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eqspertis azri

116

zurab batiaSvili

irani-saudis arabeTi:

didi dapirispireba axlo aRmosavleTSi

eqspertis azri

zurab batiaSvili

irani-saudis arabeTi: didi dapirispireba axlo aRmosavleTSi

2019

116

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saelCos Tvalsazriss.

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe publikaciis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos aranairi, maT Soris eleqtronuli an meqanikuri, formiT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi ekuTvnis avtors/ebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis

fondis Tvalsazriss.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2019 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-8-1004-6

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axlo aRmosavleTi kvlav rCeba msoflios erT-erT yvelaze daZabul regionad. samwuxarod, sxvadasxva obieqtu-ri mizezis gamo, iq situaciis ukeTesobisken Secvla naklebad aris mosalodneli, isedac rTuli mdgomareobis gauareseba ki advilad SesaZlebelia.

dRes axlo aRmosavleTSi erTmaneTs ori mTavari bana-ki upirispirdeba: erT banaks pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT `proamerikuli~, romelsac vaSingtoni mfarvelobs da rom-lis lideric adgilze saudis arabeTis samefoa. am banakSi Sedian ZiriTadad sunituri arabuli qveynebi _ arabTa gaer-Tianebuli saamiroebi, bahreini, egvipte, quveiTi, iordania da maroko.1 maT mokavSired moiazreba aseve israeli, magram arabul qveynebTan misi problematuri urTierTobebis gamo, es mokavSireoba oficialur doneze naklebad SesamCnevia.

axlo aRmosavleTis meore banaki ki, aseve pirobiTad, `prorusulia~ da misi lideri iranis islamuri respublikaa. am banakSi ZiriTadad gaerTianebuli arian Siituri qveynebi da proiranuli dajgufebebi2 _ erayi, asadis reJimi siria-Si, `hezbolahi~ (arab. `alahis partia~) libanSi, dajgufeba `husitebi~ iemenSi da a.S.3

dapirispirebis mizezebi

or banaks Soris dapirispirebas didi xnis istoria aqvs da igi iwyeba jer kidev VII saukunidan, rodesac islamis mim-devrebi gaiyvnen sunitebad da Siitebad. droTa ganmavlobaSi Siituri islami iqca sparsuli civilizaciisa da identobis nawilad, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad upi-rispirdeboda sunitur samyaros (jer _ arabebs, mogvianebiT ki _ osmalebs).

dRes msoflioSi mcxovrebi 1,8 miliardi muslimidan4 daaxloebiT 90% sunitia, 10% ki _ Siiti.5 Tumca, axlo aR-mosavleTis regionSi maT TanafardobaSi aseTi didi gansx-vaveba araa.

sunitur-Siitur da arabul-sparsul qiSpobaSi mniSv-nelovani momenti iyo 1979 weli, rodesac iranSi islamuri revolucia moxda, Tavad qveyanas oficialurad ewoda `ira-nis islamuri respublika~, xolo Teiranis sagareo politikis mniSvnelovan nawilad msoflioSi islamuri revoluciis eqs-porti iqca,6 rasac axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebuli reJimebis Secvla unda mohyoloda. amis gamo am ideas regionis bevri

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qveynis mmarTveli umTavres safrTxed aRiqvamda da dResac aRiqvams. saudis arabeTi amas ideologiurad upirispirebs puritanuli sunituri islamis ideas, romelic ufro xSirad `salafizmis~ an `vahabizmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.

iranma gansakuTrebiT bolo wlebSi SeZlo kargad or-ganizebuli proiranuli saerTaSoriso qselis Seqmna axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. am qsels `winaaRmdegobis RerZsac~ uwodeben da misi mizani regionSi iranis gavlenis gazrdaa.7

Tumca, arc saudis arabeTis garSemo Semokrebili suni-turi koaliciaa umoqmedod darCenili, radgan oficialur riads miaCnia, rom Teirani mas geopolitikur alyaSi aqcevs.

ori qveyana erTmaneTis mimarT ukiduresi undob-lobiTaa ganmsWvaluli. Sedegad viRebT mzard dapirispire-bas gamyof xazebze mTel regionSi, sadac mxareebi erTma-neTs e.w. Proxy-ebis (adgilze sakuTari momxreebi) saSualebiT ebrZvian.

gamyofi xazebi

gamyofi xazebi gadis axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis umetesobaze. maT Soris dapirispirebis arealad ganixileba sakuTriv am ori qveynis regionebic.

