49-201.inddeographical Society Vol. 49, No. 2 April 2014
Volume 49, Number 2 (Series No. 161), April 2014 49 2 ( 161) 2014. 4
Special Issue: Political Geography of Industrial Complex Development
Relations between the State and the Local in the Construction of Masan Export Processing Zone ....................................................................................................Bae-Gyoon Park · Young Jin Choi ( 113 )
Political Geography of Ulsan Oil Refinery ......................................Dong-Wan Gimm · Min-Ho Kim ( 139 )
Re-interpretation on the Making of the Guro Exporting Industrial Complex ..............Sehoon Chang ( 160 )
The Historical Background of the Development of Changwon Industrial Complex: A Geopolitical Economy Approach ................................................................................................. Young Jin Choi ( 178 )
Articles
A Critical Review on Setting up the Concept, Timing and Mechanism of Tertiary Tilted Flexural Mode of the Korean Peninsula: A new hypothesis derived from plate tectonics ........................................................................................................... Jaeryul Shin · Sangill Hwang ( 200 )
Implication of the Ratio of Exchangeable Cations in Mountain Wetlands ......................................................................Young Ho Shin · Sung Hwan Kim · Hosahang Rhew ( 221 )
Study on the Vulnerability Regarding High Temperature Related Mortality in Korea .....................................Jihoon Jung · In-Gyum Kim · Dae-Geun Lee · Jinho Shin · Baek-Jo Kim ( 245 )
An Identification of Project Sites for Lowering Carbon Emissions and Saving Forests in DPR Korea ..................................................................................................... Oh Seok Kim · Yeo-Chang Youn ( 264 )
Delineating CBD and Subcentres and Detecting Specialized Areas in that Central Places of Seoul .....................................................................................................................................Mincheol Seo ( 275 )
Urban Redevelopment, Displacement and Anti-Gentrification Movements ............ Seon Young Lee ( 299 )
Linking Toponym Database with Digital Map Database .....................................................................................Jinmu Choi · Min Jun Kim · Don Gon Choi ( 310 )
- .........................· ( 113 )
, .............................................· ( 139 )
........................................................................... ( 160 )

‘ 3 ’ , , :
...............................................................· ( 200 )
......................................·· ( 221 )
........................................................................···· ( 245 )
..........................· ( 264 )
............................................................... ( 275 )
, , ................................................................... ( 299 )
DB DB ....................·· ( 310 )
- 113 -
-
*·**
Relations between the State and the Local in the Construction of Masan Export Processing Zone
Bae-Gyoon Park* · Young Jin Choi**
:
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Abstract : Despite the growing numbers of regional problems (e.g. conf licts between the state and localities, inter-local conflicts, etc.) associated with the state-led develomental projects, the Korean social sciences have been unable to offer satisfying explanations and solutions to the regional problems. This is mainly because the existing works, which have been taken captured by the assumptions of “methodological nationalism”, significantly lack the socio-spatial understandings of the state actions and the relations between the state and localities, thereby seeing the issues of regional development mainly in terms of either the economic efficiency defined at the national scale, or the plan rationality of the national bureaucrats. With this problem orientation in mind, this paper aims to explore the ways in which the state and localities are interacting, conflicting and negotiating with one another through the mediation of the state-led developmental projects. Focusing on the developmental processes of Masan Export Processing Zone from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, it examines the multi-scalar processes through which the state-led industrial complex developmental processes have been inf luenced by the complex and dynamic interactions among social forces and actors acting at diverse geographical scales (e.g. the global, national, local, urban, etc.). This analysis shows that the regional policies of the Korean developmental state were
2011 ( ) (NRF- 2011-330-B00209). * (Professor, Department of Geography Education, Seoul National University), geopbg@snu.ac.kr ** (Ph.D. Student, Department of Geography Education, Seoul National University), knew-
life2006@gmail.com
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more heavily inf luenced by the interactions, contestations, and collaborations among social forces and actors, acting in and through the state, at various geographical scales, rather than by the economic and techno-bureaucratic rationality.
Key Words : developmental state, multi-scalar approach, methodological nationalism, Masan Export Processing Zone, industrial complex
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- 138 -
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59.
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, 2013, “ ,” ·
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, , 290-326.
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, 8(2), 46-52.
, 14(2), 51-90.
,”
, 38, 25-40.
: 1960~70,
- ,
.
, .
and the Rescaling of Statehood, Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Coe, N, M., Kelly, P, F., Yeung, H, W, C., 2007, Economic
Geography: A Contemporary Introduction, Oxford:
Blackwell.
Jessop, B., 1990, State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in
its Place, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Markusen, A, R. and Park, S, O., 1991, The State as In-
dustrial Locator and District Builder: The Case
of Changwon, South Korea, Economic Geography,
69(2), 157-181.
1999, Second Tier Cities: Rapid Growth beyond the
Metropolis, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press.
(: geopbg@snu.
raphy Education, College of Education, Seoul National
University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-748, Ko-
rea (e-mail: geopbg@snu.ac.kr, phone: +82-2-880-7721)
2014. 4. 5
2014. 4. 17
2014. 4. 22
*·**
Dong-Wan Gimm* · Min-Ho Kim**
: 1960~70 .
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, 15
. Van Fleet ,

