Auster Paul

7/28/2019 Auster Paul

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A ppe nd ix

Co l l e c t e d P a u l A us t e r : A n A nno ta t e d B ib l iog r a phy

I n t r oduc t ion

My a im in t h i s p r o j e c t i s t o c o l l e c t a l l ma te r i a l s a va i l a b l e , so t ha t t he

s tudy o f P a u l A us t e r f r om e ve r y pe r spe c t ive w ou ld be pos s ib l e . T he

r e sou r c e s f o r t h i s p r o j e c t a r e ML AI B , b ib l i og r a ph ie s by Ca r s t e n S p r inge r a nd

W i l l i a m D r e n t t e l , a nd o the r r e sou r c e s . S inc e t he r e ha s be e n no s a t i s f a c to r y

a nno ta t e d b ib l iog r a phy o f t he A us t e r s tudy , my p r o j e c t w ou ld be ne f i t a nyone

w ho i s go ing to s tudy h i s w or k .

W ha t f o l l ow s c ons i s t s o f t e n pa r t s : poe t r y , p l a ys , nove l s ,

a u tob iog r a ph ic a l w r i t i ngs , f i lm sc r ip t s , e s sa ys a nd o the r c on t r ibu t ions t o

p e r io d i c a l s , a n d in t e r v i e w s a s p r i ma r y s ou r ce s , b i b l i og r a ph i e s , a c a de mi c

a r t i c l e s a nd r e v i e w s a s s e c onda r y sou r c e s . Be c a use o f my l i ngu i s t i c i na b i l i t y ,

I c ou ld o f f e r a nno ta t i ons on ly t o E ng l i sh ma te r i a l s . Ma te r i a l s i n o the r

l a ngua ge s , mos t ly i n F r e nc h , a r e g ive n on ly b ib l iog r a ph ic a l i n f o r ma t ion .

S inc e t he r e a r e c ons ide r a b l e numbe r o f e s sa ys i n F r e nc h , t o r e a d the m w ou ld

b e e s s e n t i a l t a sk f o r t he s t udy o f P a u l A us t e r. I a l s o omi t t e d a r t i c l e s t ha t

me r e ly o f f e r ge ne r a l b iog r a phy o f A us t e r , a nd r e v i e w s o f c omme r c i a l

p u r p os e .

T he F i r s t impor t a n t e s sa y on P a u l A us t e r s f i c t i on i s A l i son Russe l l s

D e c ons t r uc t ing The New York Tr i logy : P a u l A us t e r s A n t i - D e te c t ive

F ic t i on , w h ic h a ppe a r e d in 1990 . I t o r i e n t e d the ma jo r t r e nd o f A us t e r

c r i t i c i sm in t he 1990s : The New York Tr i logy , d e c ons t r uc t ion , a nd

a n t i - de t e c t ive f i c t i on . A s w e c a n s e e i n t h i s b ib l iog r a phy , t he s tudy o f P a u l


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Fujii 2

A us te r ha s c onc e n t r a t e d in h i s T r i logy , e spe c i a l l y i n C i ty o f G lass . Mos t o f

t he e s sa ys on the T r i logy d i sc us s i t a s a n e xa mple o f pos tmode r n

a n t i - de t e c t ive nove l , w h ic h de c ons t r uc t s t he c onve n t ions o f t r a d i t i ona l

de t e c t ive f i c t i on , a nd p l a c e s A us t e r a mong o the r pos tmode r n w r i t e r suc h a s

T homa s P ync hon a nd D on D e L i l lo . O the r e s sa ys a l so d i s c us s h i s w or k f r om

p os t mo de r n p e r sp e c t i v e s : i n t e r t e x t ua l i t y, q ue s t i o n o f a u t ho r s h i p , l i ngu i s t i c

inve s t iga t ion , a nd que s t ion o f i de n t i t y . O the r pe r spe c t ive s , suc h a s h i s

r e l a t i onsh ip w i th J e w i sh w r i t i ng o r t he i n f lue nc e o f F r e nc h w r i t e r s , ha ve no t

b e e n f u l l y u ne xp lo r e d .

U n l ike The New York Tr i logy , h i s r e c e n t nove l s , f i lms , a nd

a u tob iog r a ph ic a l w r i t i ngs a s w e l l a s h i s poe t r y i n t he 1970s a r e ye t t o be

a na lyz e d . I t w ou ld be t he ne x t t a sk f o r t he A us t e r s tudy to p l a c e t hose w or ks ,

w h ic h a r e a s impor t a n t a s t he T r i logy , i n t he f a sc ina t ing w or l d o f P a u l A us t e r .

T he r e a r e ma ny pos s ib i l i t i e s t o be e xp lo r e d in t he study o f h i s w or k . A f t e r

a l l , t he s tudy o f P a u l A us t e r ha s j u s t be gun .


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L is t o f A bbr e v ia t i ons

Ams t Ame r i k as t ud i e n : A mer i c an St u d i e s

C onL C on te mporary L i t e ra ture

E J ES Europ e an J ou rn a l o f En g l i sh St ud ie s

J MML A J ou rn a l o f Mi dw e s t Mo de r n La ng uag e As so c i a t i on

L I T L i t e ra t ure I n t e r pre ta t io n T he o ry

Ma gL i t t Ma ga z i ne L i t t e ra i re

MFS Mo de r n F i c t i on St ud i e s

R CF R ev i e w o f C on t e mpo ra ry F i c t i on

R EAL Th e Ye a rboo k o f re s e arc h in En g l i sh an d Ame r ic a n

L i t e ra t u re

R FEA Re v ue Fra nc a i s e d E tu de s Ame r i c a i ne s


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P r ima r y S ou r c e s

a ) P oe t r y

[ 1 ] Se le c t e d Poe ms . L ondon : F a be r , 1988 .

Re p r oduc e s t he c on te n t s o f D i sa pp e ara nc e s : Se l e c t e d P oe ms

1970- 1979 , w h ic h w a s i n t u r n c u l l e d f r om the f o l low ing books ,

p r e v io us ly pu b l i s he d i n U S A : Une ar th ( 1974 ) , Wall Wri t ing ( 1976 ) ,

Fragme n t s f rom C o ld ( 1977 ) , Whi te Spac e s ( 1980 ) , Fac ing the Mus ic

( 1980 ) .

b ) P l ays

[ 1 ] L au re l a nd Hardy Go to He av e n . Han d t o Mou t h . N e w Yor k : H o l t , 1997 :

133 - 171 .

T w o me n , L a u r e l a nd H a r dy , bu i ld a s tone w a l l a s t he i r da i ly t a sk ,

a c c o r d ing to t he o r de r s ha nde d to t he m. T he i r na me s a r e t a ke n f r om the

c ome d ia n duo in t he 1920s . T he ide a o f bu i ld ing a huge s tone w a l l i s

r e min i sc e n t o f K a f k a s T he G r e a t Wa l l o f Ch ina a nd a l so a ppe a r s i n

subse que n t nove l s , I n th e Co un t r y o f L as t T h i ngs a nd T he Mus ic o f

C hanc e .

[ 2 ] B l ac k ou t s . Han d to Mo u t h . N e w Yor k : H o l t , 1 997 . 172 - 194 .

Blue , a p r iva t e e ye , c ome s to B la c k s o f f i c e a nd t e l l s h im the s to r y o f

h i s t a i l i ng a nd w a tc h in g a w r i t e r f o r s e ve r a l ye a r s . G r e e n , a n o ld ma n ,

r e c o r ds t he c onve r sa t ion be tw e e n the m. T he ba s i c s to r y a nd the

p r o t a g on i s t s na me a r e s ame a s t ho se o f Ghos t s .


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[ 3 ] H id e a nd Se e k. Ha nd t o Mo u t h . N e w Yor k : H o l t , 199 7 . 195 - 214 .

A ma n a nd a w oma n , e a c h s t a nd ing in a box w i th a g l a s s l e s s w indow

a nd a pa i r o f c u r t a in s , e xc ha nge a bs t r a c t c onve r sa t ions : a bou t t he c o lo r

o f b lue , t he i r pa s t , t he w a l l s t ha t e nc lo se t he m. T he a u tho r s l i ngu i s t i c

c onc e r n i s p r omine n t . O ne o f t he r e ma r ks o f t he w oma n c o r r e sponds t o

a pa s sa ge in I n t he C o un t r y o f La s t T h i n gs .

c ) N ove l s

[ 1 ] C i ty o f G lass . 1985 . The New York Tr i logy . L ondon : F a be r , 1987 . 1 - 132 .

T he f i r s t vo lume o f t he T r i logy . Q u inn , a de t e c t ive w r i t e r , ha ppe ns t o

t a ke a r e a l de t e c t ive s j ob a s P a u l A us t e r t o he lp P e t e r S t i l lma n J r . ,

a nd be g in s t o t a i l P e t e r S t i l lma n S r . , w ho c onduc te d a l i ngu i s t i c

e xpe r ime n t on h i s son a nd w a s r e c e n t ly r e l e a se d . W a nde r ing th r ough

the s t r e e t s o f N e w Yor k , S t i l lma n S r . t r i e s t o r e - c r e a t e t he p r e l a psa r i a n

l a ngua ge a nd h i s da i ly w a lks f r om l e t t e r s w h ic h a r e p r e suma b ly pa r t s

o f t he ph r a se T H E T O W E R O F BA BE L . A br up t ly c ha r a c t e r s va n i sh ,

a nd Q u inn f inds t he r e a l P a u l A us t e r , a w r i t e r . A f t e r t ha t , Q u inn l i ve s

l i ke a home le s s a nd va n i she s , l e a v ing a r e d no te book . T he nove l

e xp lo r e s t he que s t ion o f i de n t i t y , a u tho r sh ip , a nd the p r ob le m o f

l a ngua ge , e mp loy ing the f o r m o f t he de t e c t ive s to r y .

[ 2 ] Ghos t s . 1986 . The New York Tr i logy . L ondon : F a be r , 1987 . 133 - 196 .

T he s e c ond vo lume o f t he T r i logy . A l l c ha r a c t e r s a r e na me d a f t e r t he

na me s o f c o lo r s . B lue , a p r iva t e e ye , i s a ske d by w h i t e t o sha dow Bla c k ,

a w r i t e r . B la c k doe s no th ing r e ma r ka b le bu t s i t s i n h i s r oom, w r i t i ng


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a nd r e a d ing . A s the t a sk p r oc e e ds , B lue f e e l s t ha t he i s no t w a tc h ing

Bla c k bu t h imse l f , a nd the i de n t i t i e s o f t he tw o be g in s t o me r ge .

Ghos t s a l so e xp lo r e s t he que s t ion o f i de n t i t y , l a ngua ge , a nd the

p r o b l e m o f w r i t i n g a bo u t a no th e r pe r s on . T h o r e a u s Walden p l a ys a

c e n te r r o l e i n t he nove l .

[ 3 ] T he L oc k e d Room . 1987 . The New York Tr i logy . L ondon : F a be r , 1987 .

197 - 314 .

