Integrated Water Resources Management System L Laanndd ... · Geoinformatik, Geohydrologie und Modellierung Dr. Volker Hochschild Dipl.-Geogr. Helmut Staudenrausch Andre Müller Roman

Integrated Water Resources Management System

LLaanndd CCoovveerr LLeeggeenndd

January 2001

Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Institut für Geographie

Geoinformatik, Geohydrologie und Modellierung Dr. Volker Hochschild

Dipl.-Geogr. Helmut Staudenrausch Andre Müller

Roman Gerlach

IWRMS Land Cover Legend

Contents

1. Concept of the IWRMS Land Cover Legend 2. Overview of the Land Cover Classes (Level I, Level II, Level III) 3. Colored Level II Legend 4. Land Cover Classification Mkomazi (South Africa) 5. Land Cover Classification Mbuluzi (Swaziland) 6. Land Cover Classification Mupfure (Zimbabwe) 7. Detailed Class Description Level II 7.1 Forest 7.2 Woodland 7.3 Wooded Grassland 7.4 Pine Species 7.5 Eucalypt Species 7.6 Wattle Species 7.7 Indigneous Species 7.8 Young Afforestation 7.9 Thicket 7.10 Bushland 7.11 Unimproved Grassland 7.12 Improved Grassland 7.13 Waterbodies 7.14 Wetlands 7.15 Bare rock/soil 7.16 Degraded Land 7.17 Clear Cuts 7.18 Permanent Crops 7.19 Temporary Crops 7.20 Residential 7.21 Commercial 7.22 Industrial 8. Accuracy Assessment


1. Concept of the IWRMS Land Cover Legend The datasets used for the land cover classifications were recent Landsat TM scenes from 1996 to 1998 together with panchromatic SPOT data for improvement of the spatial resolution. This was extended with several ERS-2 .PRI images acquired during vegetation season to en-hance the classification results by combining optical and microwave sensors. The microwave data also serves as additional input for multitemporal evaluations providing data from flood situations during rainy seasons. The classifications followed the Standard Land Cover Classification Scheme for Remote Sensing Applications in South Africa (Thompson, 1996) with three hierarchical levels (a fourth level could be enclosed by aerial photo interpretation and field mapping). This scheme, however, is being improved in hydrological terms i.e. to distinguish between planted alien and indigenous forests, to distiguish settlements according to their imperviousness instead of classes of income or to assess agricultural areas according to their site preparation and their above surface layers (litter, mulch, etc., Schulze & Hohls 1993). The multispectral land cover classification was preceeded by extended preprocessing procedures including atmospheric correction, terrain correction, contrast streching and filtering in order to avoid misclassifica-tions due to illumination and relief effects. Afterwards a supervised Maximum-Likelihood-Classifier was applied to the Landsat TM data using 6 bands in the visible, infrared and short wave infrared spectrum. The selection of the training areas was based on ground check cam-paigns carried out in February/March 1998 (South Africa, Swaziland) and March 1999 (Zim-babwe). For the Mkomazi catchment a second scene from 05.10.98 (first one from 22.04.96) was used to carry out a multitemporal (interseasonal and interannual) classification, which enhanced the result significantly. To improve the land cover classification results furthermore sensor combinations with ERS data from the microwave range were applied as well as rationing operations (NDVI and LAI) to derive small scale vegetation information. Finally optical sensor merges (SPOT pan with Landsat TM) were carried out for presentation purposes. The final result is the IWRMS legend, consisting of 3 levels of land cover classes (level 1: 9 classes, level 2: 22 classes, level 3 individual for each testsite). So for each testsite 3 land cover classifications are available (level 1, level 2 and level 3), following the above men-tioned Standard Land Cover Classification Scheme (Thompson, 1996), which could be ap-plied for model input according to the requirements of the model.