. ,
,
.
: , , , ,
Abstract : This study problematizes the dominance of developmental state theory and its negative inf luences in the field of Korean studies, in particular, dealing with the industrialization during the developmental era, 1960s~70s. As is generally known, the theory has been in a position of unchallenged authority on the industrialization experience of East Asian countries, including South Korea. However, at the same time, it has also misled us into overlooking strategic relations that had articulated the state forms at multiple scales. This study aims to reconstruct the historical contexts by the theorizing prompted by recent work on state space. I shed light on the multiscalar strategic relations that had shaped the Ulsan refinery plant as a representative state space of the South Korean industrialization during two decades after liberation. Specifically, the study illustrates the features and roles of Cold War networks and multiscalr agnets such as Nam Goong-Yeon. By identifying the plant as a result of sequential articulations between Ulsan and other scales, this study concludes by suggesting to reframing the strategic relational spaces, beyond the view of methodological nationalism, in the perspective of multiscalar approach.
Key Words : Cold War network, multiscalar politics, political geography, energy space, Ulsan
2011 ( ) (NRF-2011- 330-B00209). * (Researcher, Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University), dw.gimm@gmail.
com ** (Master’s Student, Department of Sociology, Seoul National University), lowbudget@naver.com
- 140 -
?
,

. ,
,
``
``
. ‘’(developmental state
theory).
, ,
. ()
,
.
, ``
`` (au-
tonomy) (capacity) (Johnson, 1982;
, 1986; , 2001).
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,
(, 2011, 139-145). ,
.

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``
(Evans, 1995).

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()

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(scale) . 20

, “ ”(territorial trap)(Agnew, 1994)
.

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-(methodological
,
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.
.
.

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,
- 141 -
.
“”
. ,


.

.
.
(2012)
.
(1998)

“”() .
.
(2008, 52-53) 1970
,
“
”
.

,
.
10
(Brenner, 2004; Gimm, 2013; Ooster-
lynck, 2010; , 2012).
(methodological nationalism)

, .


. ,
,
1962
.

.
2)
. , 1960 (
, 2005; , 2008)``1
5 ``
(, 2003) ,
(
, 2013a). ,


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, 1948
,

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1963
.

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1
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- 142 -
,
.

2
. , --

(multiscalar agent)(Gimm, 2013)
.
8 James A. Van
Fleet
.
3)

2
. ,


. (http://
newslibrary.naver.com)
(http://theme.archives.go.
,
.
(http://nanet.go.kr)
shall Foundation Library( GCFML) Van
Fleet Papers. Van Fleet 1950

Van Fleet ,
.

.
, ,
2
2.
1)
(state space theory)(Brenner,
·(), 2000) Lefe-
bvre(1991) ,
.

(ensemble)(·
(
·(), 2000, 308).
(self-referential system)
.
(structural coupling)
(strategic coordination)
.
.
,
(·(), 2000, 488-499).

.
, -
.

,
.
- 143 -

() ,
.


. Brenner(2004)
.
“ ”
. Brenner(2004, 9)
,

(nested) .
Brenner(2004)

.

.

,
,
(Gimm, 2013; Oosterlynck, 2010).
(heuristic) .
“ ”
,
.
.

.

,
.


.
.

.
.
,
, ,
,
1). 20
,

`` ``
.
Lefebvre(2009, 237-238)
.
, , , , ,

,

. ,
Foucault
((), 2011). Foucault
.
,
, ,
. 17~8
, 20 `
`Lefebvre ``, ,

. ,
(technostruc-
ture) ·
.2)
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. 20
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- 144 -
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1964``
``
(Texas Oil Company), (Standard Oil of New
Jersey), (Royal Dutch Shell) .


, 1970 , ,
.

.
,
,
,
,
.


(multi-scalar agent) .

,
,

(Gimm, 2013, 1151).


. 1960

‘ ’
(inter-national)
. Geo-political economy
. ,

,

. University of British Columbia
Jim Glassmann
,
,
(Glassman, 1999; 2005; 2011).
,

. (inter-
national)

.

.
1960 .

, .

, 10
.
1963 ,
.

,
.
, ,

,
.
(1945~1950)
. ,
, 2
.
,

(, 1989,
183).
5 “ ”5)

‘’ , 1945 12
15 Petroleum
Distribution Agency(PDA) .
Standard Vacuum Oil6), Texas Oil Cor-
poration7), Rising Sun Oil Co.8) 20
.

PDA
(, 1989).
, 27 ‘
’ .9)
“


”
( ).