1. sakuTriv iransa da saudis arabeTSi

TeiranSi eWvoben, rom swored saudis arabeTi da mis garSemo Semokrebili koalicia cdilobs mis winaaRmdeg ira-nis samxreT-dasavleTiT ahvazis provinciaSi mcxovrebi sun-iti arabebisa da maTi separatistuli moZraobis waqezebas.8

Tavis mxriv, riadSi miaCniaT, rom Teirani cdilobs areulobebis mowyobas saudis arabeTis aRmosavleT provin-ciebSi, sadac mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils Siitebi Sead-genen da sadac mdebareobs navTobis didi sabadoebi.9

2. libanSi

libani iyo erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, sadac jer kidev XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iranelebma, eyrdno-bodnen ra im faqts, rom Siitebi Seadgendnen am qveynis mo-saxleobis daaxloebiT meoTxeds, daaarses libanuri Siituri samxedro-politikuri organizacia `hezbolahi~. iranma am organizaciaSi miliardobiT aSS dolaris investicia ganaxor-ciela.10 samagierod, Sedegmac ar daayovna. `hezbolahma~ 2008 wels moipova ufleba libanis parlaments warudginos 11 mi-

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nis tris kandidatura. ministrebis es raodenoba ki sruliad sakmarisia imisTvis, rom man veto daados libanis mTavrobis nebismier gadawyvetilebas.11

swored `hezbolahs~ miewereba 2005 wels saudis mokav-Sire libanis premier-ministris rafiq al-haririsa da sxva gavleniani libanelebis mkvlelobebi.

yvelaze naTeli magaliTi imisa, rogor iyenebs Teira-ni ̀ hezbolahs~ sakuTari miznebisTvis, siriaSi mimdinare kon-fliqtia, sadac libanis mTavrobam oficialurad neitral-iteti ki gamoacxada, magram `hezbolahi~, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavadaa libanis mTavrobis nawili, aqtiuradaa CarTuli siriis samoqalaqo omSi da ibrZvis iranisa da asadis reJimis mxardamxar.12

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3. Razas seqtorSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom Razas seqtoris 2-milioniani mo-saxleoba TiTqmis srulad sunitia, irans wlebis ganmavloba-Si hqonda sagrZnobi gavlena iqaur organizacia `hamasze~, romelic adgilze akontrolebs Razas teritorias. mogvia-nebiT `hamasi~ ufro Turqul-arabuli gavlenis qveS moeqca.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom `hamasis~ poziciis cvlile-baSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula egviptem, romelic Sedis ra saudis arabeTis liderobiT Seqmnil sunitur koaliciaSi, akontrolebs Razas seqtoris garesamyarosTan damakavSire-bel erTaderT gasasvlels da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZ-lia misi dablokvis muqariT `hamasi~ sakuTar pirobebze dai-yolios.13

4. bahreinSi

bahreini sparseTis yuris erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac sunituri umciresoba marTavs Siitur umravlesobas. Teirans pretenzia aqvs, rom es kunZuli istoriulad mas ekuTvnoda da amitom bahreins xSirad iranis me-14 provinciadac moix-seniebs.14

`arabuli gazafxulis~ pirvel etapze, 2011 wlis mart-Si, bahreinSi Siitebis masobrivi gamosvlebisa da areulo-bebis fonze Seiqmna mmarTveli sunituri al-xalifas dinas-tiis xelisuflebidan CamoSorebis safrTxe. igi mxolod mas Semdeg aRmoifxvra, rac bahreinis amiris mowveviT am qveya-naSi Sevida saudis arabeTis samxedro SenaerTebi. saudis ara-beTma gadamWreli zomebis miRebiT yvelas aCvena, rom igi ar Seegueboda bahreinis iranis gavlenis qveS moqcevas.15

5. eraySi

eTnokonfesiurad Wrel 37-milionian eraySi mosaxle-obis 60-65% Siitebi arian. Tumca, qveyanas aTwleulebis gan-mav lobaSi suniti diqtatori sadam huseini marTavda. situ-acia Siitebis sasargeblod Seicvala mxolod 2003 wels, sadamis Camogdebis Semdeg, rodesac eraySi Camoyalibda mTav-roba Siituri dominirebiT, romelSic Zlieria proiranuli ganwyobebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amas mohyva sisxliani seqtarianuli dapirispireba sunitebsa da Siitebs Soris, risi uaryofiTi

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Sedegebi dRemde ar aRmofxvrila. erayis sunituri mosaxle-obis mniSvnelovan nawils gauCnda gancda, rom axla ukve Si-itebi Cagravdnen maT da amis gamo araerTma suniturma tomma qveyanaSi `al-kaidasa~ da `daeSis~ moZlierebas Seuwyo xeli.16

irans Siituri Temis garda, tradiciulad mniSv-nelovani gavlenis meqanizmebi aqvs erayis qurTistanzec.17

