibits smaller particle size, lower electron-transfer resistance, and faster lithium ion migration, which are attributed to improved lithium ion trans-fer by the Ce doping. At low charge/discharge rates, the Ce-doped Li3V1.98Ce0.02(PO4)3/C composite delivers a stable specific capacity of ~170 mAh g-1 for over 100 cycles. At high rates (e.g. 10C), the Ce-doped composite is still able to deliver stable capacities of up to ~120 mAh g-1 which is ~60% greater than its un-doped counterpart. ____________________________________________________________ - 113 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Kathodenwerkstoff

Sodium substitution for partial lithium to significantly enhance the cycling stability of Li2MnO3 cathode ma-terial Dong, Xin; Xu, Youlong; Xiong, Lilong; Sun, Xiaofei; Zhang, Zhengwei In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.78-87 (10 Seiten, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.155

Monoclinic layered Li2MnO3 has been extensively investigated due to its large discharge capacity. However, the poor cycling stability hinders its application as a cathode material of lithium-ion batteries. Herein we present a new strategy of sodium substitution for partial lithium to significantly enhance the cycling stability of Li2MnO3 through a conven-tional solid state reaction. In the electrochemical window of 2.0-4.6 V vs. Li/Li+, Li1.90Na0.10MnO3 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 181 mAh g-1 with an excellent capacity retention of 99.3% after 45 cycles at 1/10 C, and 161 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention of 98.6% after 100 cycles at 1/2 C. Sodium substitution for partial lithium is promis-ing to make Li2MnO3 be practically applied at a low current density.


- 114 - LiFePO4, Lithiumionenbatterie, Photoelektronenspektroskopie

Comparing aging of graphite/LiFePO4 cells at 22 °C and 55 °C - Electrochemical and photoelectron spec-troscopy studies Hellqvist Kjell, Maria; Malmgren, Sara; Ciosek, Katarzyna; Behm, Marten; Edström, Kristina; Lindbergh, Göran In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.290-298 (9 Seiten, 38 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.011

Accelerated aging at elevated temperature is commonly used to test lithium-ion battery lifetime, but the effect of an elevated temperature is still not well understood. If aging at elevated temperature would only be faster, but in all other respects equivalent to aging at ambient temperature, cells aged to end-of-life (EOL) at different temperatures would be very similar. The present study compares graphite/LiFePO4-based cells either cycle- or calendar-aged to EOL at 22 °C and 55 °C. Cells cycled at the two temperatures show differences in electrochemical impedance spectra as well as in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. These results show that lithium-ion cell aging is a com-plex set of processes. At elevated temperature, the aging is accelerated in process-specific ways. Furthermore, the XPS results of cycle-aged samples indicate increased deposition of oxygenated LiPF6 decomposition products in both the negative and positive electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The decomposition seems more pronounced at ele-vated temperature, and largely accelerated by cycling, which could contribute to the observed cell impedance in-crease. ____________________________________________________________ - 115 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Kathodenwerkstoff

(LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 + AC)/graphite hybrid energy storage device with high specific energy and high rate ca-pability Sun, Xianzhong; Zhang, Xiong; Huang, Bo; Zhang, Haitao; Zhang, Dacheng; Ma, Yanwei In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.361-368 (8 Seiten, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.038

In this work, we have fabricated a novel hybrid electrochemical energy storage device with composite cathode con-taining LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 and activated carbon (AC), and graphite anode. The specific energy increases with the content of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 in composite cathode. The hybrid device possesses a specific energy 5.7 times higher than that of the electrical double layer capacitor. Meanwhile, the hybrid device can deliver 62.6% and 42.1% of its capacity at the rate of 30C and 50C, respectively. A 107.8-mAh hybrid device has been assembled, and the specific energy of 36.2 Wh kg-1 can be achieved at an average specific power of 39.1 W kg-1, even 8.9 Wh kg-1 at 2380 W kg-1. Combining the high specific energy with the high power capability, the (LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 + AC)/graphite hybrid system has demonstrated high performances for electrochemical energy storage applications. ____________________________________________________________ - 116 - Halbleiterwerkstoff, Anodenmaterial

Improving the electrochemical performance of anatase titanium dioxide by vanadium doping as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries Anh, Ly Tuan; Rai, Alok Kumar; Thi, Trang Vu; Gim, Jihyeon; Kim, Sungjin; Shin, Eui-Chol; Lee, Jong-Sook; Kim, Jaekook In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.891-898 (8 Seiten, 32 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.080

Undoped and 2 wt% vanadium (V5+) doped TiO2 samples are prepared in polyol medium by low-temperature sol-vothermal method. The as-prepared samples are annealed at 400 °C for 5 h in an air atmosphere to increase the crystallinity. The XRD pattern shows that pure anatase TiO2 is formed in both the doped and undoped samples. The maximum sizes of nanoparticles are found to be 300 nm and 15 nm with spherical shaped morphology for undoped TiO2 and V5+ doped TiO2 samples respectively. In addition, 2 wt% V5+ doped sample exhibits excellent electrochemi-cal performance with high reversible specific capacity and excellent rate capability compared to the undoped case. This improvement can be attributed to the substitution of the Ti4+ ions by V5+ ions in the TiO2 lattice and create more Ti4+ vacancies in the lattice. This action may lead to the generation of apparently more number of free holes in the doped p-type semiconductor. Therefore, the increased hole concentration in the valence band can contribute to the electrical conductivity of the doped sample. Vanadium doping also influences the sample crystallinity and reduces the particle size, which provides a larger active surface area than that of undoped TiO2. ____________________________________________________________


- 117 - Lithiumionenbatterie, nanokristalliner Verbundwerkstoff

Carbon nanotube-embedding LiFePO4 as a cathode material for high rate lithium ion batteries Jegal, Jong-Pil; Kim, Kwang-Bum In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.859-864 (6 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.090

