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Jakobs Japanisch
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TEIL 1 – JAPANISCHE SCHRIFT ········································································································ 5
Schrift & Schriftzeichen ································································································································· 5 Kana – Silbenzeichen ··········································································································································· 5 Kanji – Bedeutungszeichen ·································································································································· 6 Wann wird was verwendet? ································································································································ 7 Zahlen in 3 Varianten ··········································································································································· 7 Vermeide Romaji! ················································································································································ 7 Kurz zusammengefasst ········································································································································ 8
Hiragana & Aussprache ·································································································································· 9 Silbenzeichen als Buchstaben ······························································································································ 9 Hiragana Tabelle – einfache Laute ······················································································································· 9 Hiragana Tabelle – unklare Laute ······················································································································· 13 Länge eines Kanas beim Aussprechen ··············································································································· 15
Katakana & Fremdwörter ···························································································································· 16 Katakana Tabelle ················································································································································ 16 Fremdsprachige Wörter in Katakana ················································································································· 17 Doppel-Kana für nicht-japanische Laute ············································································································ 17
TEIL 2 – GRAMMATIK FÜR ANFÄNGER ························································································ 19
Kapitel 1 – Grundlagen ································································································································ 19 Japanische Worttypen ······································································································································· 19 Partikel markieren Funktion ······························································································································ 20 Endungen an Verben & Adjektiven ···················································································································· 21
Kapitel 2 – Partikel ······································································································································· 22 Satzbaupartikel: が, は, を, も ···························································································································· 22
Verknüpfungspartikel: と, の, で ························································································································ 24
Kapitel 3 – Verben ······································································································································· 26 Position im Satz ·················································································································································· 26 Grundform und Verbstamm······························································································································· 26 Wichtige Verben ················································································································································ 27 Objekt- und Subjektbezogene Verben ··············································································································· 29
Kapitel 4 – Adjektive ···································································································································· 31 i-Adjektive ·························································································································································· 31 na-Adjektive ······················································································································································· 32 Position im Satz ·················································································································································· 32 Wichtige Adjektive ············································································································································· 33
Kapitel 5 – Substantive ································································································································ 34 Keine Einzahl oder Mehrzahl ····························································································································· 34 Position im Satz ·················································································································································· 34 Substantivierung von Verben ····························································································································· 35 Substantiv-Verben ·············································································································································· 35
Kapitel 6 – Verneinung ································································································································· 36 Das Verb ない „nicht sein“ ································································································································· 36
Verneinung von Verben ····································································································································· 36 Verneinung von Adjektiven ································································································································ 38 Verneinung von Substantiven ···························································································································· 38
Kapitel 7 – Zeitformen ································································································································· 39 Allgemeine Gegenwart / Zukunft ······················································································································· 39
Vergangenheit ～た ············································································································································ 39
Verlaufsformen ～ている, ～ていた ···················································································································· 42
Kapitel 8 – Satzbau (demnächst) ·················································································································· 43 Reihenfolge im Satz ············································································································································ 43 Fragen ································································································································································ 43 Satzstimmung – Gobi ········································································································································· 43 Nebensätze ························································································································································ 44 Thema は und Subjekt が in einem Satz ············································································································ 44
Kapitel 9 – Höflichkeit ·································································································································· 46
Kapitel 10 – Wichtige Ausdrücke ·················································································································· 47 Wichtige Wörter ················································································································································· 47 Wichtige Verben ················································································································································ 47 Satzverbindungen ·············································································································································· 47 Weitere Formen und Hilfsverben ······················································································································ 48
TEIL 3 – LEXIKON ························································································································· 49
Wichtige Ausdrücke ····································································································································· 50
て-Form ······················································································································································· 51
Kurz zusammengefasst ································································································································ 53
TEIL 4 – HINTER DEN KULISSEN ··································································································· 54
TEIL 5 – ANHANG & QUELLEN ····································································································· 55
Teil 1 – Japanische Schrift
Schrift & Schriftzeichen
•
•
•
東京タワーの高さは 333ｍ。
Kana – Silbenzeichen
ひらがな 平仮名 カタカナ 片仮名
た タ
かな 仮名
タワー
の、さ、は
Kanji – Bedeutungszeichen
漢字
音読み
訓読み
当て字
送り仮名
振り仮名
東京、高
Wann wird was verwendet?
食べる
キレイ 綺 麗
りんご 林檎
ビー玉 ビ ー ビ ー ド ロ
玉
Zahlen in 3 Varianten
数字
• ２
• 二
• 弐
Vermeide Romaji!