T he th i r d vo lume o f t he T r i logy . T he na me le s s na r r a to r l e a r n s t ha t h i s

bo yhoo d f r i e n d F a ns ha w e ha s be e n mi s s i ng , p r e s u ma b l y de a d , l ea v in g

h i s ma nusc r ip t s f o r h i s w i f e , S oph ie . T he na r r a to r , na me d a s t he

e xe c u to r o f t he ma nusc r ip t s , ha s t he m pub l i she d suc c e s s f u l ly , a nd

ma r r i e s S oph ie , r e p l a c ing F a nsha w e s pos i t i on . L e a r n ing F a nsha w e i s

a l i ve , t he na r r a to r t a ke s t he j ob o f w r i t i ng h i s b iog r a phy a nd s t a r t s t o

t r a c k h im dow n , w h ic h he f a i l s . A t l a s t he me e t s F a nsha w e in Bos ton ,

a nd F a nsha w e , r e f u s ing to f a c e h im, g ive s h im a r e d no te book w h ic h

e xp la in s a l l h i s be ha v io r . T he in f lue nc e o f H a w tho r ne i s p r omine n t :

F a nsha w e i s t he t i t l e o f h i s f i r s t nove l , a nd the nove l e na c t s t he

W a ke f i e ld mo t i f o f a ma n s s t e pp ing ou t o f h i s l i f e . A s in t he o the r

tw o vo lume s o f t he T r i logy , t h e na r r a to r a nd F a nsha w e a r e a no the r pa i r

o f doub le s , a nd the na r r a to r , a b iog r a phe r , be c ome s a l i t e r a r y

de t e c t ive .

[ 4 ] I n t h e C oun t r y o f L as t T h i ngs . L ondon : F a be r , 1987 .

A us t e r s f ou r th nove l , w h ic h t a ke s t he f o r m o f a l ong l e t t e r w r i t t e n by


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t he f e ma le p r o t a gon i s t A nna B lume . S he , i n s e a r c h f o r he r mi s s ing

b r o t he r, ha s c o me t o a c i t y w he r e t h in gs c o l l a ps e a nd v a n i sh , a nd

no th ing ne w i s p r oduc e d . H e r l e t t e r r e c o r ds he r s t r ugg le t o su r v ive i n

the c i t y : she s t a r t s a s a s c a ve nge r a nd one da y me e t s a n o ld w oma n

I sa be l , a nd be g in s t o l i ve w i th he r a nd he r husba nd F e r d ina nd . A f t e r

t he c oup le d i e , she f i nds S a m F a r r , he r b r o the r s suc c e s so r i n t he

l ib r a r y . T he n she ha s a n a c c ide n t a nd s t a ys i n a c ha r i t y i n s t i t u t i on

Wobur n H ouse , p l a nn ing to e sc a pe ou t o f t he c i t y . G e ne r a l ly t he nove l

i s r e ga r de d a s a dys top ia s c i e nc e f i c t i on , suc h a s O r w e l l s 1 9 8 4 a nd

H ux le y s Bra v e N e w Wo r l d.

[ 5 ] Mo on Pa l ac e . L ondon : F a be r , 1989 .

T he p r o t a gon i s t M. S . F ogg , a n o r pha n w ho c ome s to N e w Y or k in t he

l a t e 60s t o s tudy a t Co lumbia U n ive r s i t y , l e a r n s t he de a th o f U nc le

V ic to r, t he so l e r e l a t i ve he know s . F ogg be g in s t o a ba ndon h i s l i f e a n d

w inds up home le s s i n Ce n t r a l P a r k , un t i l a f r i e nd Z imme r a nd a

Ch ine se w oma n K i t ty W u sa ve h im. F ogg a nd W u be c ome love r s , a nd he

f inds a j ob o f t a k ing c a r e o f a n e c c e n t r i c , b l i nd o ld ma n E f f ing , w ho

w a s onc e a p r omise d pa in t e r . E f f ing t e l l s va r ious t a l e s t o F ogg , a nd

a f t e r he d i e s , F ogg me e t s h i s s on S o lomon Ba r be r . W us p r e gna nc y a nd

a bo r t i on l e a d the m to b r e a k u p , a nd F ogg f inds ou t t he f a c t t ha t B a r be r

i s h i s f a the r . A f t e r Ba r be r d i e s f r om the a c c ide n t i n t he g r a ve ya r d o f

F ogg s mo the r , F ogg s t a r t s t r a ve l ing w e s tw a r d by h imse l f , a nd f i na l ly

a r r ive s a t t he P a c i f i c c oa s t . F ogg i s t he na r r a to r - p r o t a gon i s t , a nd he

sha r e s some b iog r a ph ic a l f a c t s w i th A us t e r , e spe c i a l l y i n t he be g inn ing


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p a r t s o f t he n ov e l . T he ma j o r su b j e c t i s t h e f a t he r s on r e l a t i o ns h i p s .

[ 6 ] T he Mus ic o f C hanc e . L ondon : F a be r , 1990 .

T he sub je c t s o f t he nove l a r e c ha nc e , t he que s t ions o f f r e e dom a nd

c on f ine me n t a nd o f ob l iga t ion a nd r e de mpt ion , a nd o f mone y a nd

ga mbl ing . T he p r o t a gon i s t N a she a c c ide n ta l l y i nhe r i t e d a l a r ge sum o f

mone y by the de a th o f h i s l ong - a bse n t f a the r . N a she qu i t s h i s j ob ,

l e a ve s f a mi ly , a nd d r ive s t h r ough A me r i c a a imle s s ly . W he n the mone y

be c o mes s c a r c e , he p i c ks up P oz z i , a g ambl e r on h i s w a y t o a p oke r

ga me w i th tw o e c c e n t r i c mi l l i ona i r e s , F low e r a nd S tone . N a she jo in s

h im a nd o f f e r s h i s r e ma in ing mone y a s t h e i n i t i a l sum f o r t he ga me . A t

the e nd o f t he ga me in t he ma ns ion o f t he mi l l i ona i r e s , N a s he a nd P oz z i

lo se a l l t he mone y , a s w e l l a s N a she s c a r , a nd a r e l e f t w i th a t e n

thousa nd do l l a r de b t . I n o r de r t o pa y the de b t t he y t a ke t he t a sk o f

bu i l d ing o f a w a l l f r o m t e n t hou sa n d s t one s by h a nd . P o z z i t r i e s t o

e sc a pe a nd ba t t e r e d , t a ke n a w a y , ne ve r t o be he a r d f r om. A f e w w e e ks

l a t e r N a she c omple t e s t he t a sk by h imse l f a nd goe s ou t w i th t he

w a tc hma n Mur ks . N a she d r ive s ba c k h i s c a r , now ow ne d by Mur ks ,

spe e ds , a nd , una b le t o a vo id t he c r a sh a ga in s t a n a pp r oa c h ing c a r ,

shu t s h i s e ye s .

[ 7 ] L e v i a t h an . L ondon : F a be r , 1992 .

T he s to r y i s s e t i n t he l a t e 80s . A w r i t e r - na r r a to r P e t e r A a r on w r i t e s

a bou t h i s l a t e f r i e nd Be n ja min S a c hs , a l so a w r i t e r . A a r on a t t e mp t s t o

a c c oun t t he i r f i r s t me e t ing , t he f r i e ndsh ip t ha t f o l l ow s , S a c hs s


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po l i t i c a l aw a r e ne s s , h i s e n t a ng le d r e l a t i on sh i p s w i t h w o me n , a nd th e

se r i e s o f c ha nc e e ve n t s t ha t l e a d S a c hs t o h i s de a th . O ne n igh t S a c hs

f a l l s f r om the f i r e e sc a pe , a nd he s tops w r i t i ng to s e e k to do

some th ing in t he r e a l w or ld i n s t e a d . H e l e a ve s h i s w i f e , a nd ha ppe ns

to k i l l a n e c o logy t e r r o r i s t , a nd c ome s to l i ve w i th h i s w i f e a nd son .

A f t e r t he y b r e a k up , S a c hs t u r n s i n to a bombe r w ho b low s up r e p l i c a s

o f t he S t a tue o f L ibe r ty , un t i l one da y he a c c ide n ta l l y b low s h imse l f up

in to smi the r e e ns . A s in t he f i r s t pa r t o f T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude a nd

i n T he L oc k e d Room , t h e p r ob le m o f w r i t i ng a bou t a no the r pe r son i s

one o f t he t he me s . T he nove l i s de d ic a t e d to D on D e L i l lo , a nd i t

e xp lo r e s w r i t e r s r e l a t i onsh ip w i th t he w or ld .

[ 8 ] Mr. Ve r t i go . L ondon : F a be r , 1994

T a ke s t he f o r m o f a me moi r w r i t t e n by the p r o t a go n i s t . T he s to r y i s s e t

i n t he U n i t e d S t a t e s i n t he 1920s . W a l t , a n o r pha n , i s bough t f r om h i s

unc l e a nd a un t by a H unga r i a n J e w , Ma s t e r Ye hud i . Ma s t e r t a ke s W a l t

t o h i s house i n K a nsa s w he r e he l i ve s w i th A e sop , a b l a c k boy , a nd

Mothe r S ioux , a N a t ive A me r i c a n w oma n . Ma s t e r t r a in s W a l t t o f l y i n

the a i r , un t i l one da y Wa l t f i nds a me thod to i t . A f t e r t he K K K me mbe r s

a s sa u l t t he house a nd lync h A e sop a nd Mothe r S ioux to de a th , W a l t

t ou r w i th Ma s t e r a r ound A me r i c a a s W a l t t he Wonde r Boy . A s he e n t e r s

h i s a do le sc e nc e , how e ve r , he ha d to g ive up the f l y ing f a c u l t y , a nd the y

he a d to H o l lyw ood . O n the w a y W a l t s unc l e a s sa u l t s t he m a nd t a ke s a l l

t he i r mone y . I n ju r e d Ma s te r shoo t s a nd k i l l s h imse l f , a nd W a l t e n t e r s

the unde r w or ld o f Ch ic a go . H i s f a sc ina t ion w i th a Ca r d ina l s P i t c he r


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D iz z y D e a n l e a ds W a l t t o a t t e mp t t o k i l l h im, a nd W a l t , a r r e s t e d , j o in s

the a r my . H e r e t i r e s , ma r r i e s , a nd a f t e r h i s w i f e a nd h i s o ld f r i e nd

w hom he t a ke s c a r e o f d i e , W a l t be g in s t o w r i t e t he s to r y o f h i s l i f e i n

no te books . T he p r ob le m o f t he s e l f a nd l a ngua ge be c ome l e s s

r e ma r ka b le i n t he nove l , i n s t e a d the t he me o f r a c e , A me r i c a n c u l tu r e ,

a nd the f a the r son r e l a t i onsh ip a r e p r omine n t . T he nove l a l so

sugge s t s i t s c onne c t ion w i th C i ty o f G lass .

[ 9 ] T imbuk tu . N e w Yor k : H o l t , 1999 .

T he s to r y de sc r ibe s t he a dve n tu r e s o f a dog , Mr . Bone s . Mr . Bone s

c ome s to Ba l t imor e w i th h i s ma s t e r W i l ly G . Chr i s tma s , w ho d i e s on

the s t r e e t o f t he c i t y . Mr . Bone s me e t s a Ch ine se boy a nd the y s t a r t a

r e l a t i onsh ip , un t i l t he boy s f a the r , w ho ha t e s dogs , know s the f a c t a nd

c ha se Mr . Bone s a w a y .

d ) A u tob iog r a ph ic a l W r i t i ngs

[ 1 ] T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude . 1982 . S a n F r a nc i sc o : S un a nd Moon , 1982 ;

L ondon : P e ngu in , 1988 .

A me moi r w h ic h c ons i s t s o f tw o pa r t s : P o r t r a i t o f a n I nv i s ib l e Ma n

a nd T he Book o f Me mor y . T he f i r s t pa r t , a me d i t a t i on on h i s l a t e

f a the r s l i f e , p r e se n t s t he e f f o r t a nd f a i l u r e t o w r i t e a bou t h im. A us t e r

t a ke s up the p r ob le m o f w r i t i ng a bou t a no the r pe r son in T he L oc k e d

Ro om . T he s e c ond pa r t me d i t a t e s on h imse l f i n t he t h i r d pe r son

na r r a t i ve a nd e xp lo r e s t he na tu r e o f so l i t ude , me mor y , c ha nc e ,

l a ngua ge a nd the r e l a t i onsh ip w i th h i s son . T he Book o f Me mor y


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Fujii 11

show s ma ny o f h i s p r e oc c upa t ions he e xp lo r e s i n t he subse que n t

nove l s .