Carbon nanotube-embedding LiFePO4 is synthesized via a solution-based two-step method. The embedded carbon nanotubes are found to improve electron and ion transfer, resulting in excellent high rate capability. An electrode of the nanocomposite, prepared without additional conducting agent, delivers a discharge capacity of 165 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, 120 mAh g-1 at 30 C, and 78 mAh g-1 at 120 C, based on the weight of LiFePO4. Furthermore, the dis-charge curve at a discharge rate of 60 C retains the potential plateau above 3.0 V. ____________________________________________________________ - 118 - Li-Sauerstoffbatterie, Polymerbindemittel

Stability of polymer binders in Li-O2 batteries Nasybulin, Eduard; Xu, Wu; Engelhard, Mark H.; Nie, Zimin; Li, Xiaohong S.; Zhang, Ji-Guang In: Journal of Power Sources 243 (2013) S.899-907 (9 Seiten, 28 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.097

The stability of various polymer binders was systematically investigated in the oxygen-rich environment required for the operation of Li-O2 batteries. Due to the coverage on air electrode surface by the discharge products and decom-position products of the electrolyte during the discharge process of Li-O2 batteries, the binder in the air electrode is hard to be detected making the evaluation of its stability problematic. Therefore, stability of the binder polymers against the reduced oxygen species generated during the discharge process was investigated by ball milling the polymers with KO2 and Li2O2, respectively. Most of the studied polymers are unstable under these conditions and their decomposition mechanisms are proposed according to the analyzed products. Polyethylene was found to exhibit excellent stability when exposed to superoxide and peroxide species and is suggested as a robust binder for air elec-trodes. In addition, the binding strength of the polymer significantly affects the discharge performance of Li-O2 batter-ies. ____________________________________________________________ - 119 - Lithiumbatterie, Polymerseparator, Lösungsmitteleinfluss

Influence of solvent type on porosity structure and properties of polymer separator for the Li-ion batteries Fu, Zhao; Feng, Hongliang; Sun, Chanjuan; Xiang, Xingdeng; Wu, Wei; Luo, Jiancheng; Hu, Qingping; Feng, Anbo; Li, Weishan In: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 17 (2013) 8, S.2167-2172 (6 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-013-2072-9

Polyethylene-supported polymethyl methacrylate/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) separator for gel polymer lithium-ion battery use was prepared with a mixed solvent of n-butanol and acetone. The prepared separator was characterized with scanning electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and its performance was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and battery charge/discharge test. Compared to the separator prepared with acetone, the separator prepared with the mixed solvent shows an enhanced porosity (from 42 to 49 %) and elec-trolyte uptake (from 104 to 125 %). The ionic conductivity of the corresponding gel polymer electrolyte is improved from 2.81 to 3.39 mS cm-1, the discharge capacity retention of the LiCoO2/artificial graphite battery is increased from 95 to 98 % after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, and the discharge capacity of the battery at 1 C increases by 4 %. ____________________________________________________________ - 120 - PEM-Brennstoffzelle, Membranwerkstoff, Verformungsverhalten

Modeling of hydro-thermo-mechanical behavior of Nafion NRE212 for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using the finite viscoplasticity theory based on overstress for polymers (FVBOP) Colak, Ozgen U.; Acar, Alperen In: Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 17 (2013) 3, S.331-347 (17 Seiten, 12 Bilder, 4 Tabellen, 33 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11043-012-9187-8

The primary aim of this work is to present the modifications made to the Finite Viscoplasticity Theory Based on Over-stress for Polymers (FVBOP). This is a unified state variable theory and the proposed changes are designed to ac-count for humidity and temperature effects relevant to the modeling of the hydrothermal deformation behavior of ionomer membranes used in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). Towards that end, the flow func-tion, which is responsible for conferring rate dependency in FVBOP, is modified. A secondary objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using the storage modulus obtained by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) in place of the elasticity modulus obtained from conventional tensile/compressive tests, and find the correlation between the storage modulus and the elasticity modulus. The numerical simulations were juxtaposed against data from tensile monotonic loading and unloading experiments on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane Nafion NRE212 samples which are used extensively as a membrane material in PEMFC. The deformation behavior was modeled at four dif-


ferent temperatures (298, 323, 338, and 353 K - all values below the glass transition temperature of Nafion) and at three water content levels (3, 7 and 8 % swelling). The effects of strain rate, temperature, and hydration were cap-tured well with the modified FVBOP model. ____________________________________________________________ - 121 - Kohlenstoffanode, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Nanoporosität

Nanoporous carbons from hydrothermally treated biomass as anode materials for lithium ion batteries Unur, Ece; Brutti, Sergio; Panero, Stefania; Scrosati, Bruno In: Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 174 (2013) S.25-33 (9 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.02.032

Biomass is transformed to carbon nanoparticles with surface-end groups called 'hydrochar' (HC) by an efficient and green hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method. Three different approaches are used to introduce porosity to the HC: sole heat treatment, traditional potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation, and environmentally benign magnesium oxide (MgO) templating. All the resulting microporous materials are tested as Li-ion intercalation hosts in lithium cells by using an 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC electrolyte solution. They all show stable reversible capacities at elevated current rates (1C), closely comparable to the maximum theoretical capacity of graphite. Among all the materials studied, the HC-MA with a surface area of 150 m2 g-1 and obtained by MgO templating of the hydrochar shows the best cycling performance in lithium cell at room temperature (307 mAh g-1 at cycle 100 at 1C). The HC-600 with the highest de-gree of aromaticity/order, lowest content of oxygen functional groups and surface area of 250 m2 g-1, obtained by heating the hydrochar at 600 °C under inert atmosphere, shows the best power and overall performance with its abil-ity to sustain high discharge/charge rates (1C, 2C, 5C, 10C, 20C). These electrochemical performances attained with materials of reasonable specific surface areas - obtained by green, low cost and practical strategies - can address the space limitations in Li-ion battery applications by improving volumetric energy densities. ____________________________________________________________ - 122 - Metallhydridelektrode, wiederaufladbare Batterie