•
ら
•
•
•
らーめん ラーメン
Kurz zusammengefasst
Hiragana & Aussprache
Silbenzeichen als Buchstaben
5 Vokale
あ い う え お
う う
9 Silbengruppen / Kana-Reihen
か さ た な は ま や ら わ
さ ら
わ
Hiragana Tabelle – einfache Laute
あ い う え お
か き く け こ
さ し す せ そ
た ち つ て と
な に ぬ ね の
は ひ ふ へ ほ
ま み む め も
や ゆ よ
ら り る れ ろ
わ を
ん
き さ
き, さ
Ein Kana ohne Vokal am Ende
ん
かがやらわ まんが
さざただな みんな
ばぱま なんばー
Ausnahmen in der Aussprache
し し
ち ち
つ つ
ひ ひ
ふ ふ
を を
Doppel-Kana mit ゃゅょ
や ゆ よ
し＋や やゆよ
やゃ ゆゅ よょ
りよう りょう
利用 量
ゃ ゅ ょ
き きゃ きゅ きょ
し しゃ しゅ しょ
ち ちゃ ちゅ ちょ
に にゃ にゅ にょ
ひ ひゃ ひゅ ひょ
み みゃ みゅ みょ
り りゃ りゅ りょ
ゃ
Hiragana Tabelle – unklare Laute
が ざ だ ば ぱ
いり ＋ くち いりぐち
ざ
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
だ ぢ づ で ど
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
Ausnahmen in der Aussprache
じ
ぢ づ じ ず
ち つ ぢ
Doppel-Kana mit ゃゅょ
ゃ ゅ ょ
ぎ ぎゃ ぎゅ ぎょ
じ じゃ じゅ じょ
ぢ
び びゃ びゅ びょ
ぴ ぴゃ ぴゅ ぴょ
Länge eines Kanas beim Aussprechen
きゃ
ー
ー
あ ああ あー
い いい いー
う うう うー
え えい ええ えー
お おう おお おー
か かあ かー
っ あった
かさたちゃ ぱ っ
はーと はと ほっと
ん
Katakana & Fremdwörter
Katakana Tabelle
ア イ ウ エ オ
カ キ ク ケ コ
サ シ ス セ ソ
タ チ ツ テ ト
ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ
ハ ヒ フ ヘ ホ
マ ミ ム メ モ
ヤ ユ ヨ
ラ リ ル レ ロ
ワ ヲ
ン
を ヲ
Fremdsprachige Wörter in Katakana
バナナ
ルーペ
リュック
アイスクリーム
アイスクリ
ーム
Doppel-Kana für nicht-japanische Laute
ァ ィ ゥ ェ ォ
• シェアする
• ファンタジー
• フォーク
ぁ
クァ クィ クェ クォ
グァ
シャ シ シュ シェ ショ
ジャ ジ ジュ ジェ ジョ
タ ティ テュ
トゥ
テ ト
チャ チ チュ チェ チョ
ツァ ツィ ツ ツェ ツォ
ダ ディ デュ
ドゥ
デ ド
ファ フィ フュ フェ フォ
ヤ ユ イェ ヨ
ワ ウィ ウ ウェ ウォ
ヴァ ヴィ ヴ ヴェ ヴォ
ウ
Teil 2 – Grammatik für Anfänger
Kapitel 1 – Grundlagen
Japanische Worttypen
Alles Partikel und Endungen
わたしは おいしい さかなを たべています。
りんご いみ
〜すぎる 〜たい
Partikel markieren Funktion
Wort + Partikel
そと ＋ へ
そと ＋ から
•
•
さかな ＋ が ＋ たべている。 が
さかな ＋ を ＋ たべている。 を
たべている たべる
さかなが ＋ さかなを ＋ たべている
Endungen an Verben & Adjektiven
Verb + Endung
たべ ＋ ます ます
たべ ＋ ない ない
たべ ＋ た た
Adjektiv + Endungen
おいし・い ＋ です い です
おいし・く ＋ ない く ない
おいし ＋ かった かった た
Kapitel 2 – Partikel
が が
は は
を を
も も
で で
の の
と と
じょし 助詞
Satzbaupartikel: が, は, を, も
も
Subjekt mit が
が
これ が おいしい
が
Thema mit は
は は
これ は おいしい
これ は これ
これ
は
Partikel は wird わ ausgesprochen
は は
わ
こんにちは
Thema wird nicht wiederholt
私は
わたしは
ヤコブです。
やこぶです。
私は ドイツ人です。
どいつじんです。
Objekt mit を
私は 魚を
さかなを
食べる。
たべる。
Das Wort „auch“ mit も
も は が を
私も
わたしも
魚を
さかなを
食べる。
たべる。
私は 魚も 食べる。
も
は
私は も 魚 を食べる
Verknüpfungspartikel: と, の, で
Partikel と – „und“ und „mit“
と
魚と
さかなと
ラーメンを
らーめんを
食べる。
たべる。
と
を
ともだちと ラーメンを 食べる。
と
と
Partikel の – Zugehörigkeitspartikel
の
ヤコブの ラーメン
ともだちの ラーメン
わたしの ラーメン
の
ラーメンの おみせ
Partikel で – „mittels“, „mit“
で
電車で
でんしゃで
行く。
いく。