[ 2 ] T he Re d N o te book . L ondon : P e ngu in , 1995 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r .

N e w Yo r k : P e ng u i n , 1 998 . 341 - 37 9 .

Cons i s t s o f t h i r t e e n e p i sode s , a l l o f w h ic h a r e c ha nc e e ve n t s . T he

c on te n t s o f t he e p i sode s a r e : A r gue a nd P h ibbs , t he na me o f a f i r m ,

the a ppe a r a nc e o f Mr . S uga r w he n A us t e r a nd h i s g i r l f r i e nd su f f e r e d

e x t r e me hunge r , a so ld i e r i n w ho luc k i ly su r v ive d a nd ke p t h i s

l e g f r om ha v ing i t c u t o f f , A us t e r s f i nd ing a d ime in S he a S t a d ium ju s t

a f t e r he ha d lo s t a no the r on the s t r e e t , a pa in t e r s ma r r i a ge to a n o ld

f r i e nd , a f r i e nd s a c c ide n ta l a c qu i s i t i on o f a book f r om a s t r a nge r , a

w oma n w ho ha s l i ve d on the s a me f loo r t ha t A us t e r s w i f e ha s l i ve d

w hose s i s t e r me t t he s i s t e r o f A us t e r s w i f e i n T a ipe i , a f a ke l e t t e r

w r i t t e n unde r A us t e r s na me a nd a dd r e s s , a F r e nc h poe t s

c o r r e sponde nc e w i th h i s l ong - a bse n t f a the r , a f r i e nd o f A us t e r s w ho

w a s w i th h im on a l l oc c a s ions o f f l a t t i r e s , a w oma n w ho ma r r i e d to he r

f a the r w ho ha s be e n long mis s in g , A us t e r s f a the r s e xpe r i e nc e s o f t he

da nge r o f l i f e a nd A us t e r s s a v ing a g i r l s f r om be ing r un ove r , a nd

w r ong c a l l s t ha t s t a r t e d t he i de a o f C i ty o f G lass . A l l o f t he m a r e

c ha nc e e ve n t s , show ing A us t e r s f a sc ina t ion w i th c o inc ide nc e . S ome o f

t he m a l so show h i s p r e oc c upa t ion w i th t he f a the r son r e l a t i onsh ip .

[ 3 ] Why Wr i t e ? P r ov ide nc e : Bu r n ing D e c k , 1996 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r .

N e w Yo r k : P e ng u i n , 1 998 . 381 - 39 5 .


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Fujii 12

Cons i s t s o f f i ve e p i sode s o f c ha nc e e ve n t s . T w o a r e no t h i s ow n

e xpe r i e nc e : t he b i r t h s o f t he tw o da ugh te r s o f h i s G e r ma n f r i e nd , bo th

took p l a c e w he n she w a s w a tc h ing the s a me f i lm , a nd the r e un ion o f a

f o r me r p r i sone r o f w a r a nd a f o r me r gua r d , w ho kne w e a c h o t he r , now

a s the f a the r s o f t he g r oom a nd the b r ide . T he o the r t h r e e a r e h i s ow n

e xpe r i e nc e : c a t c h ing h i s da ugh te r f r om f a l l i ng f r om the s t a i r s , a boy

h i t by l i gh tn ing in f r on t o f h im, a nd me e t ing W i l ly Ma ys in t he

ba l l pa r k .

[ 4 ] H and t o Mou th : A C hron i c l e o f E ar l y Fa i l u re . N e w Yor k : H o l t , 1997 .

A n A u tob iog r a ph ic a l me moi r on the e a r ly ye a r s , f r om c h i ldhood to t he

pu b l i c a t i on o f Sque e ze P lay . T he c ons i s t e n t t he me o f t he book i s t he

l a c k o f mone y a nd the p r ob le ms i t c a use d . T hough i t i s no t a b iog r a phy

in a s t r i c t s e nse , i t i s s t i l l a n i nva lua b le sou r c e o f a u tob iog r a ph ic a l

in f o r ma t ion tha t a ppe a r s i n h i s nove l s , e spe c i a l l y i n T he L oc k e d Room .

e ) S c r e e np la ys

[ 1 ] Smok e and B lue in the Fac e . L ondon : F a be r , 1995 .

I nc lude s t he s c r ip t s o f t he tw o f i lms . Smok e i s d i r e c t e d by W a yne Wa ng ,

f e a tu r ing H a r ve y K e i t e l a nd W i l l i a m H ur t . A dde d to t he ba s i c s to r y ,

A ugg ie W r e n s Chr i s tma s S to r y , a r e t he e p i sode s o f t he pa r e n t

c h i ld r e l a t i onsh ip s be tw e e n A ugg ie a nd F e l i c i t y , be tw e e n Cyr us a nd

Ra sh id w ho ha ppe ns t o s a ve P a u l f r om be ing r un ove r . T he f i lm i s

d iv ide d in to f i ve s e c t ions : P a u l , Ra sh id , Ruby , Cyr us , a nd A ugg ie .

P a u l Be n ja min i s t he p se udonym unde r w h ic h A us t e r pub l i she d h i s


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Fujii 13

f i r s t nove l , Sque e ze P lay .

[ 2 ] L u l u o n th e B r i dg e . N e w Yor k : H o l t , 1998 .

T he s c r ip t o f t h e f i lm w r i t t e n a nd d i r e c t e d by A us t e r .

f ) E s sa ys , Re v ie w s , a nd O the r Con t r ibu t ions t o P e r iod i c a l s

[ 1 ] P a ge s f o r K a f ka . Euro p i an J ud a i s m 16 ( 1974 ) : 36 - 37 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f

Hun ge r. N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 199 8 . 23 - 25 .

A b r i e f me d i t a t i on on K a f ka . A us t e r c a l l s h im a n e x i l e i n h i s ow n

bo dy, me n t io n in g to h i s co n t r a d i c t o r y c ha r a c t e r i s t i c o f c on t i nuo us

w a nde r ing a nd d r e a ming o f s topp ing . T he the me o f w a nde r ing a nd e x i l e

w i th in t he s e l f a ppe a r s i n t h i s a r t i c l e .

[ 2 ] I t i ne r a r y . C he l se a 3 3 ( 1 9 7 4 ) : 1 6 9 - 1 7 0 . R p t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w

Yor k : P e ngu in , 1998 . 21 - 22 .

A b r i e f c omme n ta r y on A me r i c a n poe t L a u r a R id ing . A us t e r c a l l s he r

t he f i r s t A me r i c a n poe t t o ha ve a c c o r de d the poe m the va lue a nd the

d ign i ty o f a s t r ugg le a nd s t a t e s t ha t he r poe m be c ome s a c t , r a the r t ha n

ob je c t , t r a n spa r e n t r a the r t ha n th ing , a nd i t i s the pow e r t o bu r r ow

th r ough w a l l s . T he c onne c t ion be tw e e n poe t r y a nd w a l l ( s tone ) i s

s e e n .

[ 3 ] Ja c que s D up in . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 181 - 184 . Rp t . o f P r e f a c e . F i t s a n d

S tar t s : Se l e c t e d Poe ms o f J aque s Dup in . By Ja que s D up in . N e w Y or k :

L iv ing H a nd , 1974 .


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Fujii 14

P r e f a c e t o h i s t r a ns l a t i on o f D up in s Fi t s and S tar t s : Se l e c t e d Poe ms o f

J ac qu e s Dup i n . A us t e r e xp la in s t ha t D up in s poe m i s t he f i e ld o f

me n ta l spa c e i n w h ic h the s t r ugg le o f de s t r oy ing the poe m to c r e a t e t he

po s s i b l e po em i s un f o l de d . H e a l s o s t a t e s t h a t t he po e t i c op e ra t i on i s a

k ind o f sp i r i t ua l pu r i f i c a t i on .

[ 4 ] A ndr e du Bouc he t . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 185 - 188 . Rp t . o f P r e f a c e . T he

Uninhab i t e d : Se l e c t e d Poe ms o f Andre du Bouc he t . By A ndr e du

Bouc he t . N e w Yor k : L iv ing H a nd , 1974 .

P r e f a c e t o h i s t r a ns l a t i on o f du Bouc he t s T he Un inhab i t e d : Se l e c t e d

po e ms o f And re d u Bou c he t. A us t e r ma in t a in s t ha t t he poe t r y o f du

Bouc he t , t he r e c o r d o f a n obse s s ive , w ho l ly r u th l e s s a t t e mp t t o ga in

a c c e s s t o t he s e l f , i s a n a c t o f su r v iva l . T he no t ion o f w r i t i ng a s

su r v iva l i s c ommon to h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i on o f K a f ka a nd Ce la n .

[ 5 ] T he D e a th o f S i r Wa l t e r Ra le igh . Pare n the se 4 ( 1975 ) : 223 - 227 . Rp t . i n

T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 75 - 82 .

A me d i t a t i ve e s sa y on the l i f e o f Ra le igh , on h i s impr i sonme n t i n t he

T ow e r , h i s voya ge to t he w e s t , a nd h i s son s de a th . T he in se pa r a b i l i t y

o f l i f e a nd de a th i s e mpha s i z e d . H e r e A us t e r de sc r ibe s de a th a s a

w a l l .

[ 6 ] N e w Y or k Ba be l . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 26 - 34 .Rp t . o f O ne - Ma n

L a ngua ge . Ne w Yo rk Re v ie w o f Bo ok s 22 :1 ( 1975 ) : 30 - 31 .

A c omme n ta r y on L e Sc h i z o e t l e s L an gue by L u i s W ol f son , w h ic h


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Fujii 15

r e c o r ds h i s a dhe r e nc e o f E ng l i sh l a ngua ge . A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t t he nove l

e x i s t s i n t he ma r g in s o f l a ngua ge a s w e l l a s l i t e r a tu r e a nd c a l l s t he

w or k a k ind o f t h i r d pe r son a u tob iog r a phy , a me moi r o f t he p r e se n t

w h ic h e na b le s W ol f son to c r e a t e a spa c e be tw e e n h imse l f a nd h imse l f ,

t hus t o p r ove h imse l f t ha t he e x i s t s . A us t e r a l so r e f e r s t o W ol f son s

sugge s t ion o f t he f unda me n ta l c onne c t i on be tw e e n spe a k ing a nd e a t ing

w h ic h i s a n impor t a n t t he me in I n t he Co un t r y o f L as t T h in gs .

[ 7 ] F r om Ca ke s t o S tone . C omme n tary 60 ( 1975 ) : 93 - 95 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f

Hun ge r. 8 3 - 8 9 .

A b r i e f e s sa y on Be c ke t t s nove l Me rc i er an d C amie r. A us t e r s t a t e s

tha t t he ke y w or d in a l l Be c ke t t s w or k i s d i spos se s s ion . Re f e r r ing to

the i n f lue nc e o f D a n te s Purga tor io on the nove l a nd the a f f in i t i e s a nd

d i f f e r e nc e be tw e e n the nove l a nd Wai t ing fo r Godo t , A us t e r c onc lude s

tha t Me rc ie r a nd C ami e r s t a nds f o r t he ve r y be g inn ing o f h i s ne w l i f e

o f w r i t i ng in F r e nc h .

[ 8 ] T r u th , Be a u ty , S i l e nc e . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 62 - 74 . Rp t . o f T he Re tu r n

o f L a u r a R id ing . N e w Yo r k Re v i e w o f Boo k s 22 :13 ( 1975 ) : 36 - 38 .

