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MITTEILUNGEN aus dem
MATHEM. SEMINAR GIESSEN
Herausgegeben von den Professoren
des Mathematischen Instituts der Universität Giessen
Geschäftsführung: D. Gaier, G. Pickert
Sonderdruck aus Heft 163
Coxeter - Festschrift
Teil I
GIESSEN 1984
SELBSTVERLAG DES MATHEMATISCHEN INSTITUTS ISSN 0373 - 8221 CODEN: MMUGAU
Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Duis- burg, 4100 Duisburg, Federal Republic of Germany
Department of Mathematics, Uiiversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Our investigation of prime ideals in right chain rings
has two different roots. During a classification of
Hjelmslev planes according to their ideal type [?I the
third author came across the following at that time
hypothetical case: a Hjelmslev ring with just two
proper ideals, namely the Jacobson radical J and (01, and
J* = J in contrast to the case of the well known uni-
form planes. Also the question about the existence of
a special Hjelmslev ring with few two-sided ideals was
left Open in a module classification by Osofsky [:I.
E s s e n t i a l i n both s i t u a t i o n s was t h e q u e s t i o n whether
i n cha in r i n g s t h e r e e x i s t prime i d e a l s which a r e n o t
comple te ly prime. For t h e i n t e r n a l unde r s t and ing o f
cha in r i n g s t h i s q u e s t i o n is c r u c i a l a s t h e s t r u c t u r e
of t h e l a t t i c e o f prime i d e a l s is c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o
t h e inva r i ance p r o p e r t i e s of t h e r i n g .
Recent ly Dubrovin c o n s t r u c t e d examples o f t h e type
above i n two Papers [ 4 , 5 ] which became t h e s t a r t i n g
p o i n t f o r [ I ] and t h i s a r t i c l e .
The f i r s t s e c t i o n c o n t a i n s some u s e f u l p re l imina ry
r e s u l t s and demonst ra tes t y p i c a l arguments f o r cha in
r i n g s . I n t h e fo l lowing s e c t i o n w e o b t a i n c r i t e r i a t o
dec ide whether c e r t a i n i d e a l s a r e comple te ly prime.
Moreover, it i s shown t h a t i n cha in r i n g s f i n i t e l y
genera ted non-zero prime i d e a l s a r e maximal, e i t h e r a s
comple te ly prime i d e a l s o r a s n o t comple te ly prime prime
i d e a l s . Sec t ion 3 i s devoted t o t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e
Segment between t w o prime i d e a l s . I t t u r n s o u t t h a t a
prime i d e a l which i s n o t comple te ly prime is always
c l o s e l y connected t o a comple te ly prime i d e a l .
Also, t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n o t comple te ly prime prime
i d e a l i m p l i e s s p e c i a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e l a t t i c e o f
r i g h t i d e a l s above it. I n s e c t i o n 4 w e Sketch t h e
arithmetic of not completely prime prime ideals, and
in section 5 we describe the Segment between a not
completely prime prime ideal and the next completely
prime ideal (or (0)) below it for chain rings. The
paper ends with a section in which we construct an
example of a not finitely generated not completely
prime prime ideal, using a result of Dubrovin [? I .
1. Preliminaries
All rings R are not necessarily commutative and
have a unit 1 E R. We denote by J(R) = J the Jacobson
radical; U(R) = U stands for the group of units.
DEFINITION 1.1: A & o c a t h i n g R i b c a l l e d neah.ty
b i m p l e i 6 J und (0) ahe t h e o n l y t w o b i d c d i d e a l b
0 6 R.
DEFINITION 1.2: A h i g h 2 c h a i n h i n g R i b a e i n g w i t h
aR 5 b~ o h b~ c aR doe any t w o e lementb a,b i n R. 16
d b 0 Ra _c Rb o h Rb c Ra h o l d 6 6oh a l l a,b E R, R i b
c a l l e d a c h a i n h i n g . A k i g h t c h a i n h i n g R i b a a i g h t
H j c l m b l e v h i n g (bomet imeb a d d i n e H j t?hd&V h i n g 1 i d
euch e l c m e n t i n J i b a t w o b i d e d Zeh0 d i v i b o h .
AnaCogoubly , we 6peak 0 6 a HjeerndLev h i n g (bomet imeb
p h o j e c t i v e H j e l m s l e v h i n g ) .
The following results will 'be used repeatedly
LEMMA 1.3: L e t R be a t i g h t c h a i n k i n g , a E R , r E J.
Then t h e k e e x i b t e tementb rl E U, r2 E J w i t h
r = r r = r2rl and r2a = ar ' 6oh bome r2' E R. 2
PROOF: If ra = ar2' we are done. Otherwise ras = a for
some s in J and ra(l+s) = (l+r)a. But r,s in J inplies
that (l+r)-' and (I+,)-' exist and (l+r)-lra = a(l+s)-I.
The lemma follows with rl = l+r, r2 = (l+r)-Ir.
COROLLARY 1.4: L e t R be a k i g h t c h a i n k i n g . Foh x,y
w i t h iix 5 yR we have RX 5 YR.
LEMMA 1.5: L e t 1 be a k i g h t i d e a l i n a i r i g h t c h a i n h i n g R ,
Then I1 = U uI i b t h e m i n i m a l t w o b i d e d i d e a L c o n t a i n i n g
I und I* = n UI i b t h e maximaL t w o b i d e d i d e a L c o n t a i n e d
i n I whehe U kUnb t h k o u g h U.