, . ,
PDA “
” , “
”
.
,
, .10)
.
, .
.11) 1949 6 ,
6,
5

.12) 1949 6

13), 10 1
14), 12 17
. ,
1950 1 , 3

.15)
16)
.
,
- 146 -
,
.
2)

.
UN
.
17)


(, 2012, 86). . 1955
,
,
1955 / KOSCO
() ,
(, 1989, 204).
1950 ·

, .
1948 12 10
.
(ECA)
, 1 4
(Korea Oil Storage Corporation, KOSCO)

. KOSCO
, , PDA
.18) ,
, ·
.
3
.19)
“


.
.”(3 6)
.
/ KOSCO
, /

.20) KOSCO
/ , ,
,
.
1964 .
.
.
, KOSCO
. .
1953 CEBRAG( )
.21)
, 1954
9 17 KOSCO .

.22) 12 2
,

.
1955 3 25
.
.23)
•
.
- 147 -
.
FOA(Foreign Operation Administration)
,
. 50


(, 1989, 199-202). 50
,

.

.
3) 1950
1962 :
.24)
. 1958
,
,
KOSCO .25) 40

.
1958 ‘’
.26) 7
, (
( ), ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ), ( )
.27)

.
. <
, 27 .
27 ,28) 1
3 500
500 1960 2 2 .29)
(Gulf Oil) 8
,30)
.
4.19
,

.
. 4.19
,
.31) 1961 3

2
.32)
,
, ,
(, 1989, 210).
1 ,
5.16 .

.33) ,
1964 1 5
,

.


.34) .

. 62 1 12

.35)
1
. 3,

.36)
- 148 -
243
,
”, “
,
,
5
5
(, )
”(, 1961; , 1989, 211-212
)
.
USOM , ,
1962 1 12
.37)
,

.38)
. 39)
25~30%
.

.40) 19
James S. Killen USOM( )
, ,
,

.41) 3 2 3
(ESSO)
42) .43)
1,600 , 35 60
1 35,000 BBL
(, 1967, 82).
·, 8 21
9
. 8 23
1
1 6 2
5 , 9 10
(, 1993, 37).
,

.
6 .
1963 6 18
, Fluor``
``
.
1963 12 .
4)

.
,
. ,
·
,

. ,
.
, 1950
.

. , .
.
() .

. ,
,
. , .

. ,
- 149 -
,

. ,
. KOSCO
,
.
()
.
1950
, 1963
.
Fluor,

.
,
. 1961

, ,
.
?
:
1) , 2)
8 James A.
Van Fleet, 3) --
.

1) ()

. (1)

GARIOA(Government and Relief in Occupied Area)
(2)
EROA(Economic Rehabilitation in Oc-
, ,

,
. EROA , , ,
,
(, 2002, 68-69).
,

.
1950

.
. ()
, ()
.
,
(,
2005, 188). 1950
. “
”

(, 2011, 246).
. 1956 7
Walter C. Dowling 10

,
(, 2002, 219).
’ . 59
(ECA, Economic Cooperation Administration)

. .
.
“
” (
, 2004, 172-173).
1957 3 8,200 ,
1959 . 1961
1 9,900 1958
, 1965 .44)
1950
, 1961
(Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961)
.45)
,
.

.
.
UNKRA (1954)

50

. ,


. 1950

, , ,

.46) 1950 ,


,

. ``
UNKRA 1953
``
.

.

.
,
8
James A. Van Fleet. 1892
Coytesville .
,
(1948~49) 8
(1951~53).

.

.
8 Van Fleet
,
.47) Van Fleet 1953 2 8
,
() .
9 , 1954 51

.
Van Fleet
.
Van Fleet ,
48) , 1950
Van Fleet .

- 151 -
1956 1959
.
KOSCO 1955
Van Fleet ,
. Van Fleet Parsons cor-
poration Ralph M. Parsons
, ,

ICA .49)
1956 1 Parsons
Neil Durkee
5 .50)
,

. Van Fleet American
Independent Oil Company51), SOCAL(Standard Oil
Co. of California)52), Standard Vacuum ,
JP. Morgan, Marine Midland Trust Company
,

.53)
,
,
,
KOSCO
.
1956 12 Van Fleet
William Whiteford .
,
Parsons .54) ICA
Parsons
. 1957 2 25 Van Fleet
R. M.
Bartlett
, .

1957 11 7
,
. Van Fleet
,

.55)
. .
5.16 . Van Fleet
1960
. ,

((),
.
,
62 2
,
(Socony Mobil) .
.
, 1963 6
. Van Fleet
.
.
1975 SEC(Securities and Exchange Com-
mission, ) 63
Herbert
Goodman 1963
``
`` (SEC, 1975, 97).
``Van
Fleet ``

(SEC, 1975, 96).
.
,
(Ku-
wait Oil Company)
(SEC, 1975, 96),

.

- 152 -
.
,
Van Fleet `` `
` .
1962 4 3 Universal Oil
Product(UOP) ,56) 6 20
.57)
.
10 17
Flour .58)
Van Fleet
Flour ,59) Flour

.60)

.
, 8

. Van Fleet
. 1950

,
.

. Van Fleet

.
,

. ,
, , ,
.