6. iemenSi

26-milionian iemenSi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 65% sunitia da isini qveynis samxreT da centralur nawilebSi cxovroben. danarCeni 35% Siizmis erT-erTi ganStoebis _ zaidizmis _ mimdevrebi arian da qveynis CrdiloeTSi cxov-roben.18

rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, aq iranma mxari ajanye-buli Siitebis samxedro nawilebs dauWira, romlebic gaer-Tianebuli arian `husitur~ dajgufebaSi, xolo saudis ara-beTma _ sunitebs. Sedegad, 2015 wels dawyebul da dRemde mimdinare samoqalaqo omsa da SimSils iemenSi daaxloebiT 170 000 adamianis sicocxle Seewira.19 aqedan daaxloebiT na-xe vari _ 85 aTasi bavSvia, romlebic omis Sedegad gamefebul SimSils emsxverplnen.20

7. sparseTis yuris kunZulebze

sparseTis yuris 3 kunZulidan _ abu musa, didi tun-bi da patara tunbi _ mxolod pirvelia dasaxlebuli (sul raRac 1000 macxovrebliT). magram am kunZulebs gansakuTreb-uli datvirTva aqvT strategiulad mniSvnelovani hormuzis srutis siaxloves mdebareobis gamo. Tanac aqaur Rrma wyleb-Si navTobis didi maragebia.

es kunZulebi britanelebis gasvlis Semdeg iranma dai-kava. Tumca, masze pretenzias dRemde aseve acxadebs saudis arabeTis umTavresi mokavSire koaliciaSi _ arabTa gaer-Tianebuli saamiroebi.21

8. katarSi

marTalia, katari 2015-2016 wlebSi saudis arabeTis mier iemenSi organizebul samxedro kampaniaSic monawileob-da,22 magram 2017 wlis ivnisamde zogadad mainc gawonaswore-bul politikas atarebda orive mxaris mimarT da cdilobda ar gamoewvia antagonisturi ganwyobebi.23

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situacia mkveTrad Seicvala 2017 wlis zafxulSi, rodesac saudurma koaliciam katari teroristuli orga-nizaciebis dafinansebasa da `al-jaziras~ propagandistuli miznebiT gamoyenebaSi daadanaSaula. saudis arabeTma da mis-ma mokavSireebma diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvites do-hasTan da srulmasStabiani embargo gamoucxades mas.24

am fonze dohas bunebriv mokavSired Teirani iqca, romelmac yvela saxis Tanadgoma SesTavaza patara mezobels.25 aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve moiqca ankarac, riTac distancireba moaxdina sauduri koaliciisgan.

9. siriaSi

siria ukve didi xania iqca gareSe Zalebis dapirispi-rebis mTavar scenad axlo aRmosavleTSi.26 am konfliqtSi aq-tiuradaa CarTuli irani da proiranuli Zalebi (`hezbola~ da sxva Siituri samxedro dajgufebebi), romlebic asadis re-Jimis mTavari mokavSireebi arian saxmeleTo brZolaSi.27 maT sahaero mxardaWeras 2015 wlis Semodgomis Semdeg ruseTi axorcielebs. am erToblivi mxardaWeris Sedegad ruseTma da iranma SeZles situaciis Semobruneba da asadis reJimi damxo-bas gadaarCines.

saudis arabeTis roli siriaSi gacilebiT SezRudu-lia. Tu konfliqtis dawyebisas igi ufro aqtiuri iyo, am etapze ukve aRar cdilobs asadis reJimis mokle xanSi damxo-bas da SeiaraRebuli opoziciis mxardaWerac SeniRbuli aqvs. am momentisTvis igi ruseTis, aSS-isa da israelis saSualebiT cdilobs iranuli gavlenis Semcirebas siriaSi.28

10. sxva wertilebSi

irani da saudis arabeTi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebu-li arian axlo aRmosavleTis gareTac _ pakistanSi, avRaneT-Si, kavkasiaSi, Sua aziasa da afrikis kontinentzec ki, sadac isini, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebaSi myof sxva-dasxva adgilobriv Zalebs uWeren mxars.29

arsebobs informacia, rom am dapirispirebis garkveuli niSnebi Cans saqarTveloSic. kerZod, erT-erT aseTi dapiris-pirebis kerad saxeldeba foniWala, sadac or Tems (suni ti `vahabitebsa~ da Siitebs) Soris winaaRmdegobas 2015 wlis 28 dekembers msxverplic mohyva.30