A n e s sa y on L a u r a R id ing s w or k . A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t R id ing s w or k ,

bo th poe t r y a nd p r os e , sh ow s he r c on s i s t e n t a t t e mp t t o r e a l i z e a k in d o f

un ive r sa l t r u th i n l a ngua ge . H e a l so s t a t e s t ha t he r i n t e r e s t i n p r ob l e ms

tha t e x t e nd be yond the s c ope o f poe t r y l e d t o he r b r e a k w i th poe t r y

a f t e r 1938 .


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[ 9 ] I de a s a nd T h ings . Har pe r s 25 ( 1975 ) : 106 - 110 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f

Hun ge r. 1 0 3 - 1 0 6 .

A b r i e f a r t i c l e on a poe t John A shbe r y , r e ga r d ing h i s un ique ne s s o f

f l a tne s s a nd f a mi l i a r i t y t ha t ma ke o r d in a r y th ings s e e m s t r a nge f o r h i s

r e a de r s . A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t A shbe r y s g r e a t e s t t a l e n t i s h i s u t t e r

f a i t h f u lne s s t o h i s ow n s ub je c t iv i t y , w h ic h i s r e min i sc e n t o f t he F r e nc h

symbo l i s t s . H e a l so po in t s ou t t ha t t he e s se n t i a l f e e l i ng in h i s l a t e r

po e ms i s home s i c kn e s s .

[ 10 ] P oe t o f E x i l e . C omme n tary 61 ( 1976 ) : 83 - 86 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f

Hun ge r. 9 0 - 1 0 2 .

A n e s sa y on P a u l Ce la n . I n t r oduc ing a summa r y o f h i s l i f e , A us t e r

e xp la in s t he i n f lue nc e o f t he H o loc a us t on Ce la n s w or k , suc h a s

T ode s f ugue . A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t Ce la n s poe ms a r e a me a ns t o o r i e n t

h imse l f w i th in h imse l f a nd t a ke h i s s t a nd in t he w or ld , a me a ns t o s t a y

a l ive .

[ 11 ] I nnoc e nc e a nd Me mor y . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 120 - 128 . Rp t . o f Ma n o f

P a in . Ne w Yo rk Re v ie w o f Bo ok s 23 ( 1976 ) : 35 - 37 .

A n e s sa y on I t a l i a n poe t G iuse ppe U nga r e t t i . A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t

U nga r e t t i s w or k i s a l ong r e c o r d o f c on f r on ta t i o ns w i th de a th , a nd tha t

h i s obse s s ion w i th de a th de r ive s f r om a n a lmos t s a va ge w i l l t o l i ve .

A us t e r a l so a r gue s t ha t h i s w or k i s a c ons t a n t e f f o r t t o r e ne w the s e l f

w i thou t de s t r oy ing i t s pa s t , a nd h i s c onc e r n i s t he s e a r c h f o r sp i r i t ua l

s e l f - de f in i t i on .


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Fujii 17

[ 12 ] Re su r r e c t ion . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 129 - 133 . Rp t . o f T he Re b i r th o f a

P oe t . Harp e r s Bo ok se l l e r 2 ( 1976 ) : 15 .

A b r i e f e s sa y on A me r i c a n poe t Ca r l Ra kos i . A us t e r e xp la in s how

Ra kos i a ba ndone d w r i t i ng poe t r y du r ing the G r e a t D e p r e s s ion a nd

r e sume d i t a f t e r tw o de c a de s , w h ic h show s the e x t e n t t o w h ic h the poe t

i s a p r i sone r o f h i s c a l l i ng . O n Ra kos i s poe t r y , A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t h i s

c h i e f p r e oc c upa t ion i s the r a w da t a o f t he w or ld , a nd tha t h i s poe m i s

a n e qua l i z ing ge s tu r e be tw e e n sub je c t a nd ob je c t .

[ 13 ] D a da Bone s . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 54 - 61 . Rp t . o f F l igh t ou t o f T ime .

Mu l c h 8 /9 ( 1976 ) : 186 - 191 .

A n e s sa y on the d i a r i e s o f H ugo Ba l l , one o f t he f ounde r s o f t he D a da

move me n t . A us t e r c a l l s h im one o f t he e xe mpla r y sp i r i t s o f h i s a ge ,

w ho sough t p r e l a psa r i a n l a ngua ge a nd r e ga r de d D a da a s a w a y o f

r a d i c a l doub t , a n i n s t r ume n t f o r p r oduc ing a ge nu ine c r i t i que o f t he

a ge .

[ 14 ] Con te mpor a r y F r e nc h P oe t r y : A n I n t r oduc t ion a ga in s t I n t r oduc t ions .

T r i - Quar te r l y 35 ( 1976 ) : 99 - 116 .

P r e se n t s h i s t r a ns l a t i ons o f e l e ve n c on te mpor a r y F r e nc h poe t s suc h a s

du Bouc he t , D up in , a nd J a be s . A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t a n a n tho logy tha t i s

a n in s t r ume n t o f l i t e r a r y c a t e go r i z a t ion a nd c u l tu r a l a s s imi l a t i on c a n

le a d to a f a u l ty c onc e p t ion o f t he na tu r e o f a poe m w h ic h g ive s b i r t h t o

a spa c e tha t c a nno t be pe ne t r a t e d by e f f o r t s o f c l a s s i f i c a t i on o r


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Fujii 18

e xp l i c a t ion .

[ 15 ] P r iva t e I , P ub l i c E ye . Ha rp e r s B oo k l e t t e r 3( 1977) : 12 - 13 . Rp t . i n T h e

Ar t o f Hu ng e r. 115 - 119 .

A b r i e f r e v i e w o f a poe t G e o r ge O ppe n . A us t e r c a l l s h im a pub l i c poe t

w hose a im i s t o d i s c ove r t he w or ld , a nd s t a t e s t ha t f o r O ppe n the a c t o f

s e e ing imp l i e s a n i nne r c ommi tme n t a nd the a c t o f spe e c h be longs t o

the r e a lm o f e th i c s .

[ 16 ] Book o f t he D e a d . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 107 - 114 . Rp t . o f S to r y o f a

S c r e a m. N e w Yo rk Re v ie w o f Boo k s 24 ( 1977 ) : 38 - 40 .

A r e v i e w o f E dmond Ja be s s T he Book o f Que s t ions . A us t e r e xp la in s

the i n f lue nc e o f J e w i shne s s a nd the Book on J a be s , a nd s t a t e s t ha t f o r

J a be s be ing a w r i t e r i s i de n t i c a l t o be ing a J e w . O n T he Book o f

Que s t ions , i n w h ic h the pa s t a nd the p r e se n t me e t a nd d i s so lve i n t o

e a c h o the r , A us t e r a r gue s t ha t w ha t ha ppe ns i n t he book i s t he a t t e mp t

to w r i t e i t , a nd no th ingne s s i s a t t he he a r t o f t he book .

[ 17 ] N or the r n L igh t s : T he P a in t ings o f J e a n - P a u l R iope l l e . T he Me rr iC re e k ,

Or Nero 3 ( 1977 ) : 9 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 192 - 198 .

A me d i t a t i ve e s sa y on R iope l l e s pa in t ings , c ons i s t i ng o f f i ve b r i e f

s e c t ions : p r og r e s s o f t he sou l , the body s spa c e , d i s a ppe a r a nc e ,

the e nd o f t he e a r th , a nd na tu r e . A us t e r de f ine s t he a c t o f s e e ing a s

a w a y o f be ing in t he w or ld a nd s t a t e s t ha t R iope l l e s a r t i s a po r t r a i t

o f a ma n a t t he l imi t o f h imse l f , a nd tha t he pa in t s i n t h e s a me w a y tha t


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Fujii 19

he b r e a the s , i n o r de r t o ma ke l i f e pos s ib l e f o r h imse l f .

[ 18 ] K a f ka s L e t t e r s . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Y or k : P e ngu in , 1998 .

134 - 139 . Rp t . o f L e t t e r t o F r i e nds , F a mi ly a nd E d i to r s . San Franc i sc o

Re v i e w o f B ook s 3 ( 1978 ) : 8 - 9 .

S t a t e s t ha t K a f ka s l e t t e r s , w h ic h oc c upy the midd le g r ound be tw e e n

h i s i nne r ba t t l e o f h i s da i r i e s a nd the ob je c t ive a c c oun t s o f t he

b i og r a ph er, h e lp u s t o un de r s t a n d h i s r e l a t i on s w i t h t he w or l d f r o m

ma ny pe r spe c t ive s . A us t e r a l so s t a t e s t ha t K a f ka s l i f e a nd a r t w e r e

in se pa r a b le , t ha t he w r o te be c a use h i s ve r y l i f e de pe nde d on i t .

[ 19 ] N a t ive S on . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Y or k : P e ngu in , 1998 . 140 - 143 .

Rp t . o f T he P oe t r y o f W i l l i a m Br onk . Sa turday Re v ie w 5 ( 1978 ) :

30 - 31 .

A sho r t e s sa y on W i l l i a m Br onk , a n A me r i c a n poe t . A us t e r c a l l s

Br onk s w or k ph i lo soph ic a l poe t r y , w h ic h c on te mp la t e s a f e w e s se n t i a l

p r ob l e ms a n d th e me s : t he r i f t b e t w e e n ou r i ma g e o f t he w or l d a nd t he

r e a l i t y o f t he w or ld , t he f o r c e o f de s i r e , t he a ge nc y o f huma n

r e l a t i onsh ip , ou r pe r c e p t ion o f na tu r e . A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t B r onk s wor k

i s t he c on t inua t ion o f a pa r t i c u l a r A me r i c a n t r a d i t i on s t a r t e d by

T hor e a u a nd D ic k in son .

[ 20 ] W hi t e S pa c e s . Se le c t e d Poe ms . 81 - 88 . Rp t . o f H a pp ine s s , o r a

Jou r ne y th r ough S pa c e : W or ds f o r O ne V o ic e a nd O ne D a nc e r .

Grosse t e s t e Re v ie w 12 ( 1979 ) : 67 - 75 .


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Fujii 20

A p r ose poe m w h ic h b r idge s be tw e e n h i s poe t r y a nd p r ose .

[ 21 ] T he D e c i s ive Mome n t : Cha r l e s Re z n iko f f . Parnassus 7 ( 1979 ) :

105 - 118 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 199 8 . 35 - 53 .

A n e s sa y on a J e w i sh - A me r i c a n poe t Cha r l e s Re z n iko f f , w ho l i ve d in

N e w Yo r k . A us t e r c a l l s h i m a po e t o f t h e e ye a nd s t a t e s t ha t h i s poe m i s

a w a y o f be ing in t he w or ld . Re ga r d ing Re z n iko f f s i de n t i t y , A us t e r

a r gue s t ha t Re z n iko f f e x i s t s i n t he midd le g r ound be tw e e n the

A me r i c a n a nd the Juda i sm w or ld , a nd tha t i t i s a c ond i t i on o f be ing

now he r e , o f a n e x i l e .

[ 22 ] Ma l l a r me s S on . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Y or k : P e ngu in , 1998 .

238 - 248 . Rp t . o f S te pha ne Ma l l a r me s A To mb fo r An a t o l e . P a r i s

Re v i e w 22 ( 1980 ) : 134 - 148 .