PROOF: by Lemma 1.3 we have I1 = RI. This is clearly
the minimal twosided ideal over I. Any twosided ideal
contained in I 1s contained in uI for every U E U.
That I2 is twosided follows from Lemma 1.3.
2. Prime ideals in right chain rings
DEFINITION 2.1: Let R be a h ing and P a h i g h t i d e a l .
( i] P i 6 c a l l e d comp le t e l y phime ( c . p . 60h b h a h t ] i 6
and a n l y 16 xy E P i m p t i e n X E P a h y E P.
( L i ] P L6 c a l t e d phime i 6 and onLy i d xRy S P i m p l i e h
X E P O I L Y E P .
In [gl it was proved that x2 E P implies X E P
is necessary and sufficient for a prime ideal P to
be completely prime. For right chain rings we even
have the following:
LEMMA 2.2: Let R be a h i g h t cha in h ing and P a twonided
i d e a l . Then tue have:
P i 6 a campLeteTy phime i d e a l i 6 and o n l q i 6 x2 E P
PROOF: If x,y are not in P and xy is in P we have either
X = ys or y = xs for some s in R. In the first case
xL = xys is in P and hence X in P. In the second case
we have y2 = yxs in P if yx is also in P and y in P
follows. This last assummption is always satisfied
since (yx)2 is in P.
With the following result we have a method at hand
to get completely prime ideals in right chain rings.
THEOREM 2.3: Let R be a k i g h t chain a i n g .
(i) Nonzeho i d e m p o t e n t i d e a l b ahe c o m p l e t e l y phime.
( i i ) l d I i b an i d e a l which i n no t n i l p o t e n t t h e n
n In i b a c o m p l c t e l y phime i d e a l .
( i i i ) 1 6 t E R i d no t n i l p o t e n t , t h e n P = $ t n ~ i b a
phime h i g h t i d e a l . Moheoveh,i6 P i b a t w o - b i d e d
i d e a l , t h e n P i b c o m p l e t e l y phime.
2 PROOF: (i) L e t (0) * I = I . Suppose a 6 I b u t a 2 E I.
2 Then I 5 aR and t h u s I = I2 5 a I 5 a R 5 I. Hence
I = a L ~ . But nonzero idempotent i d e a l s a r e never
f i n i t e l y gene ra t ed a s r i g h t i d e a l s . Th i s c o n t r a d i c t i o n
shows t h a t I i s c.p.
(ii) S e t P = f i In. I f t 4 P, then t h e r e e x i s t s n E IN n
2 wi th In 5 t R . Suppose t E P then we o b t a i n
i s idempotent and t h u s by ( i ) c . p . a s I is no t n i l p o t e n t .
(iii) For t h e f i r s t a s s e r t i o n it s u f f i c e s t o show t h a t
xRx 5 P i m p l i e s X E P. Suppose n o t , then t n ~ 5 xR f o r
some n , hence t 2 " ~ 5 t n x ~ 5 xRxR 5 P. But t2" 6 P ac
t i s n o t n i l p o t e n t , c o n t r a d i c t i o n . Now assume t h a t P
is a twos ided i d e a l . Le t X E R wi th x2 E P. I f x 6 P
then tn = xa f o r some n , where a xR because tn 4 P.
Hence X = a r f o r some r E JxP. Now f o r some m we have
2 tm = rs wi th s E R and t h u s tn+m = x a r s = X s E P - c o n t r a d i c t i o n .
REMARK 2 . 4 : I t i n easy t o phove t h e 6o t tow ing :
[i) 16 I i n an i d e a t 0 6 R , t h e n t h e h e i n no phime
i d e a t P w i t h n I" 5 P 4 I. n
[ L i ] 1 6 t E R t h e n t h e h e bn no compte teey phime i d e a l
P w i t h n t n ~ 5 P 5 t ~ . n
REMARK 2 . 5 : The exampte i n 1 4 1 ( 5 e e a tno n e c t i o n 6 )
nhown t h a t n t " ~ i n i v t genehat n o t a C . p . h i g h t i d e a t n
doh t E R n o t n i L p o t e n t .
3 . The i d e a l l a t t i c e between two neighbour prime i d e a l s
Let R be a r i g h t cha in r i n g and P 2 Q neighbour prime
i d e a l s , t h a t means t h e r e a r e no f u r t h e r prime i d e a l s
d i f f e r e n t from P , Q and l y i n g between P , Q. I f t h e r e
e x i s t s a twosided i d e a l I wi th P =I I 3 Q we g e t a
cha in o f twosided i d e a l s
n P = I = 1 ' a... = I =... =i l 1" = Q , h e n c e Q i s
comple te ly prime!
Cven more i s t r u e :
PROPOSITION 3.1 L Let R be a h i g h t chain h i n g , P = P 2
a comple t e lq phime i d e a l . Then
( i l Foh anq i d e a l I 5 P which i n n o t phime, P/I i n n o t
s i m p l e .
(ii] 1 6 P/Q i b no t d i m p l e , t h e n we have: ,$oh any
X E P\Q t h e h e e x i n t n an i d e a l I w i t h x R 5 I 5 P.
