FLOOD MAPPING USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ...eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53593/1/AzuraMdZahriMFKA2015.pdf4.3 Flood prone area for Sarikei, Sibu and Mukah 49 4.4 Flood prone area for

FLOOD MAPPING USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

AZURA BINTI MD ZAHRI

A project report submitted in fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the

degree of Master in Engineering (Civil)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DECEMBER 2014

iii

To my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman

my lovely children Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash

Fathi and Firash Fahmi To my friends and

wonderful classmate Pn Yuhani Bt Jamian Pn

Munirah Bt Dawi Saifudin Cik Canarisa Nipi Ah

Lian Mr Lim Che Chien Mr Tang Hing Kwong Mr

Chai Teck Jung Mr Engku Shahrulerizal B Engku Ab

Rahman Mr Norasman Pn Mimi Sulastri Bt Jeman

Mr Tan Kheng Wee Mr Loo Khee Hui Thank you for

your support motivation love and friendship

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I was really appreciated to many people that contribute towards my

understanding and thoughts in order to finish my dissertation I would like to express

my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Zulhilmi B Ismail for his guidance motivation

and encouragement Also to Dr Mohamad Hidayat B Jamal for his critics advise

and guidance

My appreciation also goes to Urban Section Of DID Sarawak for their

cooperation in order to obtain the information

My sincere appreciation to my colleague Pn Azrina Bt Zolkipli Mdm Pang

Siow Juen Mr Thiong Hua Sang and Pn Norina Bt Omar for their guidance

knowledge and assistance to finish this report Special thanks to my classmate for

their supportive motivation guaidance and friendship

Appreciation and special thank you to my lovely friends Pn Mazlin Pn

Nurazura Pn Mardiana Pn Sezee and Pn Yuhani for their motivation love

guaidance and advise

Last but not least to my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman my

lovely child Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash Fathi and Firash Fahmi thank you for

being such a lovely understanding and supportive along my journey Also to my

family and family in law for their support

v

ABSTRACT

Naturally Malaysia facing with flood problem all over the country This

problem will make worst loses to property and life Sarawak is one of the state in

Malaysia which facing with this problem In 19632004 and 2009 Sarawak

experience the worst flood event all over the year Hence the flood mitigation rush to

built in order to control the flood However before the flood mitigation plan is built

there are several information need to be develop in order to predict the flood area

Several research had been done in order to develop the flood hazard mapping

Certain use InfoWorks RS and other use Autocad 3D associate with Google Earth In

this study the main aim is to provide flood hazard mapping and identify the rivers

that contribute to flood The flood map was evaluated based on areas and perimeter

of the floodplain The data was collected from Urban Section of DID Sarawak The

digitizing process was used in order to complete the flood mapping process GIS

application also used to achieve other objectives The analysis show the flood prone

area in Sarawak include the river that contribute to floodpain It was 51636 km2 and

94428 km of floodplain in Sarawak Usually there were 550km2 and 600km was

cover with flood For the conclusion Samarahan and Mukah was the division that

always experience with the flood problem due to the number of river that contribute

to flood and percentage of area that covered by flood This research can help people

to understand and get informed the frequent flood area and being prepared for the

flood occurrences

vi

ABSTRAK

Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang sering berdepan dengan

masalah banjir Masalah ini membawa kepada kemusnahan harta benda dan juga

nyawa Sarawak merupakan salah satu negeri yang sering berdepan denga masalah

banjir Pada tahun 1963 2004 dan 2009 Sarawak mengalami banjir yang teruk di

dalam sejarah negeri Sarawak Bertitik tolak daripada masalah tersebut tebatan

banjir telah di bina untuk mengawal masalah ini daripada berulang Walau

bagaimanapun pembinaan tebatan banjir memerlukan beberapa informasi bagi

menjangkakan kawasan yang kerap berlakunya banjir Beberapa kajian telah

dijalankan bagi membina peta banjir untuk membantu dalam pembinaan projek

tebatan banjir Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk membina peta banjir

antaranya dengan menggunakan lsquoInfoWorks RSrsquo dan menggunakan lsquoAutocad 3Drsquo

bersama lsquoGoogle Earthrsquo Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti

sungai-sungai yang merupakan penyumbang kepada masalah banjir Keluasan dan

perimeter kawasan banjir akan ditaksir melalui peta banjir yang dihasilkan

Menggunakan data yang diambil daripada Bahagian Urban DID Sarawak proses

pendigitalan telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta banjir ini Aplikasi GIS juga

digunakan untuk mengetahui keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir Analisis