.
3) , :
, ,


(Gimm, 2013).
, ,
(terri-
torialized) ,
()
.
5.16 ‘
’ .
, , , ,
, 11 2
.61)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(, 1987, 125-
126).
, ,

. “
”

(, 1995, 23).
“ ”
.
“ ,

”
.62)
- 153 -
,

(, 2008).

,
, , 3
,

.
.
1955
.63)
1958.
.
,
.
, .
1963
.
70% ,

. ,
, , , ,
“ ”
(structured coherence)(Harvey, 2001) ,
``
``
.
1961 5.16

.

.

1961
,
,64)

,
.
.
3. 62
62
1
,
.65)

(, 1986). 5.16

,
(,
2008). 1954
1955
, 1957 () ()
. 1962 160
,
(, 2007, 33).


.
,

, Van Fleet

.
,
,

. ,
. 1964 1

.66)
- 154 -
.

,
,


. .
,

.

,

. 1963

.


. 1962
, / /
.

.

.
1950
, 50

. 1950 60

.
,

/
. 2

,
.
.

.
, , Van Fleet

.

.
.
“”(who)
?
. “”
, .

. ,

.
,
.
()
,

.
,

(contingent necessity)(·
(), 2000).

- 155 -
.
,
.

,
.

1) 2010
() 7.62% , 1971
51.75%, 1981 61.6%
(
·, 2012, 18).
1, 2
(·
, 2012, 12).
(2013b) .
(2008) .
4) “Seven Sisters” 1940 1970
, ,
, (Time, 1978 9
11, “Business: The Seven Sisters Still Rule”.
, 2014 3 20).
.
•Anglo-Persian Oil Company ( BP),
•Gulf Oil, Standard Oil of California(Socal), Texaco ( 3 Chevron ),
•Royal Dutch Shell, •Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), Standard Oil Com-
pany of New York (Socony) ( Exxonobil)
5) , 5, ‘ ’, 1945 12 15, http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/gazette/
viewGazetteDetail.do?gazetteEventId=0028535103&actio nType=keyword. (, 2014 3 20)
6) Standard Vacuum 1933 Standard Oil of New Jersey Socony Vacuum .
SONJ
,
Socony Vacuum 50:50 (Falola and Genova, 2005, 30).
KOSCO
.
California Texas Oil Company Limited(CALTEX)
. Texas Oil 1959 Texaco Incorporated
(Falola and Genova, 2005, 34).
8) Shell .
9) 1, 121, 1948 12 4, 11-14.
10)
,
.

80% ,
20% .
(2012)
.
11) “


.



.” ( ()
() (), , 1949. 12. 6.)
12) (
) () (),
13) () (
14) ()()
(), , 1949.
12. 20. .
,
.
16)

. (1989, 196-197) ‘
’(,
, 1954. 11, 13)
, 6 16
, Topping ( :
) . 1950 6 16 “ ”

- 156 -
.
,
Shell . (1989, 185) KOSCO
Standard, Caltex, Shell 3
, Texas Standard , Rising Sun Shell
Caltex .

3 KOSCO ( 7, 8, 9 )
19) () (2),
20) .
,
. (
() (
21) ()() (),
22) (), , 1954.
24) () ()(
25) (), , 1958.
27) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. . .

(1959) (1989, 206-207) .
28) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. .
29) () (),
, 1960. 2. 24. .
30) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, March 30, 1960, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
32) (), , 1961. 3. 23. .
33) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
34) () ()
35) ()(), ,
36) (2012) .
37) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
38) USOM
5
,
1
. 1962
( 37 Airgram ).
39) .
40) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 23, 1962, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
41) , 1 9 AID(
) Fowler Hamilton
5 , Killen
, 1 20
,
.
42) Esso .
43) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Feburary 9, 1962, “Oil Refinery”, U.S. Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-
63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
44) (2006, 76-77) .
45) 1960

, 50 33.8%
- 157 -
,
21.8% 7.3% 26.6%
.


(,
2006, 76).
.

,
,
.
, Van Fleet
. Braim((),
Van Fleet ,
.
48)
Van Fleet , .

, , ,
.
.
49) 1955 11 3 Van Fleet .
50) 1956 1 2 1956 5 25 Van Fleet
.
51) American Independent Oil Company
- “Neutral Zone”
.
1948 (Vassiliou,
2009, 44).
52) Socal Texaco .
53) 1956 6 28, 7 3, 10 21 Van Fleet
.
54) 1957 1 12 Van Fleet .
ICA Wil- liam Warne Parsons ,
Parsons
. 50
OEC (EBASCO)
. 1956
7 . Warne
,
(
() ()
Parsons ICA
.
55) 1959 4 27 Van Fleet

.
57) () 2.4() (),
, 1962. 7. 31, .
58) <()>()
(), , 1962. 10. 18, .
59) Letter from Van Fleet to Yoo Chang Soon, 21 September 1962, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, August 1962-September 1962,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GC- MFL.
60) Letter from Dieter to Van Fleet, 9 July 1963, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, February 1963-July 1963,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GCMFL.
61) ()(), , 1961. 11.
2, .
7 .
11. 9. .
, 2012. 1. 9. .
65) “ ”,
, 2012. 2. 6.
,

