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LVR-Landesmuseums Bonn

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Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande

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VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN ∙ DARMSTADT

Gedruckt mit Mitteln des Ministeriums für Bauen, Wohnen, Stadtentwicklung und Verkehr des LandesNordrhein-Westfalen, des Landschaftsverbandes Rheinland (LVR) und des Vereins von Altertumsfreundenim Rheinlande.

VIII und Seiten mit Abbildungen, davon farbig, und Tafeln, teils mit farbigen Elementen, sowie Tabellen.

Es gelten die Regeln nach www.av-rheinland.de/BonnerJb.htm. Zu beachten sind insbesondere die dorteingestellten Grundsätze nach den ›Berichten der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission‹ Band , , undzwar im Sinne der geisteswissenschaftlichen Zitierweise mit Titelschlagwort. Ferner finden Anwendung dieebenfalls eingebundenen Abkürzungen für Periodika nach derselben Zeitschrift Band , , sowie diedesgleichen erschlossenen Kürzel der antiken Quellen nach ›Der Neue Pauly‹. Weitere Abkürzungen amSchluss dieses Bandes.

Aufsätze für die Bonner Jahrbücher werden in einem Peer-Review-Verfahren begutachtet.

Redaktion: Olaf Dräger

ISSN -ISBN ----

Copyright LVR - Landesmuseum Bonn, LVR - Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinlandund Verein von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande sowie Verlag Philipp von Zabern.Satz und Druck: Beltz Bad Langensalza GmbH.Alle Rechte vorbehalten.Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit neutralem pH-Wert.Printed in Germany.

Christian Rollinger, Amicitia sanctissime colenda.Freundschaft und soziale Netzwerke in der SpätenRepublik. Verlag Antike, Berlin . pages.

›Amicitia sanctissime colenda‹ originated from theauthor’s doctoral dissertation submitted at the Univer-sity of Trier in . In most respects, it is still verymuch a German-style doctoral dissertation, with its ty-pical merits and flaws. It offers a wealth of data andready-at-hand interpretations to work with, but thediscussion is often needlessly long-winding and de-tailed.

The author’s objective is to offer a new perspectiveon the role of friendship in the Late Roman Republicby using formal Social Network Analysis (SNA) toanalyse how the rules and practices of amicitia affectedthe structure of social networks. This in turn helps toexplain how political power was gained and how itwas exercised. Given the available source data thestudy inevitably remains limited to Roman elite net-works.

550 Besprechungen

Rollinger enjoys a reputation as one of the newSNA-practitioners in ancient history; a small butgrowing group of young scholars who actively use digi-tal tools and software to process primary source datainto mathematical and graphic models susceptible toformal network analysis. It is still too early to evaluatethe contribution of this approach to ancient historyresearch, but, at the very least, it has the merit of facil-itating cross-cultural and cross-epochal comparisons,and of visualising assumptions regarding the structureof Roman social networks.

The author familiarized himself with SNA-metho-dology when writing his M. A. dissertation ›Solvendisunt nummi. Die Schuldenkultur der späten Römi-schen Republik im Spiegel der Schriften Ciceros‹,which was subsequently () published in the frame-work of the Rhineland-Palatinate’s Landesexzellenz-cluster ›Gesellschaftliche Abhängigkeiten und sozialeNetzwerke‹. Social Network Analysis took up only asmall part of that study, but it attracted critical com-ments with which R. himself now concurs (p. s.).›Solvendi nummi‹ could not capture social elite net-works because it relied only on financial interactionsto map and analyse elite social networks in CiceronianRome. This time, therefore, the author takes into ac-count the full spectrum of exchanges between amici –both material and immaterial.

Rollinger is very familiar with the technicalities ofSocial Network Analysis, and the time-consumingprocess of encoding data in formats susceptible to im-portation in network analyses software, in this caseUCINET. However, he is also very aware of the lim-itations of this technique. His interpretations are cau-tious and his ›caveat lector‹ warnings numerous.

After a brief introduction (p. –) the author ar-ranges his study in three parts of unequal length. Thefirst offers an analysis of the cultural and moral frame-work regulating amicitia (p. –). Readers who arefamiliar with the subject can easily skip this. Thosewho are not, however, will find an excellent introduc-tion to the subject.