A n a r t i c l e on the Ma l l a r me s no t e s f o r h i s son , w ho d i e d f r om

r he uma t i sm a t t he a ge o f e igh t . Q uo t ing f r om Ma l l a r me s l e t t e r s ,

A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t t he f r a gme n te d no te s o f A To mb f o r Ana t o l e i s

Ma l l a r me s e f f o r t t o t r a nsmu te A na to l e i n to w or ds a nd the r e by p r o long

h i s l i f e , a nd tha t , l i t e r a r y , t he no te s i s a r a r e a nd e a r ly e xa mple o f

i so l a t e w or ds a b l e t o spa n the e no r mous me n ta l spa c e s t ha t l i e be tw e e n

the m.

[ 23 ] T he A r t o f H unge r . She arsman 3 ( 1981 ) : 62 - 68 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f

Hun ge r. N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 1998 . 9 - 20 .

A n e s sa y on K nu t H a msun s Hu ng er. A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t t he nove l


21/79

Fujii 21

p r o pos e s a ne w t hou gh t ab ou t a r t a s i n d i s t i n gu i s ha b le f r o m t he l i f e o f

t he a r t i s t w ho ma ke s i t , a nd c a l l s t he ne w a r t the a r t o f hunge r . H e

a l so r e f e r s t o Be c ke t t a nd K a f ka s T he H unge r A r t i s t , s t a t i ng tha t

the a r t o f hunge r i s a w a y o f l ook ing de a th i n t h e f a c e , a nd the r i sk o f

de a th i s i nhe r i t e d i n a ny a c t o f a r t .

[ 24 ] P r iva t e I , P ub l i c E ye . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Y or k : P e ngu in , 1998 .

115 - 119 . Rp t . o f A F e w Wor ds i n P r a i s e o f G e o r ge O ppe n . Paide uma

10 ( 1981 ) : 49 - 52 .

A b r i e f e s sa y on a poe t G e o r ge O ppe n . A us t e r c a l l s h im a pub l i c poe t

w hose a im i s t o d i s c ove r t he w or ld a nd s t a t e s t ha t f o r O ppe n the a c t o f

s e e ing imp l i e s a n i nne r c ommi tme n t , a nd spe e c h be longs t o t he r e a lm

of e th i c s .

[ 25 ] T w e n t i e th - Ce n tu r y F r e nc h P oe t r y . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . New York:

P e ngu in , 1998 . 199 - 237 .

P r e f a c e t o T he Random House Book o f Fre nc h Poe t ry . B e g i n n i n g w i t h

the i n f lue nc e o f F r e nc h on E ng l i sh a nd A me r i c a n l i t e r a tu r e a nd the

d i f f e r e nc e be tw e e n F r e nc h a nd E ng l i sh , t he g r e a t e r pa r t o f t he p r e f a c e

i s a s s igne d to t he c h r ono log ic a l e xp l i c a t i on o f t he c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

t he poe t s i nc lude d in t he book : A po l l i na i r e , F o r gue , D a da i s t s ,

S u r r e a l i s t s , A r t a ud , Mic ha ux , Ce sa i r e , du Bouc he t , D up in , J a be s , e t c .

[ 26 ] T he P oe t r y o f E x i l e : P a u l Ce la n . S tud ie s in T w e n t i e th C e n tury

L i t e r a t ure 8 ( 1983 ) : 101 - 110 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . New York:


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Fujii 22

P e ngu in , 1998 . 90 - 102 .

A n e s sa y on a J e w i sh poe t P a u l Ce la n . A us t e r i n t r oduc e s a sum ma r y o f

h i s l i f e a nd e xp la in s t he i n f lue nc e o f t he H o loc a us t on Ce la n s w or k ,

suc h a s T ode s f ugue . A us t e r a l so s t a t e s t ha t Ce la n s poe ms a r e a

me a ns t o o r i e n t h imse l f w i th in h i s ow n l i f e a nd t a ke h i s s t a nd in t he

w or ld , a me a ns t o s t a y ing a l i ve .

[ 27 ] O n the H igh W i r e . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Y or k : P e ngu in , 1998 .

249 - 260 .

P r e f a c e t o h i s t r a ns l a t i on o f P h i l i ppe P e t i t s On the H i gh - Wire . A us t e r

c a l l s P e t i t s pe r f o r ma nc e the a r t o f h igh - w i r e w a lk ing a nd s t a t e s t ha t

no a r t so c l e a r ly e mpha s i z e s t he de e p a e s the t i c impu l se i n s ide huma n

be i ngs . H e p r a i s e s On the H igh - Wire a s a r e ma r ka b le book , w h ic h i s a n

e xe mpla r y t a l e o f one ma n s s e a r c h f o r pe r f e c t ion .

[ 28 ] A c r os s t he R ive r a nd I n to t he T w i l igh t Z one . N e w Yo rk Ti me s Boo k

Re v i e w 91 ( 1986 ) : 14 .

A r e v i e w o f S t e ve E r i c kson s Ru b i c o n Be ac h . A us t e r p r a i s e s E r i c kson

f o r c r e a t ing a h igh ly ima g ina t ive w or k w hose t r ue sub je c t i s t he

ima g ina t ion i t s e l f . H e a l so po in t s ou t t ha t ima ge r y i s f a r mor e

impor t a n t t ha n p lo t , a nd tha t t he e ve n t s i n t he domina t ing ima ge s o f

w a te r t a ke on a n a lmos t Jung ia n ton a l i t y .

[ 29 ] Moon l igh t i n t he Br ook lyn Muse um. Ar t Ne w s 86 ( 1987 ) : 104 - 105 .

A de sc r ip t ion a nd impr e s s ion o f Ra lph A lbe r t Ba lke loc k s pa in t ing


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Fujii 23

Moo n l i gh t. A us t e r w r i t e s t ha t t he p i c tu r e i s no t so muc h a l a ndsc a pe a s

a me mor i a l f o r a va n i she d w or ld , a nd tha t B la ke loc k pa in t e d a n

A me r i c a n idy l l w h ic h w a s me a n t t o s t a n d f o r e ve r y th ing A me r i c a ns ha d

lo s t . T he e s sa y w a s w r i t t e n w he n Moo n Pa l ac e w a s in p r og r e s s , a nd

r e a ppe a r s i n t he nove l w i th s l i gh t c ha nge s , i n pp . 137 - 140 .

[ 30 ] T he Ba r t l e boo th F o l l i e s . Ne w Yo rk Ti me s Bo o k Re v ie w 92 ( 1987 ) : 7 .

R p t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 19 98 . 170 - 175 .

A r e v i e w o f G e o r ge s P e r e c s L i f e : A Us e r s Man ua l , w h ic h i s a s e r i e s o f

s e l f - c on ta ine d bu t i n t e r c onne c t ing s to r i e s . I n t r oduc ing the s to r y o f i t s

c e n t r a l c ha r a c t e r Ba r t l e boo th , A us t e r s t a t e s t ha t Ba r t l e boo th s

be h a v i o r a s a p a r a b l e a b ou t t he e f f o r t s o f t h e hu ma n min d t o imp os e a n

a r b i t r a r y o r de r on the w or ld .

[ 31 ] A Conve r sa t ion w i th W i l l i a m Br onk . Sage t r i e b 7 ( 1988 ) : 17 - 44 .

f o r thc oming .

[ 32 ] A ugg ie W r e n s Chr i s tma s S to r y . Ne w Yo r k Ti me s 140 ( 1990 ) : A 31 . Rp t .

i n Smok e and B lue in the Fac e .

A us t e r s f i r s t sho r t s t o r y , a nd the f i lm Smok e i s ba se d on the s to r y . A

w r i t e r P a u l i s a ske d by N e w Yor k T ime s to w r i t e a C hr i s tma s s to r y , i s

l o s t w ha t t o w r i t e . A ugg ie , a c oun te r ma n o f a c iga r s to r e i n Br ook lyn ,

w hose hobby i s t o t a ke p i c tu r e o f t he s a me s t r e e t i n f r on t o f t he s to r e

on the s a me spo t , a t t he s a me t ime , t e l l s P a u l t he s to r y , how he s to l e

the c a me r a f r om the house o f a n o ld b l i nd w oma n . A s in h i s nove l s , t h e


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Fujii 24

bo und a r i e s be t w e en f a c t a n d f i c t i on a r e b l u r r e d .

[ 33 ] T he Re d N o te book . Gran ta 44 ( 1993 ) : 232 - 253 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f

Hun ge r. N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 19 98 . 341 - 379 .

[ 34 ] Bla c k on W hi t e : P a in t ings by D a v id Re e d . De nv e r Quar t e r l y 28

( 1993) : 63 - 64 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Y or k : P e ngu in , 1998 .

189 - 191 .

A r e v i e w o f Re e d s pa in t ings . U n l ike t he c onve n t ion a l pa in t ing , A us t e r

c l a ims , Re e d s w or k ha s ma de the pa in t ing ha nd v i s ib l e , a nd the

f in i she d w or k i s t he p r oc e s s o f pa in t ing i t s e l f . Q uo t ing f r om

Bla nc ho t s De a th Se n t e n ce , A us t e r c onc lude s t ha t Re e d s pa in t ings a sk

to be r e a d r a the r t ha n obse r ve d , t hus impose the s e r ious t a s k o f s e e ing

on the spe c t a to r s .

[ 35 ] A P r a ye r f o r S a lma n Rushd ie . Ne w Yo rk Ti me s 142 ( 1993 ) : A 31 . Rp t .

i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 1 998 . 176 - 178 .

A sho r t me ssa ge f o r S a lma n Rushd ie . A s a f e l l ow w r i t e r A us t e r p r a i s e s

the c ou r a ge o f Rushd ie w ho i s f i gh t ing f o r h i s l i f e , a nd tha nks R ushd ie

f o r suppo r t i ng h im.

[ 36 ] T he Ar t o f Hunge r . 1 9 8 2 . 4t h

e d . N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 1998 .

A c o l l e c t i on o f p r ima r y sou r c e s : e s sa ys , p r e f a c e s , i n t e r v i e w s , a nd Wh y

Wri te? a nd T he Re d N o te book . I t p r ov ide s i nva lua b le i n f o r ma t ion suc h

a s l i t e r a r y i n f lue nc e on A us t e r , h i s a t t i t ude tow a r ds w r i t i ng , a nd the


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Fujii 25

p r o g r e s s i on o f h i s f i c t i on .

[ 37 ] Chr on ic l e o f t he G ua ya k i I nd i a ns : T r a ns l a to r s N o te . T he Ar t o f

Hun ge r. 2 6 1 - 2 6 8 .

P r e f a c e t o h i s t r a ns l a t i on o f a F r e nc h a n th r opo log i s t P i e r r e C la s t r e s s

w or k , f o r w h ic h i t t ook mor e t ha n tw e n ty ye a r s t o be pub l i she d . A us t e r

p r a i s es t he book f o r t he i nc i s i ve ne s s o f i t s ob se r v a t i on , i t s humo r, a nd

i t s i n t e l l e c tua l r i go r , a nd s t a t e s t ha t i t i s a po r t r a i t o f C la s t r e s h imse l f

a s w e l l a s o f t he pe op le he s tud i e d .

[ 38 ] 1 ,001 L a ughs . PEN - Ame r ic a . 1 ( 2 0 0 0 ) : 9 0 - 9 3 .

I n t r oduc e s some pa s sa ge s f r om Bor ge s s Se le c t e d N on- F ic t ions , w h ic h

c omme n t on D r e i s e r , Br e ton , W e l l s , Finn egans Wake , a nd C i t i z e n K ane .

A us t e r va lue s Bor ge s s p r o se a s nu t ty , f unny , a nd une xpe c t e d a t

a lmos t e ve r y tu r n .

g ) I n t e r v i e w s

[ 1 ] Rode f e r , S t e phe n . T r a ns l a t i on . 1985 . T he Ar t o f Hunge r . New York:

P e ngu in , 1998 . 272 - 273 .