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mxareTa ekonomikuri da samxedro potenciali

ramdenadac irani da saudis arabeTi CarTuli arian grZelvadian dapirispirebaSi vrcel geografiul arealze, orive mxares sWirdeba seriozuli ekonomikuri da samxedro SesaZleblobebi sakuTari interesebis dasacavad. es SesaZleb-lobebi ki erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebulia.

iranisa da saudis arabeTis finansuri da samxedro SesaZleblobebi

irani saudis arabeTi

mosaxleoba 82 mln. 28,6 mln.

dominanti religi-uri mimdinareoba

Siiti muslimebi (90-95%)

suniti muslimebi (85-90%)

biujeti (xarjviTi nawili) 86,3 mlrd. aSS dolari 227,8 mlrd. aSS dolari

savaluto da oqros rezervebi

133,7 mlrd. aSS dol-ari 535,8 mlrd. aSS dolari31

navTobis maragi 266,5 mlrd. bareli 158,4 mlrd. bareli32

bunebrivi airis mar-agi 34 trilioni kub. m. 8,3 trilioni kub. m.33

mSp (mTliani Sida produqti)

427,7 mlrd. aSS dol-ari 678,5 mlrd. aSS dolari

samxedro biujeti 14 mlrd. aSS dolari 63,7 mlrd. aSS dolari34

samxedro personali (aqtiuri) 563 000 251 000

sabrZolo tankebi 2 500 1 100

saraketo artileria 1 400 120

saartilerio danad-garebi 6 800 760

safreni aparatebi 850 (moZvelebuli) 855 (Tanamedrove)35

sapatrulo gemi 194 11 36

wyalqveSa navi 40 0

fregati 6 7 37

aseve gansxvavebulia mxareTa SesaZleblobebi moax-dinon bunebrivi resursebis realizacia da SeZlon Taname-drove SeiaraRebis SeZena. amerikuli sanqciebis gamo irani ver axerxebs sakuTari bunebrivi resursebis Tavisufal rea-

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lizacias msoflio bazarze da SezRuduli aqvs Tanamedrove iaraRis SeZenis SesaZlebloba. es maSin, roca saudis arabeTi yovelwliurad solidur Tanxebs xarjavs ultraTanamedrove SeiaraRebis (ZiriTadad amerikuli) SeZenaze da am mxriv ri-ads aqvs upiratesoba.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Teiransac aqvs sakuTari upi-ratesobebi kargad ganviTarebuli samxedro flotis, sarake-to sistemebisa da brZolisunariani samxedro manqanis saxiT.

2018 wels msoflio samxedro siZlieris reitingSi irani me-13, xolo saudis arabeTi 26-e adgilze iyo.38 Tumca, pirdapiri konfrontaciis SemTxvevaSi riads arcTu usafuZv-lo imedi aqvs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi mas samxedro saxis daxmarebas gauwevs.

daskvnebi

• istoriuli da Tanamedrove konteqstidan gamomdinare, uaxloes xanSi naklebad mosalodnelia iran-saudis arabe-Tis dapirispirebis aRmofxvra;

• ramdenadac mxareebi sunituri da Siituri samyaros liderobaze acxadeben pretenziebs, or qveyanas Soris da-pirispireba garkveulwilad seqtarianul xasiaTsac ata-rebs, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba axlo aRmosavleTSi Seqm-nil isedac feTqebadsaSiS situaciaze;

• marTalia, mxareebs yofniT goniereba da Tavs ikaveben erTmaneTTan pirdapiri dapirispirebisgan, magram Seqmni-li situacia Seicavs safrTxes, rom patara rigiTi inci-denti Ria konfrontaciaSi gadaizardos (am donis meore safrTxe israel-iranis dapirispirebaa), rac regionisTvis gauTvaliswinebeli SedegebiT SeiZleba dasruldes;

iran-saudis arabeTis dapirispireba uaryofiTad aisaxeba saqarTvelozec ramdenime mizezis gamo:

a) Cvens qveyanaSi muslimTa erTi nawili sunitia, meore nawili ki _ Siiti. amitom nebismieri saxis seqtarianu-li dapirispireba Cvens samezobloSi safrTxis Semcvelia saqarTvelosTvis;

b) iran-saudis arabeTis dapirispireba regionSi warmoqm-nis udides safrTxes da gamowvevebs rogorc axlo aR-