Metal hydrides for high-power batteries Ye, Zhou; Noreus, Dag; Howlett III, John Richard In: MRS Bulletin 38 (2013) 6, S.504-508 (5 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 19 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.109

Rechargeable batteries are essentially unstable systems with respect to charging/discharging. The main electrode reactions of all battery chemistries are well known but are valid and reversible only at small currents. When batteries are used with nonzero current, gradients in voltage, current, and temperature will arise and initiate a number of less understood parasitic reactions. If all these rather complicated and interconnected reactions are not reversible upon charging/discharging, the battery will derail after a number of charging/discharging cycles. This article describes two ways to improve performance. One is to choose applications where the battery is not deeply discharged, such as in hybrid electric vehicles. In battery electric vehicle applications, this would correspond to working with a significantly oversized battery. The second way is to improve uniformity and quality of design and materials of metal hydride elec-trodes; however, this will also drastically increase cost, and for a battery application, the total throughput of available energy over the lifetime cost of the battery must be maximized. Uniform metal hydride particles with a large and uni-form reaction surface are examples of how to increase battery performance by making the electrodes work under more ideal conditions, which slows down the deteriorating influence from the parasitic reactions. ____________________________________________________________ - 123 - ionische Flüssigkeit, Batterie, Brennstoffzelle, Übersicht

Ionic liquids for energy applications Matic, Aleksandar; Scrosati, Bruno In: MRS Bulletin 38 (2013) 7, S.533-537 (5 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 28 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.154

There is an urgent need for new energy storage and conversion systems in order to tackle the environmental prob-lems we face today and to make the transition to a fossil fuel-free society. New batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells have the potential to be key devices for large-scale energy storage systems for load leveling and electric vehi-cles. In many cases, the concepts are known, but the right materials solutions are lacking. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been highlighted as suitable materials to be included in new devices, most commonly as electrolytes. Attractive fea-tures of ILs such as high ionic conductivity, low vapor pressure, high thermal and electrochemical stability, large tem-perature range for the liquid phase, and flexibility in molecular design have drawn the attention of researchers from many different fields. In addition, there is the possibility of designing new materials and morphologies using electro-chemical synthesis with ILs. In this article, we provide an introduction to ILs and their properties, serving as a base for the topical articles in this issue. ____________________________________________________________


- 124 - ionische Flüssigkeit, Elektrolytkomponente, Lithiumbatterie

Ionic liquids as safe electrolyte components for Li-metal and Li-ion batteries Assunta Navarra, Maria In: MRS Bulletin 38 (2013) 7, S.548-553 (6 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 60 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.152

This article reports the search for nonflammable, stable electrolytes based on ionic liquid (IL) compounds, able to effectively improve the needed safety and reliability of lithium batteries. The most significant results are reviewed with the aim of elucidating critical aspects governing the properties of IL electrolytes, including (1) transport properties affecting ionic conductivity and the cycling rate of battery systems, (2) electrochemical/chemical stability toward most conventional electrode materials, and (3) thermal properties determining the range of applicability. Both liquid and polymer electrolytes, adopting ILs as the main component or as an additive to standard electrolyte solutions, are con-sidered. Very promising results, in terms of battery prototype performances in scaled-up configurations, demonstrate the validity of the use of ILs for practical applications. Even though further improvements are necessary, particularly at high current density operations in both lithium-metal and lithiumion systems, the realization of safer, high-performance batteries based on IL electrolytes is certainly possible. It can be concluded that ILs represent a viable solution to disappointing compromises between energy density and acceptable safety features in lithium batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 125 - Anodenmaterial, Lithiumionenbatterie, poröses Silicium

Review of porous silicon preparation and its application for lithium-ion battery anodes Ge, M.; Fang, X.; Rong, J.; Zhou, C. In: Nanotechnology 24 (2013) 42, S.422001/1-10 (10 Seiten, 70 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/42/422001

Silicon is of great interest for use as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity. However, cer-tain properties of silicon, such as a large volume expansion during the lithiation process and the low diffusion rate of lithium in silicon, result in fast capacity degradation in limited charge/discharge cycles, especially at high current rate. Therefore, the use of silicon in real battery applications is limited. The idea of using porous silicon, to a large extent, addresses the above-mentioned issues simultaneously. In this review, we discuss the merits of using porous silicon for anodes through both theoretical and experimental study. Recent progress in the preparation of porous silicon through the template-assisted approach and the non-template approach have been highlighted. The battery perform-ance in terms of capacity and cyclability of each structure is evaluated. ____________________________________________________________ - 126 - Germaniumzinnlegierung, Nanokristall, Anodenwerkstoff

Germanium-tin alloy nanocrystals for high-performance lithium ion batteries Cho, Yong Jae; Kim, Chang Hyun; Im, Hyung Soon; Myung, Yoon; Kim, Han Sung; Back, Seung Hyuk; Lim, Young Rok; Jung, Chan Su; Jang, Dong Myung; Park, Jeunghee In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal 15 (2013) 28, S.11691-11695 (5 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 0 Tabellen, 38 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51366a

Germanium-tin (Ge1-xSnx) alloy nanocrystals were synthesized using a gas-phase laser photolysis reaction of tetramethyl germanium and tetramethyl tin. A composition tuning was achieved using the partial pressure of precur-sors in a closed reactor. For x < 0.1, cubic phase alloy nanocrystals were exclusively produced without separation of the tetragonal phase Sn metal. In the range of x = 0.1-0.4, unique Ge1-x-Snx-Sn alloy-metal hetero-junction nanocrys-tals were synthesized, where the Sn metal domain becomes dominant with x. Thin graphitic carbon layers usually sheathed the nanocrystals. We investigated the composition-dependent electrochemical properties of these nanocrystals as anode materials of lithium ion batteries. Incorporation of Sn (x = 0.05) significantly increased the ca-pacities (1010 mA h g1 after 50 cycles) and rate capabilities, which promises excellent electrode materials for the development of high-performance lithium batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 127 - (NiO/GDC)-Keramikverbundwerkstoff