A us t e r s a ys t ha t he be ga n do ing t r a ns l a t i ons a s a p r iva t e a c t i v i t y t o

unde r s t a nd F r e nc h poe ms . T hough t r a ns l a t i on ha s be c ome mor e a nd

mor e ma r g ina l i n h i s l i f e , he na me s h i s r e c e n t t r a ns l a t i ons o f Jo ube r t s

no te book , t he A na to l e f r a gme n t s by Ma l l a r me , a nd P e t i t s O n t h e

H i gh - Wire a s s t i l l b e l o n g i n g t o h i s i n n e r l i f e .


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Fujii 26

[ 2 ] A r c he r, John . H a l l o f Mi r r o r s . T he Obse rv e r N ov 22 ( 1987 ) : 25 .

A b r i e f i n t e r v i e w w i th i n t r oduc t ion to h i s w or k . A us t e r s a ys t ha t

ide n t i t y i s t he ma in que s t ion he de a l s w i th a nd tha t he t r i e s t o l e a ve

e nough r oom in t he p r o se f o r t he r e a de r t o e n t e r i t f u l l y . H e a l so c l a ims

tha t N e w Y or k , va s t a nd l a by r in th ine c i t y , i s t he on ly l oc a t ion w he r e

t he T r i logy w ould be pos s ib l e .

[ 3 ] Br ow n , N ic k . T he T h ink ing D e te c t ive . T he Sunday T ime s N o v 2 9

( 1987) : 55 .

A us t e r c a l l s t he ge ne r a l move me n t o f A me r i c a n l i t e r a tu r e soc io log ic a l ,

a lmos t a k ind o f r e po r t a ge , w h ic h doe sn t i n t e r e s t h im a t a l l . H e a l so

sa ys t ha t w he n w r i t i ng T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude i t s t r uc k h im tha t

e ve r yone i s mu l t i p l e , i nha b i t e d by o the r pe op le .

[ 4 ] Ma r i a , Jo se ph . BOMB 23 ( 1988 ) : 25 - 27 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w

Yor k : P e ngu in , 1998 . 274 - 286 .

A us t e r na me s K a f ka a nd Be c ke t t a s t he i n f lue n t i a l f i gu r e s on h i s p r o se ,

a nd poe t s suc h a s O ppe n , Ce la n , H o lde r l i n a nd L e opa r d i a s on h i s

po e t r y. H e e xp l a i n s t he ma k i ng o f T he I nv e n t i on o f So l i t ud e , t he

r e f e r e nc e s t o Don Qu i x o t e a nd the A me r i c a n Roma n t i c s i n t he T r i logy

a nd those t o t he h i s to r i c a l oc c u r r e nc e s i n I n th e C ou n t ry o f L as t

T h ings .

[ 5 ] L e w is , Roge r . I n t he Coun t r y o f L i t e r a r y T h ings . Punc h 7697 ( 1988 ) :


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49 .

A us t e r s a ys t ha t h i s books a r e a bou t books , t he p r ob le ms o f l i ngu i s t i c s

a nd de c iphe r ing the a r r a y o f w or ds . H e na me s Ro b i ns on C r us oe a nd

Don Qu ix o te a s t he one s he o f t e n a l l ude s t o .

[ 6 ] F r e i t a g , Mic ha e l . T he N ove l i s t ou t o f Con t r o l . The New York T imes

Bo ok R ev i e w . Ma r 19 , 1989 . 9

A sho r t i n t e r v i e w c onc e r n ing Moon Pa la c e . A us t e r s a ys t ha t i n h i s

w r i t i ng the s to r y a nd the c ha r a c t e r s be c ome r e a l a nd w r i t i ng i t i s a

ma t t e r o f f o l l ow ing c o r r e c t ly , a nd tha t , i n t h i s s e nse , he i s no t i n

c on t r o l o f w ha t he i s do ing . H e a l so s a ys t ha t he t r i e s t o be a s d i f f e r e n t

a s he c a n in e a c h book , bu t he ke e ps d i s c ove r ing h imse l f .

[ 7 ] K e r r , P h i l i p . S e a r c he r f o r Me a n ing in t he Me a n S t r e e t s . T he Sunday

Times A pr 16 ( 1989 ) : G 8- 9 .

A us t e r c l a ims tha t huma n be ings ha ve a r e a l hunge r f o r s to r i e s , t he

th r e a d to f o l low f r om one da y to t h e ne x t , a nd a w r i t e r mus t ne ve r l o se

tha t t h r e a d . H e a l so s a ys t ha t he e xc ha nge d l e t t e r s w i th Be c ke t t f o r a

w h i l e a nd s toppe d , be c a use he d idn t w a n t t o bu r de n Be c ke t t w i th

c o r r e sponde nc e .

[ 8 ] Mc Ca f f e r y , L a r r y a nd G r e go r y , S inda . A n I n t e r v i e w w i th P a u l A us t e r .

M i s s i s s i pp i Re v i e w 20 ( 1991 ) : 49 - 62 . Rp t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w

Yor k : P e ngu in , 1998 . 287 - 326 .

A us t e r t a lk s a bou t pe c u l i a r i t y o f h i s w or k : c ha nc e , t he que s t ion o f


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Fujii 28

so l i t ude , a nd a u tob iog r a ph ic a l a l l u s ions . H e a l so e xp la in s t he sh i f t

f r om poe t r y t o p r o se , h i s f a sc ina t ion w i th f a i r y t a l e s , a nd the o r ig in s o f

some o f h i s nove l s : C i t y o f G l a s s , I n t he C ou n t ry o f L as t T h in gs , a n d

Moo n Pa l a ce .

[ 9 ] D e l Ra y , S a n t i a go . P a u l A us t e r : A l Compa s de un r i tmo pe ndu la r .

Quime ra 109 ( 1992 ) : 22 - 27 .

f o r thc oming .

[ 10 ] Be g le y , A da m. Ca se o f a Br ook lyn S ymbo l i s t . The New York T imes

Mag az in e A ug 30 , 1992 . 41 , 52 - 54 .

A b r i e f i n t e r v i e w , w i th i n t r oduc t ion o f h i s f a me i n E u r ope , h i s c a r e e r ,

a ndL e v i a t han ( h i s l a t e s t w or k a t t he t ime ) . A us t e r de sc r ibe s t he ye a r

o f 1979 w he n h i s f a the r d i e d a nd h i s ma r r i a ge w a s f a l l i ng a pa r t a s a

c r a z y ye a r , a nd s a ys t ha t w r i t i ng P o r t r a i t o f a n I nv i s ib l e Ma n ha s

ke p t h i s f a the r a l i ve . A us t e r a l so s a ys t ha t f o r h im w r i t i ng i s no t f o r

mone y o r g lo r y bu t some th ing he ha s t o do . T h i s i n t e r v i e w a l so

in t r oduc e s c omme n t s o f h i s f e l l ow w r i t e r s , suc h a s D on D e L i l lo a nd

Russe l l Ba nks .

[ 11 ] F r a nk , Joa n . T he A r t o f A us t e r i t y . San Franc i sc o Re v ie w o f Book s . 1 7

( 1992 ) : 20 - 22 .

A us t e r b r i e f ly c omme n t s on the f o l low ing top i c s : h i s l i t e r a r y f a me , t he

ima g ina t ion o f a w r i t e r , c i t i e s , r e v i e w s , t he r e a d ing pub l i c , t he spa c e

be t w e e n t he a u t ho r an d t he b iog r a ph i ca l s e l f , a nd be i ng a f a t he r. H e


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sa ys t ha t t he mind o f a w r i t e r i s ne i the r a w oma n s mind no r a ma n s

mind , bu t s /he i s t r a nsc e nd ing the l imi t s o f h i s o r he r ow n body , t ime ,

a nd spa c e , t o ma ke a w or k o f ima g ina t ion . A us t e r a l so s a ys t ha t

be c o mi n g a f a t he r ma de h i m be l i e v e in t h e pos s i b i l i t y o f h i s w r i t i n g

f i c t i on .

[ 12 ] I n sdo r f , A nne t t e . T he Ma k ing o f Smok e . Smok e and B lue in the Fac e .

3 - 16 .

A us t e r t a lk s a bou t t he ma k i ng o f t he f i lm: w r i t i ng th e ba s i c s to r y , how

he go t t o know the d i r e c to r W a yne W a ng , t he w r i t i ng a nd r e - w r i t i ng

p r o c e s s o f t he s c r ip t , t he c a s t i ng , a nd t he e d i t i n g . H e e xp l a i n s t ha t t h e

t i t l e smoke symbo l i z e s t he c ons t a n t ly c ha ng ing s t a tu s o f t h ings . H e

a l so c a l l s t he f i lm a c ome dy , t he mos t op t imi s t i c t h ing he ha s e ve r

w r i t t e n .

[ 13 ] I r w in , Ma r k . Me mor y s E sc a pe : I nve n t ing T he Mus ic o f C hanc e . A

Conve r sa t ion w i th P a u l A us t e r . Den v e r Qu ar te r l y 28 ( 1994 ) : 111 - 122 .

R p t . i n T he Ar t o f Hunge r . N e w Yor k : P e ngu in , 19 98 . 327 - 340 .

A us t e r t a lk s a bou t T he Mus ic o f C hanc e : h i s obse s s ion w i th spa c e , t he

r e l a t i onsh ip be tw e e n the nove l a nd Moo n Pa l a c e , t h e pow e r o f me mor y ,

the c ha r a c t e r i z a t i on o f N a she , t he r o l e o f s to r i e s i n t he w or ld , h i s

r e l a t i onsh ip w i th a G e r ma n f i lmma ke r W im We nde r s .

[ 14 ] Con ta t , Mic he l . T he Ma nusc r ip t i n t he Book : A Conve r sa t ion . Yale

Fre nc h S tud ie s 89 ( 1996 ) : 160 - 187 .


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A us te r e xp la in s how h i s ma nusc r ip t s c a me to be c o l l e c t e d in t he Be r g

Co l l e c t ion . H e a l so t a lk s a bou t h i s w r i t i ng me thod , a nd the

r e l a t i onsh ip w i th h i s f a mi ly . H e me n t ions t o Be c ke t t a nd J a be s a s

pa t e r na l f i gu r e s f o r h im.

[ 15 ] Ca pe n , S t e phe n . 1997 .

h t tp : / /w or ldmind . c om/Ca nnon /Cu l tu r e / I n t e r v i e w s /a us t e r . h tml

* f o r thc oming .

[ 16 ] P a c e , Ch r i s . Q ue s t ions & A nsw e r s w i th P a u l A us t e r . 2000 .

h t tp : / /w w w .b lue c r i c ke t . c om/a us t e r / a r t i c l e s /qa nda .h tml

A us te r e xp la in s c ha r a c t e r s o f T imbuk tu , t a lk s a bu t h i s dog a nd w r i t i ng .
http://worldmind.com/Cannon/Culture/Interviews/auster.htmlhttp://www.bluecricket.com/auster/articles/qanda.htmlhttp://www.bluecricket.com/auster/articles/qanda.htmlhttp://worldmind.com/Cannon/Culture/Interviews/auster.html


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S e c onda r y S ou r c e s

a ) B ib l iog r a ph ie s

[ 1 ] D r e n t t e l , W i l l i a m. Pau l Aus te r : A B ib l iograph ic a l C he c k l i s t 1968- 1994 .

N e w Yo r k : D r e n t t e l , 1 994 .