PROOF: ( i) Suppose I c P is a twosided i d e a l w i th P/ I * simple. Now l e t X , Y be i d e a l s o f R w i th XY 5 I . I f
X I and Y I , then we must have P 5 X and P 5 Y a s
P / I is simple. Hence P = p2 E XY _c I. Con t rad ic t ion .
Thus X 5 I o r Y I. But t h i s shows t h a t I i s a prime
i d e a l .
(ii) Suppose n o t , t h a t i s , f o r any i d e a l X w i th
Q 5 X 5 P w e have X g xR. S e t I = U X c x R c P $
X 4 R , XcxR
As R is a r i g h t cha in r i n g , I is an i d e a l 3f R and
Q 5 I a s P/Q i s n o t s imple . Now by ( i ) , P/I i s n o t
s imple , hence t h e r e e x i s t s an i d e a l I ' wi th I 5 I ' 5 P.
Moreover, by ou r assumption I ' 5 xR. But t h e n , by
d e f i n i t i o n o f I , I ' 5 I. Con t rad ic t ion . Thus t h e r e
must be an i d e a l I wi th xR 5 I 5 P.
COROLLARY 3.2: Let R be a h i g h t cha in h i n g , P , Q
neighbouh phime i d e a l n und P/Q n o t s i m p l e . Then doh
anq x E PxQ we have ll X"R = Q. n
2 PROOF: I f P + P , then f o r a n y X E P x Q w e h a v e
il xn:i n P" = Q w h e r e t h e l a s t equat ion f o l l o w s f r o m n - n t h e f a c t t h a t i! P" i s the m i n i m a l p r i m e ideal b e l o w P .
n M o r e o v e r , Q = f l P" i s a c o m p l e t e l y p r i m e i d e a l b y
n n
T h e o r e m 2 . 3 . T h e r e f o r e Q 5 X"R, h e n c e Q = i l X R. n n
2 T h u s w e c a n n o w a s s u m e P = P . L e t X E PxQ. B y
P r o p o s i t i o n 3.1 t h e r e ex i s t s an ideal I w i t h
x R I C P . H e n c e Il X"R 5 fl 1" and n 1" = Q , ac * n n
n 1" is t h e m i n i m a l p r i m e idea l b e l o w I . A g a i n , Q is n
a c o m p l e t e l y p r i m e idea l and t h u s w e also have
Q c n X"R. - n
Now w e t u r n o u r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e case w h e r e P / Q i s
s i m p l e . N o t e t h a t t h e r e are c h a i n r i ngs R c o n s t r u c t e d
b y M a t h i a k [ g ] and D u b r o v i n [ & I w i t h P = J and Q = ( 0 )
c o m p l e t e l y p r i m e , hence n e a r l y s i m p l e .
PROPOSITION 3 . 3 : L e t R b e a h i g h t c h a i n h i n g , A 5 B
2 i d e a L n o d R w i t h B/A h i m p l e . Lct X E BxA w i t h X $ A
und x R 9 B. Then t h e n e e x i o t o a u n i t U w i t h
n A 5 XR 5 " u x ) ~ R , i n p a h t i c u i ? a h aLoa A 5 Il ( x u ) R.
n n
PROOF: L e t X E BxA, U E U. I £ u x E x R , t hen ux2 E x R .
I £ X = u x w for s o m e W E R, w e consider t h e f o l l o w i n g
t w o cases:
(i) X =wq. Then uxL = uxwq = xq E xR. 2 2
(ii) W = xq. Theri X = uxw = ux q = ux(ux q)q =
( w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = (ux)"xqn for all n E W . Thus
Hence in this case A xR 5 n (ux)"~, and as A is a n
twosided ideal also A c n (xu)"~. But if this cace does 9 n
not occur we get ux2 E xR for any u E U and thus
2 Rx R 5 xR. By assumption x2 4 A and xR 9 B, hence
2 A s Rx R 5 xR c B contradicting the fact that B/A is
9
simple.
COROLLARY 3.4: Let R be a h i g h t c h a i n h i n g , P,Q neighbouh
pkime ideaLs w i t h P/Q s impLe . Then 6oh any X E PxQ t h e h e
e x i d t u n i t d u,v E U w i t h Q 5 xR 5 n (uxv)"~ and n
Q 5 n (XVU)~R. 16 Q 16 compLeteLy phime we can choose n
V = 1.
PROOF: First of all, note that p2 = P, since otherwise
P/Q is not simple. This implies that xR 5 P for any 2
X E P. If Q is c.p., then clearly X 4 Q for any X E PxQ. If Q is prime but not c.p., then for any
X E b Q there exists a unit V with (xv)~ 4 Q, since otherwise xRx 5 Q, contradicting the fact that Q is
prime. Now apply Proposition 3.3 to X or xv, respectively.
See Example 6.5 where this "ef fect' is "visualized".
The c a s e P/Q s imple is t h e normal s i t u a t i o n i f Q is
prime, b u t n o t comple te ly prime.
THEOREM 3.5: L e t R be a h i g h t c h a i n h i n g , Q a phime
i d e a l w h i c h i b n o t c o m p l e t e l y phime und P t h e i n t e h -
b e c t i o n 0 6 aLL c o m p l e t e t y ph imc i d e a t b c o n t a i n i n g Q.