ペンで
ぺんで
書く。
かく。
で
Kapitel 3 – Verben
•
• て
• た
•
•
どうし 動詞
Position im Satz
友だちと
ともだちと
ラーメンを
らーめんを
食べます。
たべます。
Grundform und Verbstamm
る
う、く、す る
たべる る
いく ｋ
かう う
かわる る
る
る
Wichtige Verben
Etwas machen – する
する
べんきょう する
する べんきょうする
習う、ならう
Da sein / Haben – いる ・ ある
いる ある
ひとがいる いる
ぺんがある ある
さかなが いる さかな
さかながある
いる ある ぺん
がある。
Weitere wichtige Verben
する いる ある
くる いく なる
Objekt- und Subjektbezogene Verben
Objektbezogene Verben
を
わたしは おちゃを のむ
Subjektbezogene Verben
おちる
ぺんが おちる
ぺんを おとす
Orte als Objekt von subjektbezogenen Verben
わたしが おみせを でる
Objekt- und Subjektbezogene Verbpaare
お店が閉まる
おみせがしまる
お店を閉める
おみせを しめる
ドアが開く
どあがあく
ドアを開ける
どあをあける
水が出る
みずがでる
水を出す
みずをだす
ペンが箱に入る
ぺんがはこにはいる
ペンを箱に入れる
ぺんをはこにいれる
Kapitel 4 – Adjektive
•
• た
•
•
•
•
けいようし 形容詞
i-Adjektive
おいしい
これは おいしい。
い
けいようし 形容詞 いけいようし（イ形容詞）
na-Adjektive
べんり
これは べんり。
だ
これはべんりだ
これはらーめん これはらーめ
んだ
形容動詞 けいようどうし ナ形容詞 なけいようし
である だ で ある
である だ である だ
Position im Satz
Ein Subjekt beschreibend – am Ende des Satzes
さかなが おおきい。
Ein Wort beschreibend – vor Substantiven
おいしい らーめん。
な
べんり な ぺん。
Ein Verb beschreibend – vor Verben
い
く
はやく たべる。
に
きれいに たべる。
Wichtige Adjektive
いい 良いよい
よい
いい
い
きれい 綺麗
きらい 嫌い きら
う 嫌う
Kapitel 5 – Substantive
めいし 名詞
Keine Einzahl oder Mehrzahl
ペンが ある。
Mehrzahl-Endungen
～たち ～ら
ひと ひとたち
かれ かれら
ともだち ～たち
Position im Satz
わたしは ラーメンを たべる。
の
ドイツの ゲーム
Substantivierung von Verben
こと
たべることは すき
こと の
Substantiv-Verben
する
べんきょう する
する ダン
スする おどる
Kapitel 6 – Verneinung
Das Verb ない „nicht sein“
ない
～ない
わたしは にく を たべない。
ない い
ない
Verneinung von Verben
ru-Verben
～ない
る ない
たべる たべない
u-Verben
ない
いく ｋ いかない →
かう かわない う
かわる かわらない る
る
る
う→わ ない
Ausnahmen
ある
ある する くる
ない しない こない
Verneinung von Adjektiven
i-Adjektive
い く ～ない く
おいしい い→くない おいしくない
na-Adjektive
な じゃ ない
すき ＋じゃない すきじゃない
じゃない ではない
じゃ では
Verneinung von Substantiven
じゃ ない
これは にく じゃ ない。
じゃ
にくがない な
い
Kapitel 7 – Zeitformen
•
•
•
～ない
Allgemeine Gegenwart / Zukunft
わたしは さかなを たべる。
さかなは おいしい。
Vergangenheit ～た
た た
わたしは さかなを たべた。
い い
かった
さかなは おいしかった。
な だ である だった
さかなは きれいだった。
た-Form von Verben
る
る
る る→た たべる→たべた
う
る
つ
う→ った
る→ った
つ→った
あう→あった
ある→あった
たつ→たった
ぬ
む
ぶ
ぬ→んだ
む→んだ
ぶ→んだ
のむ→のんだ
あむ→あんだ
よぶ→よんだ
く
ぐ
く→いた
ぐ→いだ
かく→かいた
かぐ→かいだ
す す→した けす→けした
た
た けした た あっ
た た のんだ
た-Form von い-Adjektiven
い
い かった
い→かった おいしい
食べない
おいしかった
食べなかった
た-Form von な-Adjektiven und Substantiven
な
だった
＋だった きれい
さかな
きれいだった
さかなだった
Ausnahmen bei der た-Form
する くる
いく いく
いい よい
よかった
いく する くる いい
いった した きた よかった
た
んだ いだ
だ な
Verlaufsformen ～ている, ～ていた
いる
Verlaufsform Gegenwart
て
いる て た
わたしは りんごを たべている。
Verlaufsform Vergangenheit
いる いた
わたしは りんごを たべていた。