A c ompr e he ns ive b ib l iog r a phy tha t c ove r s f r om 1968 to 1994 , bo th

p r i ma r y a nd se c o nda r y so u r c e s . T h oug h no w da t e d , i t i s s t i l l u s e f u l

gu ide t o l oc a t e e a r ly p r ima r y sou r c e s , e spe c i a l l y A us t e r s e s sa ys a nd

o the r c on t r ibu t ions t o pe r iod i c a l s .

[ 2 ] - - - . P a u l A us t e r : A S e l e c t e d B ib l iog r a phy . B e y ond the Re d N o t e book.

E d . D e nn i s Ba r one . P h i l a de l ph ia : P e nnsy lva n ia U P , 1995 . 189 - 198 .

A se l e c t e d ve r s ion o f a [ 1 ] .

[ 3 ] S p r inge r , Ca r s t e n . Bib l iog r a phy . Pau l Aus te r Sourc e book . F r a nk f u r t :

L a ng , 2001 . 73 - 110 .

A c ompr e he ns ive b ib l iog r a phy tha t c ove r s f r om 1968 to 1999 ,

inc lud ing a r t i c l e s on the I n t e r ne t a nd r e v i e w s . A n e s se n t i a l gu ide t o

se c onda r y sou r c e s .

b ) A c a de mic Wr i t i ng

b - 1 ) G en e r a l

[ 1 ] G ur ga nus , A l l a n . H ow D o Y ou I n t r oduc e P a u l A us t e r i n T h r e e Minu te s?

RC F 14 ( 1994 ) : 7 - 8 .

A sho r t , ge ne r a l i n t r oduc t ion o f t he t r a i t s o f A us t e r s f i c t i on . H e

me n t ions t o A us t e r s r e se mb la nc e to Be c ke t t , h i s l i ngu i s t i c i n t e r e s t ,


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a nd h i s A me r i c a n sub je c t .

[ 2 ] Rudma n , Ma r k . P a u l A us t e r : S ome E le c t ive A f f in i t i e s . RC F 1 4

( 1994) : 44 - 45 .

P o in t s ou t A us t e r s a f f i n i t i e s w i th O ppe n , Joube r t , s t r e s s ing on

e l e me n t s o f c l a r i t y , e c onomy , mus i c , f r a gme n t , a nd so l i t ude .

[ 3 ] B la c kbu r n , S t e ve n . So l i ta i re and Sou l - Se arc h ing : I so la t ion and

Re v e l a t io n i n th e F i c t io n o f Pa u l Au s t e r. M.A . t he s i s , U n iv . o f

N e w c a s t l e u pon Ty ne , 19 95 .

[ 4 ] D uppe r a y , A nn ic k , e d . L Oe v re de P au l Au s t e r. A r l e s : A c te s S ud , 1995 .

T he c o l l e c t i on o f p r e se n ta t i ons i n t he i n t e r na t iona l c on f e r e nc e

on A us t e r he ld a t U n iv . o f P r ove nc e , F r a nc e .

[ 5 ] Cha mbon , S oph ie . L inve n t ion de l e c r i t u r e e t l a f a b r i c a t ion du r o ma n .

D upe r r a y . 51 - 57 .

[ 6 ] G r a nd je a t , Cha r l e s . L e ha z a r d e t l a ne c e s s i t e da ns l oe v r e de P a u l

A us t e r . D uppe r a y . 153 - 163 .

[ 7 ] V a l l a s , S oph ie . T he vo ic e o f a w oma n spe a k ing : vo ix e t p r e se nc e s

f e min ine s da ns l e s r oma ns de P a u l A us t e r . D upe r r a y. 164 - 175 .

[ 8 ] Me t r e s s , Ch r i s toph e . I l e s e t a r c h ipe l s , s a uve r c e qu i e s t r e c oupe r a b le : l a


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f i c t i on de P a u l A us t e r . D upe r r a y. 245 - 257 .

[ 9 ] Ba r one , D e nn i s , e d . Be y o nd t he Re d N o t e bo ok : Es sa y s on Pa u l Aus t e r.

P h i l a de lph ia : P e nn sy lva n ia U P, 1995 .

S e l e c t e d c o l l e c t i on o f e s sa ys on A us t e r s w or k . T o ta l 10 e s sa ys de a l

w i th a l l h i s w or k f r om poe t r y t o Le v i a t h an ( e xc e p t Ghos t s ) . I nc lude s

se l e c t e d b ib l iog r a phy . F o r t he de t a i l o f e a c h e s sa y , s e e [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] a nd

[ 12 ] i n t h i s s e c t ion , b - 2 - [ 1 ] , b - 4 - [ 11 ] , b - 6 - [ 2 ] , b - 8 - [ 5 ] , b - 9 - [ 2 ] ,

b - 1 0 - [ 5 ] , b - 11 - [ 2 ] .

[ 10 ] Ba r one , D e nn i s . I n t r oduc t ion : P a u l A us t e r a nd the P os tmode r n

A me r i c a n N ove l . Ba r one , D e nn i s . e d . Be yo nd th e Red N o t e book: 1 - 2 6 .

A ims to p r ov ide t he c u l tu r a l , h i s to r i c a l , t h e o r e t i c a l c on te x t f o r r e a d ing

o f A us t e r s f i c t i on . Compa r ing A us t e r w i th D e L i l l o , O l son , Ba r one

de f ine s h i s w or k a s a n un ique a nd impor t a n t syn the s i s o f pos tmode r n

c onc e r ns , p r e mode r n que s t ions , a nd a su f f i c i e n t r e a l i sm. H e A l so

c omme n t s on the s e l f - r e f e r e n t i a l i t y o f h i s nove l s .

[ 11 ] W i r th , E r i c . A L ook Ba c k f r om the H or i z on . Be y on d t he Re d N o te boo k.

1995 . 171 - 182 .

S ta t e s t ha t A us t e r doc ume n t s t he r e duc t ion o f t he munda ne sub je c t ,

w h ic h de r ive s f r om phe nome no logy , a nd the r e duc t ion ma ke s t he

ind iv idua l sub je c t t he a u toma ton w ho i s de p r ive d o f r ou t ine ma te r i a l i t y ,

know le dge , pe r sona l i d e n t i t y , a nd c a use s t he e me r ge nc e o f t he doub le .

N o t so mu c h a n a c a d e mi c a r t i c l e a s a me d i t a t i v e e s sa y.


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[ 12 ] S h iba t a , Mo toyuk i . Be ing P a u l A us t e r s G hos t . I n Ba r one ( e d . ) 1995 :

183 - 188 .

A n e s sa y on the t r a ns l a t i on o f A us t e r s w or k . S h iba t a s t a t e s t ha t

t r a ns l a t i ng A us t e r f e e l s d i f f e r e n t f r om o the r c on te mpor a r y A me r i c a n

w r i t e r s be c a use h i s t e x t i t s e l f i s a na logous i n va r ious w a ys ( e . g . , t he

w a y c ha r a c t e r s ma ke the mse lve s d i s a ppe a r , t he w a y na r r a to r s t e l l t he i r

t a l e , t he w a y p r o t a gon i s t s l ook a t t he mse lve s ) t o t he a c t o f t r a ns l a t i on ,

w h ic h invo lve s t he e f f o r t a t t r a n spa r e n c y .

[ 13 ] Cor t a nz e , G e r a r d de . L e s Roma ns e n d ix mo t s - c l e s . Ma gL i t t 338

( 1995) : 43 - 48 .

A F r e nc h a r t i c l e on pe c u l i a r i t i e s o f A us t e r s f i c t i on .

[ 14 ] - - - . Do ss i e r P au l Au s t e r. Ba r c e lona : A na g r a m, 1996 .

* i t e m una va i l a b l e .

[ 15 ] K le ppe r , Ma r t in . Py nc hon , Aus te r , De L i l lo : d i e ame r ik an i sc he

Pos tmode rne zw i sc he n Sp ie l und Re k ons t ruk t ion . F r a nk f u r t : Ca mpus , 1996 .

A G e r ma n book on P ync hon , A us t e r , a nd D e L i l lo .

[ 16 ] Me r iva l e , P a t r i c i a . T he A us t e r i z e d V e r s ion . C onL . 38 ( 1997 ) : 1995 :

183 - 188 .

I n t r oduc e s tw o c o l l e c t i ons o f e s sa ys on A us t e r : L Oe u v re de Pau l

Aus t e r a nd A us t e r i s sue o f T he Re v ie w o f C on te mporary F ic t ion , w i t h


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summa r i z e d c on te n t s a nd e va lua t ions o f some o f t he e s sa ys .

[ 17 ] Be h r e ns , A l f r e d . D ie e inz ige W i r k l i c hke i t i s t d i e W or k l i c hke i t de s

Z uf a l l s . A uge n b l i c ke : Ma rbu rge r He f t e z ur Me d ie nw i s s e ns c h f a f t 26

( 1997) : 67 - 82 .

A G e r ma n e s sa y on c ha nc e e ve n t s i n A us t e r s w or k .

[ 18 ] H e r z oge n r a th , Be r nd . An Ar t o f De s i re : Re ad i ng Pau l Au s t e r.

A ms te r da m: E d i t i ons Rodop i , 1998 .

I nc lude s e s sa ys on C i ty o f G lass , I n t he Cou n t ry o f L a s t T h i n gs , Moo n

Pa lac e , a nd T he Mus ic o f C hanc e . A l l e s sa ys a r e L a c a n ia n a na ly se s . A n

in t r oduc to r y e s sa y , p r inc ipa l ly c onc e r n ing the ge n r e t o w h ic h the nove l

be l on gs , i s a s s ig ne d t o e a c h e s s a y. I t r e qu i r e s ba c k g r o und k now l e dge

o f L a c a n , F r e ud , a nd D e r r ida . F o r t he de t a i l o f e a c h e s sa y , s e e

b - 4 - [ 16 ] [ 17 ] , b - 8 - [ 6 ] [ 7 ] , b - 9 - [ 17 ] [ 18 ] , a n d b - 10 - [ 7 ] [ 8 ] .

[ 18 ] N iko l i c , D r a ga na . P a u l A us t e r s P os tmode r n F i c t i on : D e c ons t r uc t ing

A r i s to t l e s Poe t i c s . 1998 .

h t tp : / /w w w .b lue c r i c ke t . c om/a us t e r / a r t i c l e s / a r i s to t l e . h tml

Compa r e s A r i s to t l e s c onc e p t o f p lo t , c ha r a c t e r , a nd poe t i c t e x t i n h i s

Poe t i c s w i th the t r a i t s o f A us t e r s f i c t i on : c ha nc e , me mor y , t he a bse n t

f a the r , hunge r , unknow a b le s e l f , a nd a vo ida nc e o f c lo su r e . N iko l i c a l so

s t a t e s t ha t A us t e r c ha l lnge s a nd de n ie s t he c onve n t ions o f t e l e o log ic a l

c l a s s i c a r t .
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[ 19 ] W ip f , A le xa nde r . F ic t i on o r Re a l i t y : t he C i ty i n P a u l A us t e r s Wor ks .

A pr . 1998 .

h t tp : / /w w w .w ip f . c om/ t e x t s / a us t e r . h tm

A c c e s s r e qu i r e s a u tho r i z a t i on . U na b le t o a c c e s s a s o f A ug 22 , 2002 .

[ 20 ] P e r se l l i n , K e tu r a . Ci ty S ub je c t s : S hop l i f t e r s , Ba g L a d ie s , a nd O the r

F igu r e s o f U r ba n T r a nsg r e s s ions i n Con te mpor a r y L i t e r a tu r e a nd

F i lm. D i s s . U n iv . o f S ou the r n Ca l i f o r n i a , 1998 .