. (() () (

21, 11, 134-173.
,” ·(), 2005,
1950~1960
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1960 , :
.
:
,” , 29, 148-175.
, 2013a, “ ”, ·
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, : , 126-167.
, 2013b, “ ,” , 44, 129-
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,” , 13(1), 173-215.
,” , 23(1), 87-
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,” , 27, 81-130.
, 2004, “1960 ,”
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, .
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, 2008, “ ,”
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Re-interpretation on the Making of the Guro Exporting Industrial Complex
Sehoon Chang*
: 1960
. .
,
. .
,
. 1970 ,
.
.
: , ,
Abstract : The Guro Exporting Industrial Complex has become a core of success story of Korean economy in 1960s. Re-examining the making process of Guro Complex, this paper intends to disclose the real and fictional aspects of this myth. For this purpose, this study tries to inquire into this process which is divided as dimensions of conception, execution and evaluation from a view of political sociology. Its results are as follows: The making of Guro Complex was not propelled by the state unilaterally, but passed through the process of conflicts and conciliations among various social forces such as state, business groups and local communities etc. As this complex was built on the basis of state’s full supports, it is difficult to conclude it as a case of ‘parasitic industrialization’. And in spite of its ostensible success, it is difficult to evaluate that its original goal which means a building of the bonded exporting complex with Japanese Koreans’ investment was accomplished. Therefore it is needed to discover its whole aspect from the comprehensive perspective, not to be enchanted by its official results.
Key Words : Exporting Industrial Complex, Developmental State, Japanese Koreans
2011 ( ) (NRF- 2011-330-B00209). * (Professor, Department of Sociology, Dong-A University), changsh@donga.ac.kr
- 161 -


.



. ‘
’


.
1960

. 1970
.

1960-70
.

.

,
.
1960

.

()
(, 2010; , 1978).



.

,

.
(, 2012; , 2008).
,


.

,
.

‘ ’
,
, ,

.
,
,
.
.
1960
‘ ’(
, 2006).

1970
, 1960


.
,

,
.
(, 1998; , 1994;
- 162 -


.
·
,
.

.
.

,
,

.
,
, ‘
’ .

,
.


.
,

(Weber, 1981; Evans, Rueschemeyer & Skocpol,
1985; Saunders, 1980; Logan & Molotch, 1987; Mo-
lotch, 1976; Jonas & Wilson, 1999).

.
·
,
(
, 2004 ).


.


.

(, public interest),
(, communal interest),
(, private interest)
(, 2003),

.

,

,1)


.
,
.

.
,
(conception), (execution),
(evaluation)
.
‘’ ,


. ,

.

.

- 163 -

1960
1
.
,


.
‘’

.
,

, 1960 ·

.
1) ‘ ’

1 5
, ‘ ’
.


(,
2011, 374-377; , 2002). 1950
2)

,
,
.

,
‘
’ .
.


, ,
.


,
(
, 2008, 178-184).


.3)

.


.
· (,
1999).

,

.
.
,
(, 1988; , 2003, 105-113).
,
- 164 -

,4)

(, 2008, 186,
273-275; , 2010; , 2006).
‘ ’
,
.
2) ‘ ’
200 .

, · ,
·
(
, 2009; , 2012, 423-433;
, 2005, 60-61).
, , ,


, , , , ,
,
.5)
. ,
, ,
(,
2008, 64-90).


. 1950

, 1958

. 1953-56

, 1961 12
61

(, 1982;

,6)

.
,

,

(, 2005, 74).


,
.
.
‘ ’
.
‘
(turning point)’ ,

.
,
(
, 2003; , 1967.4.29.).7)


.
‘ ’ ‘
’ .
,

- 165 -
(, 1960.12.11.).
,
.

,8)

.
.


.9)

,
.
,
. 1962
·
,

. ·

,

.

(
, 1962; , 1962; , 2003, 94-95).
‘ ’
,
.

,
1957
. 1960

(, 1977).

(multi-scalar agent) 10) . 1963


. ,
,
,
,


(,
1977, 250-267).


.
1963 3 · 300

(, 1963.3.7.).
( )
.




(, 1982, 195).
’, ‘ ’

(, 1963.6.24.).
- 166 -

,
(, 2003, 183; , 1963.5.3.; 1963.7.11.;
, 1963.8.30.). 1963 8
‘
’ .

,
‘ ’
,
(,
, ,

.


.
,

.


,

.
1965 3 1

(, 1994, 234).
,
.

·
(1966).

(1968),
,11) 1970
·
(, 1994, 236;
,
.

1963 10

.

. 1963
11
() .
,
, .


,
(,
, 1964 8

,12)

- 167 -
() 1964 9
,

.
1963

, .