menunjukkan 51636 km2 kawasan yang mengalami masalah banjir dengan perimeter

94428 km di seluruh Sarawak Pada kebiasaannya keluasan dan perimeter kawasan

yang terlibat dengan banjir adalah 550km2 dan 600km Kesimpulan daripada

penilaian yang dilakukan mendapati bahagian Samarahan dan Mukah merupakan

bahagian yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir Ianya berpandukan jumlah

sungai di bahagian tersebut dan juga peratusan kawasan yang dinaiki air Kajian ini

akan membantu penduduk di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir untuk memahami

dan mendapatkan maklumat mengenai banjir Selain itu mereka juga boleh membuat

persiapan untuk menghadapi banjir

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Introduction 1

12 Problem Background 1

13 Research Problem 2

14 Research Aim and Objective 3

15 Research Scope 3

16 Significant of Research 4

17 Hypothesis 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

21 Introduction 5

22 Flood 6

viii

23 Flood Mapping 9

24 Flood Modeling 11

25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15

26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16

27 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

31 Introduction 21

31 Area of study 21

32 Digitizing process 25

321 Digitizing process for the base map

(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26

3211 Open Base Map 27

3212 Gridlines 28

3213 Georeferencing 30

3214 Create Shape File 32

3215 Start digitizing process 34

3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35

33 Calculating on flood area 38

331 Open attribute table 38

332 Add field 40

333 Calculate Geometry 41

34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42

35 Conclusion 44

ix

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45

41 Introduction 45

42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river

That contribute to flood 45

42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect

by floodplain 51

421 Kuching Division 51

422 Samarahan Division 52

423 Sri Aman Division 53

424 Betong Division 54

425 Sarikei Division 55

426 Sibu Division 56

427 Kapit Division 57

428 Mukah Division 58

429 Bintulu Division 59

4210 Miri Division 60

4211 Limbang Division 61

43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area

and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69

51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

21 List of critical information in the catchment 17

31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23

32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30

41 List of river for each division 46

42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for

each division 62

43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63

51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71

xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6

22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7

23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8

24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8

25 Flood Inundation map 10

26 Flood Hazard map 10

27 Flood Risk map 11

28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12

29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12

210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011

And Kuok 2013 13

211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009

And Kuok 2013 14

212 Climate Change using GIS 16

213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18

214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19

215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20

31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22

32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24

33 Step in digitizing process 26

34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28

37 Create New Shapefile box 29

38 Editing Base Map 29

39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29

310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30

311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31

312 Save Georeferencing 31

313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32

314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33

315 Editing the coordinate system 33

316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34

317 Data of shape file 34

318 Complete digitizing process 35

319 To change polyline to polygon 35

320 insert data into feature class 36

321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37



326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39

327 add file to attribute table 40

328 Table for Area are created 40

329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41

330 Area for flood in km2 41

xv

331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42

332 Step in calculate the statistic 42

333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43

334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44

41 Sarawak flood prone area 47

42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong

and Sri Aman 48

43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49

44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50












416 Histogram of frequency area 64

417 Area of frequent flood 65



xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL

DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department

GIS - Geographic Information System

ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval

km2 - Kilometer square

km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and

objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis

11 Introduction

Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is

flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the

most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in

cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2

flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people

affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In

Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human

activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the

human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development

effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid

waste debris (Keizrul2004)

12 Problem Background

Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the

world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a

2

state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary

there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major

river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the

environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of

the main source for the flood problem

Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or

during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963

2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every

year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the

natural phenomenon and human activities

Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the

equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually

occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average

rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas

and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some

said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID

Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock

13 Research Problem

Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the

year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even

though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood

matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in

Sarawak

In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to

shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting

based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an

early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood

3

prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping

whenever there is a flood event

14 Research Aim and Objective

Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this

study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are

i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to

flood

ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter

15 Research Scope

This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of

eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty

five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood

occurrences

Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to

produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into

digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history

Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the

floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated

and appear in histogram chart

16 Significant of Research

4

The benefits and expectation from this study are

i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and

concern bodies

ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on

facing flood problem

iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on

how far the flood can reach

17 Hypothesis

The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that

recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So

the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood

The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will

gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The

frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment

areas and perimeter that affected by flood

73

REFFERENCES

Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage

Malaysia

Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition

United States Prentice Hall

Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan

dan Saliran Malaysia

Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River

Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of

Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1

Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department

Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy

Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event

recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from

httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy

Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from

URLhttpwwwesricom

Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map

Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from

URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf

Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of

Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK

Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For

Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim

Eng - 2009

Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River

Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of

Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02

Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact

Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from

URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf

Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological

ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research

7041-49

Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific

visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of

Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources

Management IAHS Publ no235

KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood

Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)