Superior power density solid oxide fuel cells by enlarging the three-phase boundary region of a NiO-Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 composite anode through optimized surface structure Yoon, Daeil; Su, Qing; Wang, Haiyan; Manthiram, Arumugam In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal 15 (2013) 36, S.14966-14972 (7 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52679h

In an effort to boost the power densities of SOFCs (solid oxide fuel cells) operating at intermediate temperatures (600 °C to 750 °C), novel powder synthesis methods have been studied with the goal of increasing the three-phase boundary region of the anode. Porous anodes composed of Ni and GDC (Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9) cermet are commonly stud-


ied in SOFCs, but the cell performance is limited by their dependency on the three-phase boundaries at which the electrochemical oxidation reaction takes place. This paper presents a remarkable improvement in the electrochemical performance through a significant enlargement of the three-phase boundary region by an optimization of the surface structure. The strategy starts with the premise that the oxide powder particles in aqueous solution carry a positive or negative electrical charge depending upon the pH of the solution, and the charge can be exploited to attach chelated metal ions to their surface, extending the three-phase boundary region. This modified NiO-GDC composite powder resulted in not only an extension of both electronic and O2- ionic conduction pathways, but also a suppression of grain growth in the anode during the process of cell fabrication. As the final outcome, the modified Ni-GDC anode-supported cells show far superior power densities (1.85 W/cm2 at 750 °C and 0.83 W/cm2 at 600 °C) in H2 compared to the conventional Ni-GDC anode-supported cells (0.61 W/cm2 at 750 °C and 0.26 W/cm2 at 600 °C). ____________________________________________________________ - 128 - kohlenstoffhaltiger Elektrodenwerkstoff

Interaction of electrolyte molecules with carbon materials of well-defined porosity: characterization by solid-state NMR spectroscopy Borchardt, Lars; Oschatz, Martin; Paasch, Silvia; Kaskel, Stefan; Brunner, Eike In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal 15 (2013) 36, S.15177-15184 (8 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 4 Tabellen, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52283k

EDLCs or supercapacitors (electrochemical double-layer capacitors) are of special potential interest with respect to energy storage. Nearly all EDLCs make use of porous carbons as electrode materials. Further tuning of their per-formance in EDLC applications requires a better understanding of their properties. In particular, the understanding of the interactions between carbon-based materials and electrolyte solutions is of fundamental interest with respect to future applications. Since the capacitance of carbon-based electrode materials is known to depend on the pore size, we have studied different porous carbon materials of well-defined, variable pore size loaded with 1 M TEABF4 (tetra-ethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate) in acetonitrile or with pure acetonitrile using solid-state MAS (magic angle spin-ning) 1H, 11B, and 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. ____________________________________________________________ - 129 - Anodenwerkstoff, Lithiumionenbatterie

Silicon-containing anodes with low accumulated irreversible capacity for lithium-ion batteries Kuksenko, S.P. In: Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 86 (2013) 5, S.703-712 (10 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 44 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1070427213050169

Within the framework of the novel strategy of the arrangement of silicon particles in a rigid matrix framework, hybrid electrodes were fabricated from mixtures of synthetic graphite with small additions of nanosilicon/solid carbon and microsilicon, natural graphite/solid carbon composites. The electrode cycling parameters achieved (high loading ca-pacity and low accumulated irreversible capacity) are due to high density of the electrodes and formation of stable electrode/electrolyte interface. ____________________________________________________________ - 130 - Graphen, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Anodenmaterial

Graphene-Bonded and -Encapsulated Si Nanoparticles for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes Wen, Yang; Zhu, Yujie; Langrock, Alex; Manivannan, Ayyakkannu; Ehrman, Sheryl H.; Wang, Chunsheng In: Small 9 (2013) 16, S.2810-2816 (7 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 26 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201202512

Silicon (Si) has been considered a very promising anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, high-capacity Si nanoparticles usually suffer from low electronic conductivity, large volume change, and severe aggregation problems during lithiation and delithiation. In this paper, a unique nanostructured anode with Si nanoparticles bonded and wrapped by graphene is synthesized by a one-step aerosol spraying of sur-face-modified Si nanoparticles and graphene oxide suspension. The functional groups on the surface of Si nanoparti-cles (50-100 nm) not only react with graphene oxide and bind Si nanoparticles to the graphene oxide shell, but also prevent Si nanoparticles from aggregation, thus contributing to a uniform Si suspension. A homogeneous graphene-encapsulated Si nanoparticle morphology forms during the aerosol spraying process. The open-ended graphene shell with defects allows fast electrochemical lithiation/delithiation, and the void space inside the graphene shell ac-companied by its strong mechanical strength can effectively accommodate the volume expansion of Si upon lithia-tion. The graphene shell provides good electronic conductivity for Si nanoparticles and prevents them from aggregat-ing during charge/discharge cycles. The functionalized Si encapsulated by graphene sample exhibits a capacity of 2250 mAh g-1 (based on the total mass of graphene and Si) at 0.1C and 1000 mAh g-1 at 10C, and retains 85% of its initial capacity even after 120 charge/discharge cycles. The exceptional performance of graphene-encapsulated Si anodes combined with the scalable and one-step aerosol synthesis technique makes this material very promising for lithium ion batteries.