2 Then P = P und t h e h e ahe no t w o b i d e d i d e a b between
P und Q d i d d e h e n t dhom t h o b e t w o i d e a l b . Moheoveh,
Q $ (0) impL ied Q' $ Q und Q i b n i l p o t e n t o h n Q" i d
compLeteLy ph ime.
PROOF: Le t I be a twosided i d e a l w i th Q 5 1 5 P. As
Q is prime, Q 5 f o r a l l n , hence Q ll 1". But n
ti 1" is a c .p . i d e a l by Theorem 2 .3 , hence n
2 P = ti 1" c I* I 5 P. T h i s i m p l i e s I = P and P = P .
n - The l a s t a s s e r t i o n fo l lows from Theorem 2.3.
W e n o t i c e t h a t non-completely prime prime i d e a l s a r e
always p a i r i n g wi th a comple te ly prime i d e a l .
The f i r s t example of a n o t comple te ly prime prime
i d e a l i n a cha in r i n g was g iven by Dubrovin [?I (see
s e c t i o n 6 I .
LEMMA 3.6: L e t R be a t i g h t c h a i n h i n g , P 3 Q n e i g h b o u h
phime i d e a e b und Q n o t c o m p l e t e l y ph ime. Fuh theh L e t
X E P\Q be n o t Q - n i e p o t e n t . Then Q 5 ti X"R. n
PROOF: As X is not Q-nilpotent, Q 5 il xnR. I£ Q = fl xnR, n n
then Theorem 2.3 (iii) would imply Q completely prime,
contradicting our assumption on Q.
It is natural to ask the following question:
PROBLEM: Let P/Q be b imple und Q comple t e l y phime.
Doeb t h e h e alwayb e x i n t an e lement X € P\Q w i t h
n X ~ R = Q? n
By Corollary 3.4 elements which are not Q-nilpotent
are "everywhere" between P and Q; the Same is true for
Q-nilpotent elements.
PROPOSITION 3.7: Let R be a i r ight cha in h i n g , P =I Q
ncighboua phime ideaeb und Q n o t comp le t e l y phime.
(i] Foh euch X E b Q e x i b t n a t Leas t one u n i t V w i t h
(xv12 E Q.
( L i ) Let X E P\Q be Q - n i l p a t e n t . 16 Q i b n i l p o f e n t ,
t h e n n X"R = {O). 1 4 Q i n n o t n i e p o t e n t , t h e n n
li xnR = ll Q" i b a compeete ly phime i d e a l . n n
PROOF: (i) Let X be in P\Q and Q = fl uxR, where U runs
through U, follows from Lemma 1.5. I£ xUx is contained
in P\Q we can conclude that Q is completely prime:
Let y be not in Q. Then there exists s E J, U E U with
ys = ux.
Let sl E U with s sy = sy' (Lemma 1.3). Using s, E U, 1
ux E P\Q and our assumption we have uxs ux = yss ys = 1 1 2 ys,sys = Y s's in P\Q and y2 is not in Q. Lenuna 2.2
shows that Q is completely prime. The contradiction
shows that our assumption xUx in m Q for X E is
wrong and proves statement (i).
(ii) If X is Q-nilpotent then n xnR 5 n Q". For n n
nilpotent Q the assertion is clear. I£ Q is not
nilpotent then n - Q" is a completely prime ideal. Now n
n X"R s n Q" would imply xmR 5 n Q" for some m, hence n n n - as n Q" is completely prime - X E n Q" 5 Q.
n n Contradiction. Thus n xnR = n Q".
n n
4. Arithmetic of not completely prime prime ideals
In the following, Q will always denote a prime ideal
which is not c.p., and P the minimal c.p. ideal
containing Q.
PROPOSITION 4.1: L e t R bc a a i g h t c h a i n h i n g . T h e n we
h a v e :
(ij L e t s 4 p . T h e n ts E Q i m p L i e s t E Q.
(ii) PQcQP.
PROOF: (i) As s 6 P, P 5 SR. Thus tP 5 tsR 5 Q.
NOW Q is prime and P & Q, hence t E Q. (ii) Set I = (X E. P ~ X Q 5 QP]. As Q is a twosided ideal.
so is I.
Obviously, Q 5 1 5 P. As W is simple (by Theorem 3.5)
we must have I = Q or I = P. Using Proposition 3.7 we
get X E P\Q with X' E Q. Now let z E Q. As R is a right
chain ring, z = xa for some a E R. By (i) a E P, hence
2 xz = X a E QP. Thus I = P.
COROLLAIlY 4.2: L e t R be a c h a i n h i n g . Then we h a v e :
( i ) L e t s $ P und st E Q, t h e n t E Q.
liil PQ = QP.
PROBLEM: 16 R i b a c h a i n h i n g , do we a lwayb h a v c
PQ f Q?
It seems that only under further conditions a
stronger result (see Proposition 4.5) can be obtained
for right chain rings.
First a general lemma:
LEMMA 4.3: L e t Q be a nonzeho i d e a l 0 4 a t 0ca . t h i n g R
w i t h Q = aR = Rb. Then we aL6o have Q = Ra = bR.
PROOF: There exist r,s E R with a = rb, b = as.
Hence a = ras = ar's for some r' E R, as ra E Q = aR.
If r's E J(R), then we must have a = 0, contradiction.