2. Overview of the Land Cover Classes (Level I, Level II, Level III) LEVEL I LEVEL II LEVEL III

Zimbabwe

LEVEL III

South Africa

LEVEL III

Swaziland

1000 Forest/Woodland

1100 Forest

1200 Woodland

1300 Wooded Grass-

land

1101 Natural

1102 Miombo

2000 Forest Plantations 2100 Pine species

2200 Eucalypth spec.

2300 Wattle species

2400 Indigneous spec.

2500 Young afforest.

2201 Old

2202 Young

2201 Old

2202 Young

2201 Old

2202 Young

3000 Thicket/Bushland 3100 Thicket

3200 Bushland

4000 Grassland 4100 Unimproved

4200 Improved

4101 Turpentin grass

4102 Not used slopes

4201 Feed corn

4202 Red gras

4203 Irrigated pasture

4201 Feed gras

4202 Red gras

5000 Water bodies 5001 Clear water

5002 Sediment loaden

6000 Wetlands

7000 Barren lands 7100 Bare rock/soil

7200 Degraded land

7300 Clear cuts

7101 Bare soil

7102 Bare rock

7101 Bare soil

7102 Bare rock

8000 Cultivated land 8100 Permanent crops

8200 Temporary crops

8201 Maize

8202 Recently

ploughed

8201 Maize

8201 Recently

ploughed

8201 Maize

8202 Recently

ploughed

8203 Cotton

9000 Urban 9100 Residental

9200 Commercial

9300 Industrial

9101 Low density

9102 High density


3. Colored Level II Legend

1100 Forest

1200 Woodland

2100 Pine species

2200 Eucalypt species

2500 Young afforestation

3100 Thicket

3200 Bushland

4100 Unimproved Grassland

4200 Improved Grassland

5000 Waterbodies

6000 Wetlands

7100 Bare rock/soil

7200 Degraded Land

7300 Clear Cuts

8100 Permanent Crops

8200 Temporary Crops

9100 Residential

9200 Industrial





Forest Level II (Level I: Forest/Woodland)

TM 4,5,3 TM 3,2,1 Land Cover Map

Areas with tree canopy cover more than 70 %. Deciduous trees with grasses, herbs and ferns as undergrowth vegetation, forming a multi-strata community with interlocking canopies. Dense, impenetrable stands, up to 25 m tall. Shrubs and climbers are common. Species in-clude Yellowwood, White Witchhazel etc. Forests are restricted to frost-free areas with mean annual rainfall of more than 525 mm. They occur from sea level to over 2100 m above sea level.

Numerical Code:

1100


Woodland Level II (Level I: Forest/Woodland)


Tree canopy cover is between 40-70 %. Typical are single tree stands on grassland. Miombo Woodland formations are a common example in altitudes between 800 and 1800 m. Usually the trees grow up to less than 10 m, 20 m height are seldom. The trees are able to survive pe-riods of dryness, meanwhile the average precipitation in these areas is between 700 and 1300 mm.

Numerical Code:

1200


Pine species Level II (Level I: Forest Plantations)


Numerical Code:

2100 Mostly the exotic Pinus patula. Systematically planted, man-managed tree resources. Category in-cludes mature plantations that have been established for commercial timber production. They are very well adjusted to moun-taineous conditions and they grow rapidly.


Eucalypt species Level II (Level I: Forest Plantations)


Areas with parent and/or hybrid eucalypt species. Systematically planted, man-managed tree resources. Category includes mature plantations that have been established for commercial timber production. They are very well adjusted to mountaineous conditions and they grow rapidly.

Numerical Code:

2200


Young afforestation Level II (Level I: Forest Plantations)


Areas of systematically planted, man-managed tree resources. Category includes young plan-tations of pine and eucalypth trees that have been established for commercial timber produc-tion. The canopy isn’t closed in most cases.

Numerical Code:

2500


Thicket Level II (Level I: Thicket/Bushland)


Areas of densely interlaced, impenetrable tree and scrub species, in general not divided into strata. Thicket is a closed shrubland to low forest dominated by evergreen, sclerophyllus or succulent trees, shrubs and vines. The ground cover is more than 70 %.

Numerical Code:

3100


Bushland Level II (Level I: Thicket/Bushland)


Similar to thicket, height between 3 and 7 m, but canopy cover is lover than 70 %. It ranges from sea level to 2000 m; rainfall varies from 235 to 1000 mm. The major factor deliminating the biome is the lack of sufficient rainfall, which prevents the upper layer from dominating, coupled with fires and grazing, which keep the grass layer dominant. Almost all species are adapted to survive fires.

Numerical Code:

3200


Unimproved Grassland Level II (Level I: Grassland)


Grasslands are dominated by a single layer of grasses. The amount of cover depends on rain-fall and the degree of graizing. Trees are absent due to frost, fires and graizing. At higher rain-fall (more than 625 mm) and more acidic soils sour grasses with a higher fibre content pre-vail. They are not palatable. Sweet grasses have a lower fibre content and maintain their nutri-ents in the leaves in winter and are therefore palatable to stock. Grassland is considered to have an extremely high biodiversity.

Numerical Code:

4100


Improved Grassland Level II (Level I: Grassland)


Pastures are irrigated or occur in wetter areas. They are planted and consist mainly of sweet grasses with the addition of legumes. Major uses are grazing, hay or turf production, as well as recreation (i.e. gardening, golf courses, etc.)

Numerical Code:

4200


Waterbodies Level II (Level I: Waterbodies)


Areas of permanent open water, either natural or man-made. The category includes rivers, dams, reservoirs, permanent pans and lakes.

Numerical Code:

5000


Wetlands Level II (Level I: Wetlands)


Numerical Code:

6000 Areas where the water level is at or very near the land surface on a perma-nent or temporary basis. Examples include pans with non-permanent water cover, reed-marsh and peat bogs.


Bare rock/soil Level II (Level I: Barren Lands)


Areas of exposed sand, soil or rock (rock outcrops) with no or very little vegetation. Agricul-tural areas without vegetation cover are included as well.