- 131 - Fahrzeugkarosseriebau, Werkstoffauswahl, Ökobilanz

The life cycle assessment of metal materials used for automobile body materials and castings Zhang, Zhiqian; Li, Hongxu; Hao, Xiangxin; Chen, Yu; Li, Chao; Wu, Chao In: Energy Technology, TMS 2013, 142nd TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, US, Mar 3-7, 2013 (2013) S.157-164, Hoboken, NJ, US: Wiley (http://www.wiley.com), 978-1-11860-571-4 (8 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 3 Tabel-len, 4 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118658352.ch18

The life cycle assessment (LCA) is commonly used to evaluate environmental factors and potential environmental impacts of products and services. As an environmental management tool of product-oriented, it becomes increasingly popular in industry. In this study, the LCA models for automobile lightweight materials including high-strength steel, aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy are developed using GaBi software. The evaluation models and evaluation in-dicators such as acidification effects, rich eutrophication effect, ozone layer depletion effects, global warming, re-source consumption and formation of ozone potential were taken into account. It is shown that the effects of acidifica-tion and ozone formation are mainly derived from the run phase of high-strength steel and they have strong environ-mental impact load. While considering the entire life cycle with materials production phase and resource consump-tion, the aluminum and magnesium alloy appear to have larger environmental load than high-strength steel. Based on the evaluation, some optimization measures are proposed. The research of advanced high-strength steel should be enhanced to higher strength, higher plasticity and easy machining. The energy consumption might be decreased by improving the technique of aluminum and magnesium alloy in the production process. The mechanical properties and other resistance of alloy should be strengthened through investigating magnesium alloy. Enhance the reuse and re-cycle of waste materials. New technologies could be running, such as laser welding technology, hot stamping tech-nology. Power production should be optimized. ____________________________________________________________ - 132 - Zellrecycling, stationärer Speicher, Batteriespeicher

Zellenrecycling im stationären Batteriespeicher. Zellselektion, Speicherkonzeption und Systemtests Balischewski, S.; Wenge, C.; Röhrig, C.; Komarnicki, P.; Styczynski, Z. In: Buch; PESS 2013, 4. Power and Energy Student Summit, Tagungsband, Bielefeld, DE, Jan 24-25, 2013 (2013) S.1-5, 978-3-923216-76-5 (5 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 11 Quellen)

Die Elektrifizierung des Verkehrs zieht als Teil einer zukünftig nachhaltigeren Energienutzung großes Interesse der Forschung und der Wirtschaft auf sich. Die Anforderungen an die Traktionsbatterie sind dabei besonders hoch, um den aktuellen Standard an Sicherheit und Komfort aufrecht erhalten zu können. Um trotz der engen Toleranzen das Potential des Speichers ausnutzen zu können, werden die Möglichkeiten einer weiterführenden Batterienutzung er-forscht Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Nutzung von Akkumulatoren mit unbekannter Vorgeschichte und deren stati-onäre Einbindung in das Energieversorgungsnetz untersucht. Vorgestellt wird ein System, dessen Testreihen die Abschätzung des Systems für verschiedene Anwendungsfälle ermöglicht. Durch den hohen Wirkungsgrad ist die Anlage für den Betrieb als Zwischenspeicher geeignet und kann im Niederspannungsnetz zur Spannungsstützung und zum Lastmanagement genutzt werden. In höheren Spanungsebenen und mit hochskaliertem System ist zudem die Implementierung als Zwischenspeicher vorstellbar. In der Testreihe Lastwechsel konnte ein hoher Leistungsgra-dient ermittelt werden. Dies legt die Nutzung des Speichers zur Erfüllung von Systemdienstleistungen wie der Erbrin-gung von Regelleistung nahe. Durch die Nutzung ausgesonderter Speicherzellen in einem stationären Speicher wur-de eine Möglichkeit des Recyclings gefunden. Der Teststand zeichnet sich durch eine gute Dynamik und einen ho-hen Wirkungsgrad aus. Der Einsatz im Niederspannungsnetz zur Spannungsstützung und Lastspitzenreduktion im Smart Home bzw. Smart Office ist daher ein potentielles Arbeitsfeld. Optimieren lässt sich die Speichernutzung durch Implementierung eines geeigneten Managementsystems, sowie eines synchronisierten Mess-, Steuerungs- und Re-gelungskonzepts. In jedem Fall ist für die Aufrechterhaltung des Netzbetriebes eine Umstrukturierung des elektri-schen Netzes notwendig. ____________________________________________________________ - 133 - Karosserieleichtbau, hochfester Stahl, Längsträger

FutureSteelVehicle - Nature's Way to mobility. Resolution of front rail manufacturability and further Nature's Way methodology exploration in a Near-Term design. Executive summary & engineering reports, April 2013 anonym In: (2013) S.1-237, Brussels: WorldAutoSteel (http://www.worldautosteel.org/), 1_FSV_T6_NearTerm_ExecSumandAllEngRpts_April2013.zip (237 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen) http://www.worldautosteel.org/file_downloads/

This report summarizes the forming analysis and crash optimization work conducted to verify manufacturability of FutureSteelVehicle's (FSV) radically different front rail design. The included reports give a comprehensive under-standing of the complete scope of work conducted under the FSV program. Using a multi discipline optimization tool such as the Integrated 3B Incremental Forming and Crash Optimization to balance draw beads, binder pressure, lu-bricant and blank size, the formability of complex parts was successfully addressed, including the non-intuitive solu-tions offered by the FutureSteelVehicle Front Rail Sub-System design. The results illustrate that this optimization process can be used as an effective search engine to find the best formable solution while maintaining crash per-


formance through Crash Gauge Optimization. Its use provides rapid resolution of forming issues presented by the unique qualities of Advanced High-Strength Steels. The manufacturability of a FSV section was investigated in the Near-Term Front Longitudinal Rail Shape Study. The results showed almost identical mass, crash and cost outcomes for the T6 final design incorporating the non-intuitive shapes, and the Near-Term optimized design using more con-ventional geometry. The final mass calculation for the Near-Term design is 176.83 kg, maintaining the 39 percent weight reduction that T6 attained. NCAP vehicle pulse and ODB intrusion results are very similar to the T6 version, as are other crash performance metrics. The buckling modes of the two design concepts, though, are different based on their respective design strategies. Additionally, this study validates the FSV - MDO design process as a significant contributor to efficient mass performance when incorporating AHSS. Using the MDO to set the design process, in combination with engineering judgment to develop more conventional sections, ensures the best use of steel's unique design flexibility to achieve superior mass results. Regarding the pilot project, it concluded that the complex sections provide clear mass benefits. However, this Near-Term study provides evidence that these complex sections, e.g, the unique crash initiator sections in the front rails, do not provide a mass benefit, but rather it is the efficiencies in struc-tures to manage the load paths that provided the greater benefit. ____________________________________________________________