,
. 1963
,

(, 1963.7.11.),
.
, ,
,
, 1964 10


(, 1994, 149-155).13) 1
1966



,
(,
1966.8.18.).14)
,

.
2) -()

.
1965 4
1964 12 .


.
.
- 168 -

,
, (21 7 )
90% . 14
13 5 ,
6 ,
7 5
.


(
, 1994, 178-183; , 1997, 417-418).

.

.
1942 ‘
’
,
,
.
,
1950 6
.

2-3
.15)

.
.

,
(
, 2008, 369-371).
1961 9



.16)
1963 10 .
. 2

.17)



.
,
.

,
,
.
, 1964 4
,
.



.

, . 4
1968
(, 1968.3.20).
4 1968
.


. 1968 3

42
‘’
- 169 -
.

1970
‘
’ , “

” (
, 2008, 400-402).
,
68 ·
.

,
.



.



.18)
200
143
,
41 (, 1970.7.8.;
, 1970.7.15.). 1984 14
, ‘
’ ,
12 , 1 , 2
15 , 25
.
1989

(, 2011.9.4.).

, .
,
,
,
(
, 2008).

(, 2010.8.31.;
2013.5.6.).



.
‘
’ .

‘ ’
.
,


. ,
,

.
‘’
.
- 170 -


,
.

,
,
.
, ,

.

1960
‘ ’.

(, 2006; ,
2012; , 1976). 1960
,

.
,
.
1964
30
. 1963

20
.
, 1 1
, 4
.

(, 2012,
232-233). 1965
10 15
( 1 ).
31
.
2/3 18
( 1 ). , 1966 10
100
, 1967
18 12
478 263
(, 1966.10.26.;
. 1967 ,

,
5 8
1. 1 : 1965-1967 (: )
1965 1966 1967

10 8 4 4 4 0 4 22 4 18 5 6 5 1 5 0 5 16 5 11 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2
15 14 9 5 11 0 11 40 9 31
* : , 1994, 184.
5 ,
18 13, 10
4
(, 1967).

, 1967
(, 1994,
,
.
2, 3

.
1
, 2
.
‘ ’


.


.19)


.20)
.


,
(, 2005, 76;
.
,

(, 1963.3.11.).

(,
1960.12.11.; , 1964.1.27).
, ·
.
.

,
.
·
.

.
2) ,
1971 1
10 10%
. 1980 18 7
31%
10% .
‘’

.
25
40%
,

(, 2012, 233).
.

- 172 -


1/4
.
,

(, 1970.7.9.).21)

14 100
. 1967 500
,
250 ,
112 (
, 1994). 1968 500
668 , 2
1969 3,106 , 1970 5,735
(, 1997,
436).
. 1971
1 (3, 4)
. 1980
10% 6
,
.
,
. 1970

. 1966 1
, 20
.
1-2 64 4
, 10 40%
(, 1970.7.9.).
.



,
.

.22) 1978

.23)
‘ ’ ‘
’ .

,

.


.
1966
(
, 1996, 169-170).
·
.

.24)
1960
,
.

,

(, 1998, 49-54; ,
1966.3.10).
- 173 -
,
·
.
1967 , ,
, 1968 ·
.25)
1970 , ,
.
,
,
‘
’
(60 ,
2010, 151-152).
.
26)

.

,
.

,
.27)
,

.

.
1974 396
251 63%
, 276 136 , 56

(, 1971.6.11.; , 1974.2.27.).

. , 1973
‘
’ ,
,
.
,

, ‘
’ .
6.

,
.

.
,

. ‘
’

,

. ‘ ’


.


,
.
‘ ’
- 174 -


.
,
, 1960


.
1960 1970
, 1960
.
1960

.



, , ‘
’
.

,
10 .


,

.


.

.
2) 1950 84%,
72% . 1957 3 8
1964 1 5
(, 2012, 448).
3) 1956 1962

, 1962 1 7 , 1 3,900
(, 2002).
, 1962-65
1 5 (·
, 1993).
103 1959
170 (4,700 ) .
1/4 43 (1,200 )
(, 1962).
6) 4.19 ·

. 1962-63
2,569 , 1961
1
(, 2005, 193-199).
()
(, 1994, 49).
8)
,
. 1962 2
‘’

,
(, 2005, 66-
68).
’ ‘’.

“ ”
(·, 2014),
- 175 -
10) , ,
( ‘(scale)’)
(Gimm, 2013 ).
11) 1 2 2 3
, 1964 1,157
1972 8 4
.
3
3
(, 1994, 390;
, 1964.3.12., 1964.11.9.; , 1970.6.30.).
12) 1970
.
‘’
(, 1963.7.11.),
.
(,
1994, 197).
15) ,
150% 30% 5
. 1953.5.6.

23

. 1953.12.13.

(
, 2008, 382).
16) 600
(1,200 ), 275(1,100 )
1962 8 , 2,352
196 .

, ‘ ’
(, 1962.3.26.).

‘’ (, 1963.7.11.).
17) 226 9
.

(MBC, 2006).