Hence r' s E U and so s E U. Similarly, r E U. So
aR = Rb = Rrb = Ra and bR = asR = aR = Rb.
PROPOSITION 4 . 4 : L e t R be a h i g h t c h a i n h i n g w h i c h i b
a domain und Q d i n i t e l y geneha ted ab l e d t und h i g h t
i d e a l . Then s t E Q , s q P i m p l i c n t E Q.
PROOF: By Lemma 4 . 4 there e x i s t s q E R w i t h Q = q R = Rq.
A s P i s c o m p l e t e l y p r i m e , s t E Q E P i m p l i e s t E P . By
3.7 w e can a s s u m e t h a t t2 E Q. T h e r e ex i s t s r E R s u c h
t h a t s t = rq, b e c a u s e s t E Q = Rq. Now s u p p o s e t 4 Q.
T h e n q = t a f o r s o m e a E P and qa = bq for s o m e b E R.
Now sq = s t a = rqa = rbq a n d as R i s a d o m a i n t h i s
i m p l i e s s = rb , so b 4 P . H e n c e , s t = r b t = rq, so
q = b t . T h u s q2 = b t t a = bcqa f o r s o m e C E R, as t2 E Q,
a n d w e get q2 = bcbq, hence q = bcb. S i n c e b 4 P , b y
4 .1 ( i ) w e obtain bc E Q. So bc = qd for s o m e d E R.
T h e r e f o r e q = qdb and t h u s 1 = db. B u t n o w t = dbt =
dq E Q. C o n t r a d i c t i o n .
I n c h a i n r i n g s p r i m e ideals are " s e l d o m " f i n i t e l y
generated :
THEOREM 4.5: L e t R be a c h a i n h i n g , P a phime i d e a l 0 6
R. 16 P i b d i n i t e l y g e n e t a t e d ab h i g h t i d e a l , we have
one od t h e d o l l o w i n g b i t u a t i o n b :
i i l P = ( 0 )
( L i ) P = J und P = R a = a R doh bome a E R
( i i i ] P L6 t h e maximal phime i d e a l be low J, P i b n o t
c o m p l e t e l y ph ime und P = R a = a R doh bome a € R.
PROOF: Assume 0 * P * J and P = aR. Let X E J\P. Then
there exists r E J with a = rx. I£ P is c.p. then r = as
for some s, hence a = asx and sx E J implies a = 0,
contradiction. Thus P is not completely prime. Now let
Q be the minimal prime ideal above P; this is c.p. by
Theorem 3.5. Suppose Q * J. Let X E J\Q. Then a = rx
for some r E R. By Proposition 4.l(i), r E P, say r = as.
But now a = asx and sx E J implies a = 0 - contradiction.
Thus Q = J. It remains to show P = Ra if P + 0. Clearly, Ra E aR. If ar $ Ra for some r E R, then a = sar for
some s E J. For P = J s = at for some t E R and hence
a = atar. As tar E J this implies a = 0. Contradiction.
I£ P * J, the above and Proposition 4.l(ii) gives sa E aJ, say sa = at with t E J. Now a = atr with tr E J
again implies a = 0. Contradiction.
REMARKS 4.6: ( U ) T h i n theohem i n n o t t t u e doh h i g h 2
c h a i n t i n g o [ I ] .
( 6 ) I n S e c t i o n 6 we b h a e t d iocubn a n exampee doh
b i t u a t i o n ( i i i ) g i v e n by Dubhov in 151.
( C ) The phood above nhown: i6 J = aR i n a e e d t c h a i n
h i n g , t h e n aebo J = Ra.
5. Investigation of Q/n Q" n
It is plausible that the fact that there are no
ideals between a not completely prime prime ideal Q
and the minimal completely prime ideal P containing
Q has consequences for other parts of the ideal lattice,
in particular for the following Segment. Ac the
Situation for chain rings is much clearer we restrict
ourselves to this class of rings. First an observation:
LEMMA 5 . 1 : Let R be a h i g h t chain h ing , Q pkime but not
c omp le t e l y phime, P t h e minimal comple t e l y phime i d e a l
OVeh Q.
( i ) Foh any a E Q thehe ahf? x,y E P\Q w i t h
aR 5 xyR 5 Q. 2 ( L i ) 1 d X, y ahe i n P\Q w i t h xy E Q, t h e n xy E Q\Q L6
Q~ * (0).
PROOF: (i) By Proposition 3.7 there exists X E P\Q
with xL E Q. NOW if a E Q then a = xy for some y E P
by 4.1. If y 6 Q we are done. So we can assume y E Q. But then y = xs for some s E J and we obtain
2 2 aR = xyR = X SR 5 X R with X E PLQ.
(ii) Suppose xy = ab with a,b E Q. Then a = Xi for
some r E R, and xy = xrb. Now y - rb 4 Q as y 4 Q but b E Q. Hence Q* _c xQ - c x(y-rb)Q = (0). Contradiction.
LEMMA 5 .2 : Let R be a n i g h t cha in n i n g , I a non-zeno
i d e a l . Then t h e dollowing a t e e q u i u a l e n t :
l i l I l b n o t d i n i t e l y gene ta t ed ah h i g h t i d e a l .