Sicherheit - 134 - Fußgängerschutz, Motorhaube

Numerical and experimental investigation of a lightweight bonnet for pedestrian safety Avalle, M.; Belingardi, G.; Scattina, A. In: International Journal of Crashworthiness 18 (2013) 1, S.29-39 (11 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2012.730214

A topic of great consideration in current vehicle development in Europe is pedestrian protection. The enforcement of a new regulation trying to decrease the injuries to head, pelvis, and leg of pedestrian impacted by cars, is imposing great changes in vehicles' front design. In the present work a design solution for the bonnet, which is the main body part interacting with the human head during a car to pedestrian collision, is proposed. This solution meets the stiff-ness and safety targets, takes into account the manufacturing and recyclability requirements and gives a relevant contribution to vehicle lightweight. Thus this proposed solution puts in evidence that safety and lightweight are not incompatible targets. The amount of potential injury to the pedestrian head is evaluated, as prescribed by the stan-dard test procedures, by means of a headform launched on the bonnet. However, the standard approach based on the head injury criterion (HIC) value only is reported to be largely unsatisfactory: therefore, a new experimental meth-odology for the measurement of the translational and the rotational accelerations has been developed, and the ex-perimental results are reported. This would be a starting point for the evolution of currently adopted injury criteria to increase the safety of the vulnerable road users. ____________________________________________________________ - 135 - bistabile Leichtbaustruktur

Finite element modeling and experimental characterization of enhanced hybrid composite structures for im-proved crashworthiness Arronche, Luciana; Martinez, Israel; Saponara, Valeria La; Ledesma, Elias In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Applied Mechanics 80 (2013) 5, S.050902/1-9 (9 Seiten, 19 Bilder, 1 Ta-belle, 21 Quellen)

In this work, two hybrid composite structures were designed, modeled, and tested for improved resistance to impact. They were inspired by bistable composite structures, which are structures composed of two parts: a so-called "main link" and a so-called "waiting link." These links work together as a mechanism that will provide enhanced damage tolerance, and the structure exhibits a bistable stress/strain curve under static tension. The function of the main link is to break early, at which point the waiting link becomes active and provides a redundant load path. The goal of the current study was to design, manufacture, and test a similar concept for impact loading and achieve greatly improved impact resistance per unit weight. In the current project, the main link was designed to be a brittle composite material (in this case, woven carbon/epoxy) exposed to impact, while the waiting link was chosen to be made with a highly nonlinear and strong composite material (in this case, polyethylene/epoxy), on the opposite surface. Hence, the structure, if proven successful, can be considered an enhanced hybrid concept. An explicit finite element (FE) com-mercial code, LS-DYNA, was used to design and analyze the baseline as well as two proposed designs. The simula-tions' methodology was validated with results published in the literature, which reported tests from linear fiber-reinforced composites. The plots were obtained via the ASCII files generated from the FE code, processed using MATLAB, and compared to experimental impact tests. An instrumented drop-weight testing machine performed im-pact tests, and a high-speed camera validated the specimens' displacement under impact. It is shown that the FE model provided qualitative behavior very consistent with the experiments but requires further improvements. Experi-mentally, it is shown that one of the two enhanced hybrid models leads to up to a 30% increase of returned en-ergy/weight when compared to its baseline and, therefore, is worthy of further investigations.


- 136 - Personenkraftwagen, Elektroantrieb, Entwurf

Design, package and safety of optimized electric road vehicles El Dsoki, Chalid; Hanselka, Holger; Heim, Rüdiger In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.67-81, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (15 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 0 Quellen)

During the development of modern road vehicles, so-called platform-strategies have been implemented for a long time particularly regarding economic aspects. That is, using as large a number of similar components as possible for configuring assemblies, which are not necessarily perceived differently by the customer. These modular designs also lend themselves to converting conventional power trains to electrical drives and characterize a large number of the BEV's (battery electric vehicles) which are both currently positioned in the international markets and planned for the medium term. However, the considerable weight of electrical energy storage devices having a power output above 15 kWh changes the entire vehicle concept regarding structural weight and vehicle dynamics. For this reason, new con-cepts for electric road vehicles are to be oriented towards significantly reducing the driving resistances - i.e. drag due to acceleration, inclines, air as well as rolling - as much as possible in order to ensure a greater cruising range for the same electrical energy storage device capacity. In the current contribution, developments in the area of vehicle body and drives within the last two decades are presented and their validity for future vehicle concepts are assessed. This is primarily done by considering the structural weight, use of materials and vehicle safety - that is, those feature and attributes which have acquired special significance in the last few years. Using this knowledge, the potential for both desirably reducing the driving resistances for future generations of electric road vehicles is assessed and consistently giving a new direction to the development of design features for vehicle bodies and drives. In this way, boundary conditions arise for future electric road vehicles whose technical properties are significantly different - particularly regarding the configuration of the motor and drive components as well as the use of materials and the shape of the vehicle body. In this way, the electric road vehicle is developed into a mobility concept which is optimised with respect to its aerodynamic behavior and weight. This concept replaces conventional functions such as, for example, steered front-wheels with controlling the turning direction and the torque of all the wheels (all wheel torque vectoring) and thereby ensuring a maneuverability which has hitherto been unattainable, especially for an urban environment. Pos-sessing such features, enthusiasm and real customer benefits can be promoted and the barriers to market entry for electric road vehicles can be reduced. ____________________________________________________________ - 137 - Personenkraftwagen, Fahrzeugsicherheit, Batteriemanagement