A na lyse s t he w or k o f P a u l A us t e r , Ma r ke n G or r i s , K a tha lyn H a r r i son ,

a nd Joyc e Ca r o l O a te s t o e xp lo r e t he f o r ms o f w ome n s e nc oun te r w i th

the spa c e s o f t he c i t y a nd the i r r e v i s ions o f f a mi l i a r unde r s t a nd ing o f

u r ba n ha b i t a t i on , f oc us ing on w ome n s e n t r a nc e in to t he c i t y a nd the i r

subse que n t e nga ge me n t w i th c ommod i ty c u l tu r e . [ D A I 60 ( 1999 ) :

D A 9933696]

[ 21 ] Cohn , J e s se . I H a ve S e t My A f f a i r on N o th ing : L i t e r a r y T he o r y ,

F i c t i on , a nd the P o l i t i c s o f A n t i r e p r e se n ta t i on . 1999 .

A t t e mp t s t o de ve lop a n a na r c h i s t l i t e r a r y t he o r y a nd e xp lo r e i t s

po s s ib i l i t i e s t h r oug h r e a d i ngs o f co n t e mpo r a r y f i c t i o n by P a u l A u s t e r,

J a ne S mi l e y , a nd T im O Br i e n . A us t e r s C i ty o f G lass , T he I nv e n t ion o f

S o l i t u d e , a nd T he Mus ic o f C hanc e , a s w e l l a s o the r s , a r e d i s c us se d a s

a n t i - r e p r e se n ta t i ona l ve r s ions o f a na r c h i s t l i t e r a r y t he o r y . Cohn

c onc lude s t ha t w ha t e me r ge s f r om the c ombine d r e a d ings o f a na r c h i s t

t he o r y , h i s to r y , a nd f i c t i on i s a b r oa d pe r spe c t ive on the pos s ib i l i t i e s

o f a r t a s pa r to f d i s c u r s ive ma t r ix w h ic h ou r c o l l e c t i ve a f f a i r s a r e s e t .
http://www.wipf.com/texts/auster.htmhttp://www.wipf.com/texts/auster.htm


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[ D A I N o . : D A 9946655]

[ 22 ] D onova n , Chr i s tophe r A . P os tmode r n Re c onc i l i a t i ons : L ibe r a l I r on i sm

a nd the Re c ove r y o f t he A ud ie nc e in Con te mpor a r y A me r i c a n F i c t i on .

P h .D . t he s i s , N e w Yor k U n iv . 1999 .

F oc use s on the e vo lu t ion in t he w or k o f P a u l A us t e r , D on D e L i l lo ,

Cha r l e s Johnson a nd T im O Br i e n , a nd s t a t e s t ha t t he y be c ome s t e a d i ly

mor e sympa the t i c t o t he e xpe c t a t i on o f t he i r a ud ie nc e by p r e se n t ing

c ompr e he ns ib l e na r r a t i ve o f t he ge ne s i s o f t he pos tmode r n c ond i t i on .

R ic ha r d Ror ty s no t ion o f l i be r a l i r on i sm i s i n t r oduc e d to i l l umina t e

the w r i t e r s a t t i t ude .

[ 23 ] S p r inge r , Ca r s t e n . A Pau l Aus t e r Sou rc e bo ok. F r a nk f u r t / N e w Y or k :

L a ng , 2001 .

P r ov ide s va lua b le i n f o r ma t ion a bou t A us t e r s w or k : a u tob iog r a ph ic a l

ma te r i a l i n h i s f i c t i on , l i t e r a r y sou r c e s a nd a l l u s ions , a l l u s ions o f h i s

w or ks t o one a no the r , l oc a t ion o f e a r ly ve r s ions . I nc l ude s b ib l iog r a phy .

[ 24 ] V a r vog l i , A l ik i . T he Wor ld T ha t I s t he Book : Pau l Aus te r s F ic t ion .

L ive r poo l : L ive r poo l U n ive r s i t y P r e s s , 2001 .

Cons i s t s o f t h r e e c ha p te r s : L e ga c i e s , A us t e r i t i e s , a nd Re a l i t i e s ,

o f f e r ing e s sa ys on the T r i logy , I n th e Cou n t ry o f L a s t T h i ng s , Mo on

Pa lac e , T he Mus ic o f C hanc e , a nd L e v ia t han . T he ma in f oc us i s

A us t e r s i n t e r t e x tua l i t y w i th t he A me r i c a n Roma n t i c s , K a f ka , a nd

Be c ke t t . V a r vog l i e mpha s i z e s t he c on t inu i ty i n A us t e r s w r i t i ng by


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d i sc us s ing th r oughou t t he ph i lo soph ic a l unde r p inn ings t ha t l e a d A us t e r

t o que s t ion the bounda r i e s be tw e e n the f i c t i ona l a nd the f a c tua l , t he

r e a l a nd the ima g ine d . F o r t he de t a i l o f e a c h e s sa y , s e e b - 7 - [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ,

b - 8 - [ 8 ] , b - 9 - [ 2 2 ] , b - 1 0 - [ 12 ] , a nd b - 11 - [ 7 ] .

[ 25 ] Cohe n , Jo sh . D e se r t i ons : P a u l A us t e r , E dmond Ja be s , a nd the W r i t i ng

o f A usc hw i t z . J MMLA 33- 34 ( 2001 ) : 94 - 107 .

D i sc us se s J a be s a nd A us t e r a s e xa mple s o f t he Je w ish w r i t i ng , a w a y

of i nha b i t i ng l a ngua ge a f t e r t he H o loc a us t i n t r oduc e d in to w r i t i ng i t s

ow n imposs ib i l i t y . Cohe n s t a t e s t ha t t he i r w or ks show tw o d i f f e r e n t

mode s o f a r t i c u l a t i ng the s a me impu l se t o c ome to t he a bso lu t e by

p a r a do x i c a l l y t u r n i ng a w a y f r o m i t , t he impu l se t ha t i s e xp r e s se d a s

de se r t by J a be s a nd a s hunge r by A us t e r .

[ 26 ] S p r inge r . Ca r l . C ri se s : T he Work s o f Pau l Aus te r . F r a nk f u r t : L a ng ,

2 0 0 2 .

b - 2 ) O n P oe t r y

[ 1 ] F inke l s t e in , N or ma n . I n t he Re a lm o f t he N a ke d E ye : T he P oe t r y o f P a u l

A us t e r . Ame r i c an Poe t ry 8 ( 1990 ) : 175 - 187 ; Rp t . i n B e y ond t he Re d

N o t e bo ok. 4 4 - 5 9 .

A n in t e r p r e t a t i on o f t he poe ms in D i sap pe ar an c es : Se l e c t e d Poe ms i n

th r e e t op i c s : t he p r ob le m o f t he s e l f , J e w i shne s s , a nd the i n f lue nc e o f

t he ob je c t iv i t i s t s . T he f i r s t t op i c i n t r oduc e s t he d i f f e r e nc e be tw e e n h i s

po e t r y a n d f i c t i on , t he s e c o nd co mpa r e s A u s t e r w i th E d mo nd J a be s , a n d


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t he t h i r d a r gue s t he i n f lue nc e o f Cha r l e s Re z n iko f f a nd G e or ge O ppe n .

[ 2 ] Che ne t i e r , Ma r k . U n l i e u f ka g r a n t e t nu l : l a poe s i e de P a u l A us t e r .

D uppe r a y . 258 - 170 .

A F r e nc h e s sa y on A us t e r s poe t r y.

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A F r e nc h a r t i c l e on h i s poe t r y .

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b - 3 ) On T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude

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du monde Ang lophone . L e Ma ns : U n iv . du Ma ine , 1993 : 194 - 198 .

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T e ne b r e s de P a u l A us t e r da ns T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude . Voix e t

l angage s aux E ta t s - Un i s , . E d . S e r ge R ic a r d . A ix - e n - P r ove n c e : U n iv .

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( 1994 ) : 26 - 29 .

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e ve r ybody .

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( 1994 ) : 30 - 31 .

A b r i e f impr e s s ion on r e a d ing T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude . Ca w s po in t s

ou t t ha t un l ike A us t e r s de f in i t i on o f me mor y tha t me mor y i s t he spa c e

in w h ic h th ings ha ppe ns f o r t he s e c ond t ime , i n t he f i e ld o f su r r e a l i sm

e ve r y th ing ha ppe ns f o r t he f i r s t t ime .

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S ta t e s t ha t c e n t e r ing the s e l f i s t he t he me o f T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude ,

a nd tha t me mor y i s c e n t r a l t o t he c onne c t ion be tw e e n A us t e r a nd the

w or ld . Ba r one c ompa r e s D a n ie l Q u inn w i t h A .

[ 6 ] Ba x te r , Cha r l e s . T he Bur e a u o f Mis s ing P e r sons : N o te s on P a u l A us t e r s

F ic t i on . R CF 14 ( 1994 ) : 40 - 43 .

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A me r ic a n obse s s ion w i th ga in ing a n ide n t i t y w i th t he E u r ope a n a b i l i t y

to a sk how ide n t i t y i s l o s t . A l so s t a t e s t ha t f a mi ly i s t he sou r c e o f l o s s

o f i de n t i t y f o r A us t e r , a s T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude show s . Ba x te r

r e f e r s t o S a m F a r r i n I n t he C o u n t ry o f L a s t T h i ng s a s r e min i sc e n t o f

S a m A us te r , A us t e r s f a th e r .

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L I nv e n t i o n d e la so l i t ud e de A us t e r . So l i tude s , e c r i tu re e t

r e pre se n ta t ion . E d . A ndr e S iga nos . G r e nob le : E l lug , 1995 . 137 - 143 .

A F r e nc h e s sa y on T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude a nd Mod ia no s w or k .

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de la so l i t ude . D upe r r a y . 15 - 23 .


[ 9 ] S a mma r c e l l i , F r a nc o i se . L inve n t ion d une e c r i t u r e : f i l i a t i on e t a l t e r i t e

da ns L I nv e n t i on d e l a so l i t ud e . D uppe r a y . 24 - 37 .

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l a u t e n t i c i t e . D upe r r a y . 38 - 50 .

A F r e nc h e s sa y on T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude . I t s E n g l i s h v e r s i o n i s

P a u l A us t e r s T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude : G l imme r s i n a Re a c h to

A u the n t i c i t y , [ 17 ] o f t h i s s e c t ion .


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[ 11 ] Boz z e t to - D i t t o , L uc ie nne . L a r b l e e t l a v i l l e i nv i s ib l e da ns L I nv e n t i on

d e l a S o l i t u d e . D upe r r a y . 58 - 74 .


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P la c e s T he I nv e n t ion o f So l i tude i n t he t r a d i t i ona l J e w i sh l i t e r a tu r e ,

show ing tha t A us t e r de a l s w i th t he p r ob le m o f hunge r , w h ic h i s t he

Je w ish qua l i t y . Rub in in t r oduc e s a n e s sa y by I s a a c Rose n f i e ld i n o r de r

t o de sc r ibe t he t r a i t s o f hu nge r .

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[ 14 ] Ma r l ing , W i l l i a m. P a u l A us t e r a nd the A me r i c a n Roma n t i c s . L I T 7

( 1997) : 301 - 310 .

S ta t e s t ha t A us t e r r e - r e a ds t he A me r i c a n Roma n t i c s a nd r e sponds t o

the m a s h i s i nhe r i t a nc e . I t c ons i s t s o f 10 b r i e f pa r t s , show ing the

r e l a t i onsh ip be tw e e n A us t e r s T he L oc k e d Room a nd H a w tho r ne s

Fanshaw e .

[ 15 ] A da ms , T imo thy D ow . P ho tog r a phy a nd V e n t r i l oquy in P a u l A us t e r s

T he I nve n t ion o f S o l i t ude . T rue Re la t ions : Essay s on Au tob iography

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