,
, ‘ ’
(, 2010,
330; , 2005, 200-202; , 1977, 279-280).
20)
,

(
, 2003, 170-171).

1971 79 , 290
(, 1997, 436).
22) 1968 7 ‘
’
40%
(, 1968.7.8.).

,
.
23) 1975 12

, 1978

,
, (
, 1994).
1967 5-6

(, 1967.6.14.).
1 1
10 .
26) 50% 10
,
.
,
‘ ’
,
- 176 -

,

, ‘’.

· , 1981, , ,
(Weber, Max, 1956, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft,
Studienausgabe).
, .
,” , 5.
(Logan, John & Harvey Molotch, 1987, Urban
Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place, Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley).
( 67-937).
, .
1970 ,” ,
25, 41-79.
,” , 58, 419-470.
, 1996, : 2
, , .
, 1962, “ 5 ,”
, 4.
, , ,” , 95,
5-35.
, 5(2), 141-187.
, 97, 349-396.
.
,”
, 56, 110-137.
, 14(2), 51-90.
(1963-1987),” , 85, 223-261.
, 1977, 50, 20
, .
,” (),
, , .
63, 65-97.
, 2005,
279.
5 .
.
, .
,” .
·, 2014, “
,” .
( ), 2008, :
- 177 -
, .
, , .
, 1982, 20, 1962-
1982, , .
(eds.), 1985, Bringing the State Back In, Oxford
Univ. Press, New York.
1961–71”, International Journal of Urban and Re-
gional Research, 37(4), 1147-1167.
Machine: Critical Perspectives, Two Decades Later,
State Univ. of New York, Albany.
Molotch, Harvey, 1976, The City as a Growth Machine:
Toward a Political Economy, American Journal of
Sociology, 82.
pretations, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth.
(: changsh@
ogy, College of Social Sciences, 225 Gudukro, Seo-Gu,
Busan 602-760, Korea (e-mail: changsh@donga.ac.kr,
phone: +82-51-200-8648)
*
The Historical Background of the Development of Changwon Industrial Complex: A Geopolitical Economy Approach
Young Jin Choi*
: 1973 ‘’ ‘’
, 1960-70 ,
. 1960
3. , 60
. , 60
73 . , ‘4’
.
,
.
: , , , ,
Abstract : Changwon Industrial Complex is commonly framed as the best example of strong initiative of the Korean developmental state. And this explanation has been given in the theoretical frame of ‘neo- Weberian accounts’ i.e., strongly ‘national-territorial’ and state-centric terms of the predominant. I argue that a geopolitical economy approach focusing on the historical background of the development of Changwon Industrial Complex will shed light on crucial sociospatial dimensions of the Korean developmental state’s industrial complex success. I examine, in particular, the multi-scalar processes through which the changes of the industrial complex building plans for the promotion of machine industry in 1960’s have been inf luenced by the complex and dynamic interactions among social actors acting at diverse geographical scales. I show that the formation of the industrial complex in Korea was more heavily influenced by the interactions, contestations, and collaborations among social actors, acting in and through the state, rather than by the state initiative.
Key Words : geopolitical economy approach, multi-scalar approach, strategic-relational approach, methodological nationalism, Changwon Industrial Complex,
* (Ph.D. Student, Department of Geography Education, Seoul National University), knewlife@snu.ac.kr
- 179 -
1.
(,
1992, 1; , 1990, 220) .
70
‘ ’
(, 1973; ·, 1999, 27-
80),
(, 1999, 220; Markusen and Park,
1993) .

.
, ,






. ,
.
1962
,

, . 1973
,
. 60



,

,
.
. (1980, 30)
, ,
,
(, 1996;
, 1999).



. ,
1970

.
, ,
60 , 60


. 60 , ,

,
, 60

.

60
.
1960
,


.
(, ,
)
,
.
,
,
1960
- 180 -

,

.
73 ‘’ 60


.
,
,

.
1960-70

1)
(Glassman and Choi,
2014) .
,

‘
(methodological nationalism)’(Brenner, 2004,
‘ ’(Glass-
man and Choi, 2014; , 2013, 16).

. ,

(Smith, 1993; Swyngedouw, 1997; Brenner, 2001;
Marston, 2000)

--
. ,
,


(Jessop,1990; , 2013) ,

.

‘ /’
, , ,
/
.

,

.

(embeddedness)
. ,

.

.



,

.
,

,

,
. 60 70 -

, , ,



.
- 181 -

.
,


.

,


.
,
, .

,
.
60
. , 60

73
. ,
70 ‘4 ’

.
,


.


’(, 1967; , 1964; ,
1967).


. 1967~69 , , , ,
,

(
, 1998, 49; , 1966).

2).
1966
.
,
,
.

.

. 1966
97%
46% ,
58.7% (
1967, 80).
(1967, 78-79)
.
- 182 -

.
,



.”