Model-based safety analysis and ISO26262 - Application to a battery management system Christiaens, Sebastien; Ogrzewalla, Jürgen In: Buch; 10. Braunschweiger Symposium Hybridfahrzeuge und Energiemanagement, 10th Braunschweig Symposi-um on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Proceedings, Braunschweig, DE, Feb 13-14, 2013 (2013) S.129-146, Braun-schweig: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr (GZVB), 978-3-937655-30-7 (18 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 11 Quellen)

The ISO 26262 standard, the dedicated functional safety standard for the automotive industry, defines a life-cycle and a set of recommended measures and techniques in order to avoid or mitigate both systematic and random fail-ures which may occur during a vehicle's lifetime. The well-established safety analyses, such as FMEA or FTA are mentioned in the ISO 26262 at different phases of the lifecycle such as concept or development (system, hardware, software) phases. Due to the increasing system complexity (increasing number of distributed functions over different components and different ASIL ratings of different functions implemented on the same component) and due to the explicit requirement of ISO 26262 to carry-out safety analysis at different steps of the project, traditional manual based safety analysis becomes expensive and error prone. A model-based approach supporting automatic safety and reliability analysis of complex systems, such as FMEA and FTA, by augmenting the structure of a design model with information in local failure propagation was presented and use during the development of a battery management system. Such a model-based approach perfectly allows the safety engineer to carryout the necessary analysis at the best suited level of details. This allows to increase the level of confidence of the computation done at the concept stage (low level of detail) or at the development stage (high level of detail). The safety engineer can perform the nec-essary analysis repeatedly on refined models with minimal effort. This is compliant with the iterative design activities requiring to invoke the analysis after each change in the system design. The use of the model-based approach has also highlighted the possibility to draw the attention of technical experts directly on the most critical part of the design and to offer the possibility to efficiently use the expert's knowledge and intuition to find an optimal solution to reach ISO's targets. This approach has proved to be well suited for concept and system analysis, for example for support-ing the ASIL allocation to the different components. For detailed HW analysis, it can sometimes be difficult to repre-sent the needed dependencies between the parts and sub-parts for the analysis (dependency between register bank and CPU failure for example). The higher effort needed to feed the model with the necessary failure modes of the different component can be compensated by the creation of component libraries which can be reused in the different systems where these components are used. Despite this additional initial effort, the model-based approach discussed here has proved efficient to avoid duplicate work caused by possible overlap of traditional FMEA and FTA analysis. It has also proved efficient to address the analysis of dependent failures which is an important aspect of functional safety. ____________________________________________________________