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mosavleTSi, ise mis mezobel kavkasiaSi, risi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTic siriis konfliqtia. siriis omma adgilobrivebis garda Seiwira araerTi Cveni moqalaqis sicocxle, aseve gamoiwvia garkveuli jgufebis radikali-zacia saqarTveloSi, Cataevisa da misi razmis Semosvla, masTan dakavSirebuli incidenti da a.S.;

g) dRes axlo aRmosavleTSi daaxloebiT naxevari miliardi adamiani cxovrobs. didi omis SemTxvevaSi am mosaxleo-bis 10%-ic rom iqces ltolvilad (siriis SemTxvevaSi ltolvilad iqca misi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 25 %39), es 50 milioni adamiania. oms gamoqceulma adamianebis nawilma SesaZloa geografiulad axlos mdebare kavkasiaSi arCion Tavis Sefareba, risTvisac Cven momzadebulebi ar varT. amas garda, arsebobs ltolvilebTan erTad teroristebis Semodinebis SesaZlo safrTxec, rasTan gamklavebac Cveni zomis qveynisTvis ukiduresad rTuli iqneba.

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gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

1. Ebtesam Al-Ketbi, “United Arab Emirates”, www.ecfr.eu/mena/battle_lines/uae2. zurab batiaSvili, `mxolod ruseTs SeuZlia Camoagdos sakuTari

TviTmfrinavi da amaSi sxva daadanaSaulos~, www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/513119-zurab-batiashvili-mxolod-rusets-sheuzlia-chamoagdos-sakutari-tvitm-prinavi-da-amashi-sxva-daadanashaulos/

3. Brian Katz, “Axis Rising: Iran’s Evolving Regional Strategy and Non-State Partnerships in the Middle East”, www.csis.org/analysis/axis-rising-irans-evolving-regional-strategy-and-non-state-partnerships-middle-east

4. Lipka, Michael; Hackett, Conrad (6 April 2017). «Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group», www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-mus-lims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/

5. “Mapping the Global Muslim Population,” Pew Research Center, 2009, www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population

6. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, pp. 89-90.7. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, pp. 89-90.8. Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009). «The Muja-

hedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum», www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf

9. www.worldview.stratfor.com/article/reform-promises-more-same-saudi-arabias-shi-ites

10. Al Arabiya, 2012, www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/28/234698.html11. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, pp. 90-91.12. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, pp. 92-93.13. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, pp. 99-101.14. Fred Lawson, “Bahrain: The Modernization of Autocracy”, pp. 124-125.15. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, p. 98.16. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, pp. 101-102.17. Julien Barnes-Dacey, Ellie Geranmayeh, “Iraq”,

www.ecfr.eu/mena/battle_lines/iraq#menuarea18. The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency, 2016,

www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-facktbook/geos/ym.html19. “Civilian death toll in Yemen mounting despite US assurances”,

www.apnews.com/24ee4b33373a41d389e2599c5aa7bbfa20. «Save the Children says 85,000 kids may have died of hunger in Yemen»,

www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/11/21/yemen-children-hun-ger/2076683002/

21. Avi Melamed, “Inside the Middle East”, New York, 2016, pp. 109-110.22. “Qatar Recalls Envoy To Iran After Attacks On Saudi Missions: State News”, Reuters,

6 January 2016, www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-iran-qatar/qatar-recalls-envoy-to-iran-after-attacks-on-saudi-missions-state-news-idUSKBN0UK23Z20160106.

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23. “In Davos, Gulf Arabs Slam An Absent Iran”, 24 January 2018, Reuters, www.af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN1FD2YV.

24. “Qatar-Gulf crisis: Your questions answered”, www.aljazeera.com/indepth/fea-tures/2017/06/qatar-gulf-crisis-questions-answered-170606103033599.html

25. Kenneth Katzman, “Qatar: Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy”, Congressional Re-search Service, 1 March 2018, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R44533.pdf.

26. Julien Barnes-Dacey, Ellie Geranmayeh, Hugh Lovatt, “Syria”, www.ecfr.eu/mena/battle_lines/syria#menuarea

27. “Iran boosts support to Syria”, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10654144/Iran-boosts-support-to-Syria.html

28. Julien Barnes-Dacey, Ellie Geranmayeh, Hugh Lovatt, “Syria”, www.ecfr.eu/mena/battle_lines/syria#menuarea

29. Tomi Oladipo, “Saudi Arabia and Iran fight for Africa’s loyalty”, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35252039

30. www.dfwatch.net/mkvleloba-orad-gaxleCil-4009731. www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/iran.saudi-arabia32. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html33. www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/

ASB2015.pdf34. www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/iran.saudi-arabia35. www.armedforces.eu/compare/country_Iran_vs_Saudi_Arabia36. Jonathan Marcus, “Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals”,

www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-4200880937. www.armedforces.eu/compare/country_Iran_vs_Saudi_Arabia38. www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp

39. www.unocha.org/syria