(ii) I = IJ
PROOF: I f I i s f i n i t e l y g e n e r a t e d as r i g h t i d e a l , s a y
I = qR, t hen obv ious ly q $ q J = IJ. So ( i i ) i m p l i e s ( i ) . I f
I is n o t f i n i t e l y gene ra t ed a s r i g h t i d e a l , t a k e a E I.
Then t h e r e e x i s t s b E I w i t h aR 5 bR, hence a = b s w i t h
s E J. Thus a E IJ.
PROPOSITION 5.3: Let R Je a chain t i n g , Q a n o t
comp le t c l y ptime ptime i d e a l w i t h J t h e minimal
comp le t e l y pnime i d e a l con ta in ing Q . 16 i i b a twonided
i d e a l w i t h Qn c 1 c Q"-I o t (0) c I c Qn-' w i t h maximal
n , t h e n one 0 6 t h e 6ollowing h o l d s :
n- 1 (il I = Q J
(ii] I = SR w i t h Js 5 sJ = Q" 05 JS = sJ = ( 0 ) .
PROOF: We can assume t h a t Q" = ( 0 ) . Suppose I Q"-'J.
n- 1 Then t h e r e e x i s t s a E Q JNI w i t h a J I , s i n c e i f
aJ 5 I f o r a i l a E Q"-'J-I we would g e t I ( Q n - ' J ) J =
Qn- 1 J - c o n t r a d i c t i o n . Now t h e r i g h t a n n i h i l a t o r
o f I i s a twos ided i d e a l w i t h Q 5 1' 5 J. By
Theorem 3.5 w e g e t ir = Q o r = J.
CASE 1: = Q. Let b E Q"-'J\I. AS I ~b c Q"-' we
have Q 5 ( Q n - l ) I c - ( ~ b ) ~ c - Ir = Q, hence Q = ( ~ b ) ' = Ir.
2 Now l e t X E J q . By 3.7 t h e r e e x i s t s U E U wi th (xu) E Q.
I f a x 4 I , t h e n a l s o axu 4 I and by t h e above
Q = ( ~ a x u ) ~ . Thus axuxu = 0 s i n c e ( x u ) ~ E Q = ( ~ a ) ~ ,
b u t xu f Q. Con t rad ic t ion . Hence a x E I f o r any X E J\Q
and s o aJ 5 I 5 aR which i m p l i e s I = a J , c o n t r a d i c t i n g
t h e cho ice o f a .
CASE 2 : Ir = J. Suppose I is n o t f i n i t e l y gene ra t ed a s
r i g h t i d e a l . Le t 0 $ r E I , t h e n t h e r e e x i s t s s E I wi th
r R 5 SR, hence r = st wi th t E J and t h u s r = 0 ,
c o n t r a d i c t i o n . The re fo re I i s f i n i t e l y gene ra t ed a s
r i g h t i d e a l , s a y I = SR, and, of Course, SJ = ( 0 ) . I n
p a r t i c u l a r , t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t f o r U E U w e have us = SV
wi th a u n i t V. Le t X E J\Q. Then t h e r e e x i s t s a u n i t
W E U w i th (xw12 E Q. I f x s = s y wi th y E U , t h e n
xwxws E s U , c o n t r a d i c t i n g t h e f a c t t h a t Qs = (0). Thus
J S 5 SJ .
R E ~ ~ A R K : We h a v e u b e d t h e d a c t t h a t R i b a C e d t c h a i n
h i n g o n l y t o g e t I c R a c Qn-'. 1 t L6 p o b b i b t e t o
h e w h i t e t h e p a o o d 6 0 a b t o U b e t h i a d a c t a t a n o t h e h
p o i n t b u t w e c o u L d n o t g e t a i d 0 6 t h i b a b b u m p t i o n .
COROLLARY 5.4: 1 6 Q i n d i n i t e e y gcneitated an t i g h t
i d e a l , then aiiy i d e a l n Qn 5 I 5 Q i h 0 6 t h e dotm n
i Qi oa Q J.
PROOF: I f Q is f i n i t e l y g e n e r a t e d as r i g h t i d e a l , t h e n
i s o is e v e r y Q and hence Q~ $ Q ~ J . But by P r o p o s i t i o n
5 .3 t h e e x i s t e n c e o f an i d e a l which is n o t o f t h e form
k Qn o r Q ~ J i m p l i e s Qk = SJ = sJ2 = Q J f o r some k ,
c o n t r a d i c t i o n .
I f we assume t h a t Q is f i n i t e l y g e n e r a t e d as l e f t i d e a l
w e can g e t a more g e n e r a l r e s u l t even f o r a r i g h t c h a i n r i n g :
PROPOSITION 5.5: Let R be a t i g h t chain hing, Q a ptime
i d e a l which i n not comple te ly ptime und P t h e minimal
comple te ty phime i d e a l containing Q. 1 6 Q i h 6 i n i t e l y
genehated as l e d t i d e a l then thehe i d no twonided i d e a l
i wi th an F I 5 Qn-'p 6ok any n E N .