. 1966 1 ‘
’
,
, ,

1. - 1 ()
: , 1967, “ ,” , 2(11), 85.
1. (: km2)

1 1.7 1.3 3 , , ,
2 0.89 0.89 ,
3 3.95 2.40 6.35 ,
4 0.37 0.24 0.61
6.02 4.83 10.85
: , 1967, 84.
(, 1966 1).


.
40
, ,
.
50
1, 2
, 3,
4 .

. 1966
1 1,
3, 4,
2
. 67
1
.
.

1960
.

. 1962 4
(, 1962.4.13).

(
1962.4.9).
(, 1966.7.14).

.
,
,

.
2.
: , 1966, “ ”(1966/12/4).
1: ,
3: , ,
5 3 ‘
’ ,
60 40
(, 1967.9.22).
40
50 .


(, 1967.12.30).
6
(, 1968(2),
4).
(,
1968(9), 9-11),


(, 1968.8.9).

A.T. Kearney
‘ ’ 3) . A.T. Kear-
ney
,
(
, 1968(9), 9-11) .


(, 1968.
8.13). ,


.


.
(, , )

(1969.2.
13-19) .
,

, ,


, 1
.

4) .


.
,
1
2. (: )

1 21,000 411,000 502,000 ,
2 200,000 200,000 , , ,
3 1,273,000 726,000 1,999,000 , , , , ,
4 113,000 72,000 185,000
5 100,000 100,000
,
, ,
,
,
() , .




.
2
.
, (Free
Trade Zone)
.
.
1969 2 ‘
1 ’
.
, McRegor
& Werner
, .

.
( ,
1969.6.17; 1969.6.19; 1970.3.3).
‘’(1969.7.2)
.

. 2
( , 1973)
3.
.
,

73
.
1973
‘ ’
. , 1
, ,
3
.
73

.



.
,


1973
.
3. 1960 :
. 1965 1
‘
’ 1,500
, ‘
’ ‘
’
. 67 2 ,
3
‘’5) (
, 1989, 96-98).
( , 2008).

(, 2008, 80-

(, 2001, 13; 2008, 48;
2010, 57-58),

( , 2008).


.
.
23(1929)
500 1935

.
1962 3,100 , 215
( 860) (,

.

,
(, 1961.4.19).
“ ”
. 1 5
- 187 -


. 1

,
5
(, 1962.4.2),
(
, 6,000~7,000

5,000
(, 1962.4.13).
3
(, 1962.9.27),

(, 1962.6.9).
.
. ,
6)

()
(, 1964.4.2)

3. 1967 9 (: )
: = 6,000, = 6,000, = 12,000, : = 14,000, = 14,000, = 28,000, : = 4,000, = 4,000
4.
1 (1962 4)
300, 5,000 .
.
3,650, 250, 264
.
.
3 (1967 9)
4,000, 800, 4,800 50%
.
4 (1968 2)
630, 1,000, 1,600, 1,000
4,200 55% .
.
()

.
37%, 63% .
30% .
- 188 -

1966 8
.


.
67 1 1 69 2
(, 1966.8.18).
40
4,800( 4,000, 800)
1 2
4,800 50%

50%
(, 1967.9.22).
.
, 55%
45%
,
(, 1968(2), 4).

. 2
,
3
. 3
, ()
, 6
. , A.T.Kearney


(, 1986, 11). A.T.Kearney

,
,
,
(
, 1986, 72).
$10,130,500 .
1,187 $3,807,100 37% ,
2,708 $6,323,400 63%
.
,

. 30%

. ,


.


,
.

,


. A.T.Kearney

. ,
,

.


.
- 189 -
2) :

A.T.Kearney

1968 8 .

. ,

(, 1964.4.2;
(, 1965, 5),

(, 1968.8.9) .
.

.

,
.

(, 2008, 80-83)

,
, .


,


.


.

.

.

.



.
“
. …
“

. 3
”
(, 1962.4.13).
… .

,

D/A()

.


.…
4, 5

,
.…



(, 1962.4.13 ).
- 190 -

,
…


.



.
,


(, 1968.2.12).



.

3,650
(, 1966.8.6).

,

5,000

.
( ,
1965, 5, ).


.


.
7) . 1962
8)
(, 1967.4.12).
, ,
,
,
( ,
1964; 1966; 1967).
.
1966 8
3 .
7 13 ,
,
(, 1966.8.10).
AID
(, 1967.2.27),
‘
’ (, 1968.4.26).

5

.
- 191 -

“

” 9)(, 1968;
, 1968, 67(8)). 68
9 14.3%
.



(, 1968).


.

.
152,500



.
.
10)

.

.

1968.4.29).
. “100 1

”(, 1968.5.2) .

,
,



.
(, 1968).
7, 330 70
66,000 , 68
7
(, 1968.5.21). 5
, ,
, 2 ,
6 , 1

. 4


3
. ,
.
(, 2002, 23-25).

.


- 192 -

.
, (USAID),

.
,

5.

1966. 6.
(
)

.
(A.T.Kearney )
USOM
.
1968. 10.
1969. 2.


. ( )
, , .