The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)

74

Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin

Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7

(3)276-285

KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using

coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study

of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1

January 2013

Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood

in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011

Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in

SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)

Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia

International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13

Nov

McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management

Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software

17413-4252002

Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping

Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006

Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin

Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005

Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27

October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu

Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and

visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak

Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221

Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)

Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using

InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering

and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24

Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping

for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress

(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011

State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief

Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010

Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October

2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu

Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin

Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental

Technology Lund University

iii

To my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman

my lovely children Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash

Fathi and Firash Fahmi To my friends and

wonderful classmate Pn Yuhani Bt Jamian Pn

Munirah Bt Dawi Saifudin Cik Canarisa Nipi Ah

Lian Mr Lim Che Chien Mr Tang Hing Kwong Mr

Chai Teck Jung Mr Engku Shahrulerizal B Engku Ab

Rahman Mr Norasman Pn Mimi Sulastri Bt Jeman

Mr Tan Kheng Wee Mr Loo Khee Hui Thank you for

your support motivation love and friendship

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT





and guidance














v

ABSTRACT




















flood occurrences

vi

ABSTRAK



























vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi


LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Introduction 1




15 Research Scope 3


17 Hypothesis 4


21 Introduction 5

22 Flood 6

viii

23 Flood Mapping 9




27 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

31 Introduction 21

31 Area of study 21





3212 Gridlines 28







332 Add field 40



35 Conclusion 44

ix


41 Introduction 45




by floodplain 51













and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68


51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT





and guidance














v

ABSTRACT




















flood occurrences

vi

ABSTRAK



























vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi


LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Introduction 1




15 Research Scope 3


17 Hypothesis 4


21 Introduction 5

22 Flood 6

viii

23 Flood Mapping 9




27 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

31 Introduction 21

31 Area of study 21





3212 Gridlines 28







332 Add field 40



35 Conclusion 44

ix


41 Introduction 45




by floodplain 51













and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68


51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























v

ABSTRACT




















flood occurrences

vi

ABSTRAK



























vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi


LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Introduction 1




15 Research Scope 3


17 Hypothesis 4


21 Introduction 5

22 Flood 6

viii

23 Flood Mapping 9




27 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

31 Introduction 21

31 Area of study 21





3212 Gridlines 28







332 Add field 40



35 Conclusion 44

ix


41 Introduction 45




by floodplain 51













and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68


51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























vi

ABSTRAK



























vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi


LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Introduction 1




15 Research Scope 3


17 Hypothesis 4


21 Introduction 5

22 Flood 6

viii

23 Flood Mapping 9




27 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

31 Introduction 21

31 Area of study 21





3212 Gridlines 28







332 Add field 40



35 Conclusion 44

ix


41 Introduction 45




by floodplain 51













and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68


51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi


LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Introduction 1




15 Research Scope 3


17 Hypothesis 4


21 Introduction 5

22 Flood 6

viii

23 Flood Mapping 9




27 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

31 Introduction 21

31 Area of study 21





3212 Gridlines 28







332 Add field 40



35 Conclusion 44

ix


41 Introduction 45




by floodplain 51













and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68


51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























viii

23 Flood Mapping 9




27 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

31 Introduction 21

31 Area of study 21





3212 Gridlines 28







332 Add field 40



35 Conclusion 44

ix


41 Introduction 45




by floodplain 51













and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68


51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























ix


41 Introduction 45




by floodplain 51













and perimeter 62

44 Conclusion 68


51 Conclusion 69

52 Recomendation 71

x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























x

REFERENCES 73

Appendices A

xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























xii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE






each division 62



xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE











And Kuok 2013 13


And Kuok 2013 14








34 ArcGis9 27

35 New Map 27

xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























xiv

36 Base Map 28















321 Division Map 36

322 River Map 37

323 Flood Map 37








xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























xv







and Sri Aman 48


















xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























xvi

LIST OF SYMBOL





km - Kilometer

- Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION



11 Introduction















2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























2


















13 Research Problem





Sarawak





3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























3







flood


15 Research Scope




occurrences








4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























4



concern bodies





17 Hypothesis








73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























73

REFFERENCES


Malaysia














URLhttpwwwesricom








Eng - 2009









7041-49








74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























74



(3)276-285




January 2013







Nov



17413-4252002
























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