PROOF: Suppose I i s an i d e a l w i t h Qn F I s Qn-'P. Let $
L = ( X E P ~ Q " - ' X 5 11. Then L is an i d e a l o f R and
n- 1 Q c L _ c P . By Theorem 3.5 L = Q o r L = P. As 1 5 Q P
w e o b t a i n L = Q. Ac Q is f i n i t e l y g e n e r a t e d a s l e f t
i d e a l , Q = Rq f o r some q E R. Now q n - ' ~ : I s i n c e
o t h e r w i s e Qn-'P = R ~ ~ - ' P 5 I. Le t z E l \Qn . Then
n- 1 n- 1 z = qn-lr w i t h r E P w . Hence Q r = Rq r = Rz 5 I ,
and by d e f i n i t i o n o f L, r E L = Q. C o n t r a d i c t i o n .
6 . Examples
In 111 t h e concept of r i n g s with weak decomposition
proper ty was in t roduced which was i n a modified form
a l ready i n [z]. Before we w i l l Sketch it f o r t h e Spec ia l
case of chain r i n g s w e s t a t e some d e f i n i t i o n s . Let T be
+ a group. A m u l t i p l i c a t i v e semigroup r i s c a l l e d a
genera l i zed p o s i t i v e cone i n i', i f a E Tkr+ impl ies
- 1 + a E T + , and r ll (r'1-l = { I } . Then a l e f t o r d e r i s
def ined by S e t t i n g a SE B ( a Sr ß, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) i f
a - l ß E I'+ (ßa-' E r+, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . With t h i s d e f i n i t i o n
we ge t :
a S, ß impl ies ya SE yß f o r a l l y E T
a s ß impl ies ay Ir ßy f o r a l l Y E I'. r
Then r i s a l s o s a i d t o be a l e f t - ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , r i g h t - )
ordered group ( see Conrad [? I ) .
The fol lowing d e f i n i t i o n s a r e r e c a l l e d from [Al.
DEFINITION 6.1: L e t r b c a ghoup w i t h g e n c h a L i z e d p 0 b i t i V e + c o n e r+. A h i n g R i b d a i d t o b e a s ~ o c i a t e d w i t h ( r , r ) , i d
+ t h e h e i b a monomohphibm 0 6 r i n t o t h e m u L t i p L i c a t i v e
monoid 0 6 t h e h i n g R, b u c h t h a t doh a n y r E W(O} t h e h e + e x i b t cx,, a 2 E r w i t h r R = u ( a l ) R und R r = Rv(a2) und
b u c h t h a t u ( r + ~ { l } ) ~ J(R).
This is Dubrovins's definition (note that in [z] the last condition is inadvertently omitted) whereas the
weak decomposition property defined in [I] is more general.
Before we shall describe the ideal structure of R
by means of semigroups we require some notations.
DEFINITION 6.2: L e t be a ghoup w i t h g e n e h a l i z e d
+ + p o b i t i v e conc r . A bubbe t n 5 r i b a h i g h t l t w o n i d e d
i d e a l od r i d 60h a l l a E n, ß E r+ : uB E n (aß,Ba E n
An i d e a l R 0 6 r+ i b c a t l c d phime i 6 boh any i d e a t n
$ , J i of r+, Q Ji _c n i m p t i e o ip 5 aor$ 5 n .
An i d e a l $2 0 6 r+ i b cornpLetety phime 1c.p. i d 60h any
a,B E r+ aß E R i m p l i e n u E 0 O J L ß E R.
PROPOSITION 6.3. [?I L e t r , r + , R,.v be ao i n O c d i n i t i o n
+ 6 . 1 . Fok any h i g h t i d e a l Q i n r d e d i n c
Gcni={r E Rlr=p(g)s 6on.aome g E n, s E R} = v(R)R.
Then L i b a b i j e c t i o n dh0m t h e b e t 0 6 a i g h t i d e a l b 0 6
r+ i n t o t h e b e t od non-zeho h i g h t i d e a l * 0 6 R, w h i c h
phebehveb i n c l u ~ i o n . Moheoveh, i 6 ( n ) i n an i d e a l o 6 R, +
th-en 3 i b a n - i d e a l - 06 r . - - - - - - -
PROPOSITION 6.4: L e t t h e n o t a t i o n be ab i n P h o p o b i t i o n
6 . 3 .
+ (i) 1 6 $2 i h a phime i d e a l 0 6 r , t h e n P(n) i s a
phime i d e a L 0 6 R.
(ii) 1 6 $2 i n a c . p . i d e a l 0 6 r+ und G(Q) i 6 a two-
- s i d e d i d e a l 0 6 R, t h e n p ( f i ) i n a c . p . i d e a l 0 6
R. Con~ehb'2Ly, i 6 ( $ 2 ) i b a c . p . i d e a l 0 6 R , t h e n +
R i n LX c .p . i d e a L 0 6 r . liii I $2 i b a 6 i n i t e L y genehated i d e a l o 6 r+ i 6 und o n l y
i d ;($2) i b a d i n i t c l y genehated i d e a l 0 6 R.
PZOOF: Straightforward. --
EXAAPLE 6.5: In [i] Dubhouin conbthuctb a hing R
abnocia ted w i t h a h ight -ohdehed ghoup buch t h a t R i s
neah ly -n imp le w i t h no zeho-d lu ibohb. N O W wc Want t o
denchibe t h e " h e i g h t " 0 6 t h e i n t e h b e c t i o n h i g h t i d e a l b
r l X"R, 6 0 h t h e sabe 0 6 b i m p l i c i t y we hen th i cR ouhbeLveb n
t o eLementb X = v i a ) . Howeueh, u can be i n t e h p h e t e d U 6
an a66ine t i n e a h 6unc t ion on Q w i t h t + at + b
lnee [LI I . To n i m p l i 6 y ouh n o t a t i o n we i d e n i i d y X w i t h a . +
Then a E i 6 a ( ~ ) 2 E 6oh a chosen i h h a t i o n a t numbeh E .