Numerical Code:

7100


Degraded Land Level II (Level I: Barren Lands)


Areas of very low vegetation cover, where the impact of sheet or gully erosion is visible. Typically associated with subsistence level farming and rural population centres, where over-grazing of livestock or logging of wood has been excessive.

Numerical Code:

7200


Clear Cuts Level II (Level I: Barren Lands)


Timber industry areas, where the forest canopy has been removed completely and only the stumps as well as cutted branches cover the bare soil. These areas are usually surrounded by forest plantations.

Numerical Code:

7300


Permanent Crops Level II (Level I: Cultivated Lands)


Lands cultivated with crops that occupy the are for long periods and are not replanted after harvest. Examples would include tea plantations, vineyards, sugar cane and citrus orchards, hops and nuts.

Numerical Code:

8100


Temporary Crops Level II (Level I: Cultivated Lands)


Land under temporary crops that are hervested at the completion of the growing season. Ex-amples would be cotton, maize, wheat, legumes, potatoes, onions and lucerne.

Numerical Code:

8200


Residential Level II (Level I: Urban/Built up area)


Areas in which people reside on a permanent or near-permanent basis. The category includes both formal (permanent structures) and informal (no permanent structures) settlement areas, ranging from high to low building densities.

Numerical Code:

9100


Industrial Level II (Level I: Urban/Built up area)


Non-residential areas with major industrial or transport related infrastructure. Examples would include paper or steel mills, power stations dockyards and airports.

Numerical Code:

9300


The IWRMS land use classification: Confusion matrix for the classification accuracy assessment of the level 2 land use Mkomazi land use Validation pixels from ground truth

Classified pixels Water bodies forest

Pine spec.

Eucalypt spec. bushland

Improved grassland

Permanentcrops

Tempo-rary crops

Bare rock/soil

unim-proved grassland

clearcut/ afforestation sum

users accuracy

waterbodies 1109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1109 100.00 forest 11 3065 838 406 256 0 5 0 0 0 31 4612 66.46 pine spec. 0 139 6301 756 53 0 0 0 0 0 278 7527 83.71 eucalypt spec. 0 13 26 7820 41 0 0 0 0 0 360 8260 94.67 bushland 0 240 10 369 1721 65 101 7 0 0 18 2531 68.00 improved grassland 0 0 0 49 11 1225 29 63 0 0 0 1377 88.96 permanent crops 0 0 0 5 9 0 399 0 0 0 0 413 96.61 temporary crops 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 687 17 8 0 716 95.95 bare rock/soil 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 74 1583 1 0 1663 95.19 unimproved grass-land 0 11 10 193 82 5 8 262 114 4831 68 5584 86.52 clearcuts/ afforestation

0 30 15 493 60 0 0 8 0 17 1016 1639 61.99

sum 1120 3498 7201 10093 2239 1295 542 1101 1714 4857 1771 35431 producers accuracy 99.02 87.62 87.50 77.48 76.86 94.59 73.62 62.40 92.36 99.46 57.37


The IWRMS land use classification: Confusion matrix for the classification accuracy assessment of the level 2 land use Mupfure land use Validation pixels from ground truth

Classified pixels forest woodland

Eucalypt spec.

Thicket bushland grassland improved

grassland water body

wet-land

bare soil

temp. crops

residential

commer-cial/industrial

clouds sum

Users accuracy

natural forest 1836 379 0 0 0 2 81 25 0 0 0 1 10 2334 78.66 woodland 380 4808 205 425 4 7 41 35 5 266 0 9 280 6465 74.37 eucalypt plantation 117 70 883 0 0 1 46 112 0 0 0 0 0 1229 62.33 bushland/thicket 210 849 32 7466 869 148 12 23 5 1399 0 21 106 11140 65.13 grassland 24 28 55 2597 9503 206 7 13 22 3280 286 68 530 16619 57.04 irregated grassland 0 0 47 0 0 1876 15 95 0 16 0 0 0 2049 91.56 waterbody 0 0 0 0 0 0 1876 45 0 0 0 0 0 1921 97.66 wetland 0 0 23 0 0 15 202 172 0 1 0 0 0 413 41.65 bare soil 0 0 1 0 165 0 0 0 1457 25 1 0 3 1652 88.20 crops 0 0 23 9 545 39 1 35 98 5249 202 63 65 6329 82.94 residential 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 491 181 66 738 66.53 commer-cial/industrial 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 12 0 24 0 1005 81 1138 88.31 clouds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001 2001 100.00 sum 2567 6134 1269 10497 11086 2294 2297 567 1587 10260 980 1348 3142 54028 producers accuracy 71.52 78.38 69.58 71.13 85.72 81.78 81.67 30.34 91.81 51.16 50.10 74.55 63.69

Documents

Integrated Water Resources Management System L Laanndd ... · Geoinformatik, Geohydrologie und Modellierung Dr. Volker Hochschild Dipl.-Geogr. Helmut Staudenrausch Andre Müller Roman