Schlagwortregister 4-Zylinder-Reihenmotor 0016 0033, 0040, 0041, 0051, 0055, 0112, 0113, 0115 A 0069, 0076, 0077, 0079, 0080, Käuferverhalten 0011 Abbau 0094 0081 Kern-Schale-Struktur 0087 Aktivkohlefaser 0089 Elektrolytadditiv 0052, 0061 Kfz-Batterie 0065 Akzeptanzsteigerung 0010, 0011 Elektrolytkomponente 0124 Kfz-Bordnetz 0023 Alterungsmechanismus 0047 Elektromobilität 0007, 0008, 0011, Kohlenstoffanode 0121 Analyse 0029 0012 kohlenstoffhaltiger Anode 0095, 0100 Elemente der 4. Hauptgruppe 0088, Elektrodenwerkstoff 0128 Anodenmaterial 0043, 0084, 0104, Energiebedarf 0075 Konstruktionswerkstoff 0063 0108, 0116, 0125, 0130 Energiemanagement 0070, 0079 Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse 0015 Anodenwerkstoff 0093, 0126, Energienetz 0080 Kraftstoff 0005 0129 Energienetz (elektrisch) 0071 Kraftstoffverbrauch 0029 Antriebsoptimierung 0017 Energiespeicher 0022, 0030, Antriebsstrangtopologie 0031 0039 L Attraktivität 0003 Energiespeichersystem 0040 Ladeinfrastruktur 0068 Aufladungsregelung 0080 Energiespeicherung 0089 Ladezustand 0054 Energieversorgungsnetz 0073 Ladungszustand 0060 B Entladungskennlinie 0048 Längsträger 0133 Batterie 0123 Entwurf 0136 Leichtbau 0083 Batterieladegerät 0067 Erdgasauto 0002 Leichtbaufahrzeug 0086 Batterieladung 0069 Erfolgsvoraussetzung 0012 Li-Ionen-Akkumulator 0054 Batteriemanagement 0049, 0137 Ergebnis 0010 Li-Ionen-Batterie 0065 Batteriespeicher 0132 erneuerbare Energie 0005, 0071 Li-Sauerstoffbatterie 0118 Batteriespeichersystem 0082 Erwärmung 0045 Li3V2(PO4)3 0090 biegsamer Lithium-Ionen- LiFePO4 0054, 0056, 0114 Akkumulator 0036 F LiMnPO4 0090 Biokraftstoff 0005 Fahrleistung 0027 Lithiierung 0035 bistabile Leichtbaustruktur 0135 Fahrwerk 0026 Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Akkumulator Breitband-Powerline-Kommunikation Fahrzeugachse 0026 0055 0073 Fahrzeugantriebsart 0028 Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator 0038, Brennstoffzelle 0094, 0123 Fahrzeuggeräusch 0034 0042, 0043, 0046, 0049, 0056, Brennstoffzellenauto 0001 Fahrzeugkarosseriebau 0131 0064, 0084, 0088, 0090, 0091, Brennstoffzellenfahrzeug 0004 Fahrzeugkonzept 0015 0092, 0097, 0100, 0102, 0104, Fahrzeugsicherheit 0137 0106, 0108, 0110, 0112, 0113, C Faserverbundstoff 0086 0121, 0130 Carbonbeschichtung 0091 Festelektrolyt 0098, 0105 Lithium-Ionen-Batterie 0066 CNT-Ni-Si-Nanodraht 0087 Fußgängerschutz 0134 Lithium-Luft-Batterie 0050 CO2-Emission 0086 Lithiumanode 0106 Cobaltferrit/Cobalt- G Lithiumbatterie 0041, 0103, 0119, Verbundwerkstoff 0085 Gasturbine-Hybridfahrzeug 0022 0124 Cobaltoxid 0084 Germaniumzinnlegierung 0126 Lithiumionenbatterie 0044, 0045, Cu-Nanostäbchen 0095 Geschäftsmodell 0072 0047, 0048, 0051, 0053, 0058, geschichtetes Perowskitoxid 0062, 0060, 0061, 0063, 0095, 0099, D Giermomentregler 0033 0101, 0105, 0109, 0111, 0114, Dichtefunktionaltheorie 0056 Glaskeramik 0109 0115, 0117, 0125, 0129 Diethylcarbonat 0101 Graphen 0130 Lösungsmitteleinfluss 0119 Direkteinspritzung 0016 Luftelektrode 0062 Doppelkupplungsgetriebe 0028 H Drehmomentmessung 0032 Halbleiterwerkstoff 0116 M DRT-Analyse 0037 hochfester Stahl 0133 Magnesiumbatterie 0093 Dünnschichtelektrode 0064 hoher Modul 0083 Markteinführung 0007, 0008 Hybridantrieb 0023, 0024, 0029, Markteinschätzung 0006 E 0031 Marktentwicklung 0009 Einachsfahrzeug 0025 Hybridauto 0067 Membranwerkstoff 0120 Einkomponentenpolyurethankleber Hybridelektrofahrzeug 0070 Metall-Luft-Batterie 0065 0083 Hybridfahrzeug 0041 Metallfluoridelektrode 0092 einwandiges Metallhydridelektrode 0122 Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 0107 I Microgrid 0079 Einzelradantrieb 0014 INES-Ptojekt 0078 Mischoxid 0038 Eisenoxid 0043 Infrastruktur 0012 Modell 0044, 0053 elektrifizierter Antriebsstrang 0019, intelligentes Energienetz 0075 Modell reduzierter Ordnung 0046 elektrischer Fahrzeugantrieb 0013, intelligentes Niederspannungsnetz Modularisierung 0018 elektrisches Überlandnetz 0081 0074 Modulbauweise 0028 Elektroantrieb 0025, 0026, 0027, Ionenleitfähigkeit 0098, 0099 Monte-Carlo-Methode 0077 0030, 0034, 0066, 0067, 0136 ionische Flüssigkeit 0103, 0123, Motorhaube 0134 Elektroauto 0001, 0002, 0010, 0124 0067 N Elektroautomobile 0003 K Nanokristall 0126 Elektrodenwerkstoff 0035, 0039, Kalman-Filter 0060 nanokristalliner Verbundwerkstoff 0059, 0109 Karosserieleichtbau 0133 0117 Elektrofahrzeug 0006, 0009, 0014, Kathodeneigenschaft 0058 Nanoporosität 0121 0017, 0018, 0020, 0021, 0022, Kathodenwerkstoff 0093, 0111, Natriumionenbatterie 0039, 0059



NiO/GDC)- Versorgungsnetz 0081 Keramikverbundwerkstoff 0127 Verteilernetz 0082 Nutzfahrzeug 0029 Verteilungsnetzmanagement 0078 Ökobilanz 0131 W O Wärmebeständigkeit 0057 Omnibus 0066 Wärmeverhalten 0054 Online-Befragung 0010 Wasserstoffbrennstoffzelle 0037 Optimierung 0069 Werkstoffauswahl 0131 Optimierungsmodell 0075 wiederaufladbare Batterie 0122 Oxidationsbeständigkeit 0057 Z P Zellrecycling 0132 PEFMC-Elektroden-Baugruppe Zinnoxid 0097 0094 Zweiradfahrzeug 0025 PEM-Brennstoffzelle 0120 Zyklusfähigkeit 0102 Personenkraftwagen 0023, 0024, 0026, 0027, 0030, 0031, 0034, 0136, 0137 Phosphor 0061 Photoelektronenspektroskopie 0114 Photovoltaik 0082 Plug-In-Hybrid-Fahrzeug 0019, 0020 Plug-in-Hybridfahrzeug 0068 PMIA 0089 Polymerbindemittel 0118 Polymerseparator 0119 poröses Silicium 0125 pyrolytischer Kohlenstoff 0110 R Radnabenmotor 0033 S Sauerstoffdiffusion 0050 Schmelzcarbonatbrennstoffzelle 0004 Schmelzimprägnierung 0038 Schnellaufladung 0045 Silicium 0036 Siliciumnanoteilchen 0100 Simulation 0014 Smart Grid 0072, 0074, 0077 Smart-Grid 0078 SmartMeter 0074 SnCu-Umhüllung 0095 Sportwagen 0027 Stabstruktur 0085 Starter-Generator-System 0024 stationärer Speicher 0132 Stickstoffplasmafunktionalisierung 0096 Strukturanalyse 0042 T Telemetriesystem 0032 Temperaturmessung 0032 thermisches Verhalten 0053 Traktionsbatterie 0040 Überladungsschutz 0052 Überlastungsverwaltung 0076 Übersicht 0123 U umrichtergespeister Antrieb 0021 V Verbundwerkstoff 0097, 0104, 0106 Verformungsverhalten 0120

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