A nhoh: computa t ion bhowb
pn = (t + ant + (an-' + an-' + ... + t ) b )
CASE 1: 0 a < 1 und ae t b > E . Then lim (t + a t + b ) " 1 n-. -
= (t -. - b ) 1 -a
Thub 6oh evehy phOpeh h i g h t i d e a l yR we can 6 ind
b u i t a b l e a , b A U C ~ t h a t yR 5 n X"R, whehe n
X = p ( t -D a t + b ) .
CASE 2 : 1 < a und a ( ~ ) = aE + b > E . S e t 6 = a ( e )
8y i n d u c t i o n , a n ( € ) - E = (an-' + an-2 + ... + 1
hence l i m a n ( € ) = W. Thib meanb t h a t 6oh X = ~ ( a n+ -
tue haue n X"R = (0). n
It is obvious t h a t e lements o f t h e above t y p e s a r e
on every " l e v e l " i n t h e l a t t i c e of i d e a l s .
I n t h e fo l lowing we w i l l S t a r t from a c o n s t r u c t i o n
given by Dubrovin [I], and us ing t h i s w e w i l l o h t a i n a
cha in r i n g which h a s a prime i d e a l which i s n o t
comple te ly prime and n o t f i n i t e l y gene ra t ed . Let
2 L = <y;x i , i E N lxiy xi = y,xi+' 2 yxI+, = xi f o r a l l i E N > .
L i s a r igh t -o rde red group wi th p o s i t i v e cone Q, which
i s t h e monoid gene ra t ed by y and a l l xi , i E N (See 151).
S e t G = LxZ. Then P = [ ( x , z ) l x E Q o r x = 1 and z E N ~ }
is a p o s i t i v e cone f o r G , which induces t h e
l e x i c o g r a p h i c a l o r d e r on G. For an i d z a l S of Q, d e f i n e
s") = ( ( g , z ) E p l g E S , z E z } , t h i s i s an i d e a l o f P.
LEMMA 6 . 6 : Le t S be an i d e a l 0 6 Q.
i i) S i 6 a phime i d e a l 0 6 Q i 6 und o n l y i 6 s") i b a
phime i d e a l 0 6 P.
i i i l S i b a c .p . ideccl 0 6 Q i b find c n l y i d s") i b a
c . p . i d e a l 0 6 P.
PROOF : Straishtf orward
PROPOSITION 6.7: Let K be a d i e l d . Then KG i 6 embeddable
i n t o a d i v i d i o n hing D , und t h e h e e x i b t d a chain h ing R
i n D which conta inb KP and i b abbocia ted w i t h G .
PROOF: KG is embeddable into a division ring, since KL is
embeddable into a division ring and G/L = 2. The second
assertion follows from [ 5 , Theorem 11.
PROPOSITIOIJ 6.8: Theke e x i b t b a phime i d e a l i n R which i b
n o t c .p . and which i n n o t d i n i t e l y genehated an h i g h t
i d e a l .
3 PROOF: Set S = y Q. This is a priae ideal which is not
c.p. [?I. Hence Stl) is a prime ideal which is not c.p..
AS y3 E Z(L), (y3,0) E =(G), hence (y3,0) E Z(R).
Thus ! ( S ( ' ) ) = li(s('))~ is a prime ideal of R which is
not c.p., where is the monomorphism of P into R
according to Proposition 6.7. Moreover , S ( ' ) is not
finitely generated as right ideal. To see this, suppose
s " ) = (g,n)P for some (g,n) E P, g * 1. Now
3 (y ,n-1) E C('), hence there exists (h,m) E P with
(y3,n-~) = (gh, n+m).
1 This implies m < 0 and y3 = gh with h * 1 . Thus
3 4 y Q, so ( g , n ) E (g ,n)P C ( ' ) . Therefore, E ( s ( ~ ) )
i s not f i n i t e l y generated a s r i g h t i d e a l by Proposition
6 . 4 .
I REMARK 6 . 9 : The m i n i m a l c o m p l e t e l y pk ime i d e a l a b o v e T - - p ( ~ ( ' ) ) i b n o t J . To bee t h i b , n o t e t h a t we haue a n
i n e l u b i o n 8' ' ) (1 .2)P ~kf1) 0 6 W o d i d e d i d e a l b 0 6 P
w h i e h i n d u e e a a n i f i c l u d i o n E 1 ~ " ) ) ~ ( ( 1 . 2 ) ~ ) 5 u(Ph(11) = J 0 6 t w o b i d e d i d e a l b 0 6 R b i n e c ( 1 . 2 ) E z ( R ) ~
h c n c r by Theonem I . 5 J i b n o t t h e m i n i m a l c . p . i d e a l 1 o u e x i i ( s ( ' ) ) .
I 1 No te , t h a t t h i b d a c t a l b o i n p l i e b t h a t ~ ( 5 " ) ) i b
n o t d i n i t e l y geneha ted ab h i g h t i d e a l . L - - - - -
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