The second part – ›Die heilige Pflicht der Freund-schaft‹ – is by far the longest (p. –). It system-atically analyses the material and symbolic practices ofamicitia. It is subdivided in four chapters on () sym-bolic communications through salutationes (morning›social calls‹ by social dependents and lesser ›friends‹)and convivia (›banquets‹); () the exchange of letters;() letters of recommendation; and () various formsof assistance through (a) offices in the staffs of provin-cial or military commanders, (b) defence in court (le-gal patronage), and (c) material assistance via loansand sureties, and dowries and legacies (but dowries aredismissed in one page because they are nearly undocu-mented in Cicero’s letters). The author provides a de-tailed overview of the symbolic and material contentof interaction between friends. He shows how amicitiapervaded Roman elite society, and how young Ro-mans were imbued with the ethics of amicitia and the

duties that came with it. In Bourdieusian terms (notused by Rollinger) Romans interiorised the ethos ofamicitia into their habitus. Mos maiorum legitimisedthe duties of amicitia, but internalised cultural con-straints were not what most guaranteed respect for thedemands of amicitia. Rather, informal social sanctionsenforced moral expectations. This enforcement struc-ture was effective because there was a wide consensusthat social positions depended on respect for the rulesof amicitia. In his third part, Rollinger shows that thiswas ›objectively‹ true because of the structure andproperties of Roman social networks. Expressions ofaffection were a part of the ethos of friendship, andthey were instrumentalised both as a way to emphasizethe principle equality between amici and to justify thatfavours and gifts were expected (cf. p. –: ›Emo-tionalität als Bestandteil des praktischen Instrumenta-riums‹).

The second part is very thorough and convincing,but also very traditional in its approach and interpreta-tions. Rollinger does an excellent job in showing howtradition, ethos and instrumentality were intercon-nected in Roman amicitia. I am quite convinced bythe author’s arguments, but feel more confirmed inmy earlier views on amicitia, than surprised, so I donot feel that I have learned much that is new.

The third part – ›Das Oberschichtennetzwerk‹ –(finally) turns to the elite network which the authorset out to study. The aim is to reconstruct a »Gesamt-netzwerk der römischen Oberschicht der späten Repub-lik« (p. ) using network analysis to study its struc-ture and characteristics in order to achieve a betterunderstanding of aristocratic society in the last decadesof the Republic (p. ). This is the most innovativepart, but surprisingly also the shortest and least elabo-rated. Thirty-eight of its fifty-eight pages (p. –)are a technical introduction to the methodology of So-cial Network Analysis. The remaining twenty-oddpages discuss the graphs generated by the softwareprogram (UCINET) used to analyse the codified data.

The book closes with a general conclusion (p.–) that summarises its main research results, fol-lowed by the bibliography, two long appendices pre-senting the codified prosopographical data (p.–) and the generated graphs (p. –), andexcellent indices (p. –).

There are few typos (I noticed ›hominum‹ insteadof ›hominem‹ on p. ), but the print quality of thegraphs is dreadful. In many it is simply impossible toread the names of the agents making up the nodes.

Let us now look more closely to the book’s mostoriginal part and its methodological and theoretical ba-sis. The network, as reconstructed by Rollinger, hasan unrealistically low density (, percent, p. ),due to the very fragmentary empirical data that itbuilds upon. There can be no doubt that the real his-torical network between the documented agents had amuch higher density than this, but how much higher?How many nodes and ties are we missing merely be-

Alte Geschichte 551

cause they are not documented? The author is acutelyaware of this problem (p. ); a lot of ties are simplynot documented, so the concentration of ties on asmall number of nodes (›hubs‹) is exaggerated. Thus,for obvious reasons Cicero ranks very high in degreecentrality (i. e. the number of recorded links). The Bo-nacich Power Measures show that, in historical reality,Cicero had only a very relative importance in the re-constructed network. This is hardly surprising. Buthow should we interpret the high BonPurNeg measurefor Lucullus (,)? Taken at face value, it wouldsuggest that Lucullus was highly dependent on otheragents in the recorded network. But this may simplybe an effect of Cicero’s connections being overrepre-sented, making the BonPurNeg for Lucullus irrele-vant. Or is it because Lucullus really did not have asignificant influence in the network documented here?And if the latter is so, may we conclude from that thatLucullus had become an isolated figure in these yearsor vice versa, that Cicero never really succeeded inpushing through in the network clusters where Lucul-lus thrived? Relying on network analyses provides noway out of this conundrum: »weitere Aussagen oderUntersuchungsverfahren lassen sich […] nicht sinnvolldemonstrieren« (p. ).

Significantly, and reassuringly, however, Rollingerfinds that the structure of the network does notchange when we take out Cicero. A small number ofagents continue to dominate the structure of the net-work. So, while we cannot say much about individualnodes, some general characteristics of the network dostand out. These allow Rollinger to conclude that thelate republican Roman elite formed a robust small-world, scale free network based on amicitia, ratherthan on family and familiae. Such networks are heldtogether by a relatively limited number of ›hubs‹ that(directly or indirectly) connect all nodes in the net-work. They are highly robust against random damage(i. e. random nodes disappearing from the network).Thus, despite the havoc that the Social and Civil warsof the eighties had wrought, the Roman elite commu-nity was not disintegrating. Amicitia was an integrat-ing force, thanks to the characteristics of the networkstructures that its code of conduct produced. This isno doubt the book’s main contribution. Politicalstrife, opposing factions, even bitter feuds certainly ex-isted, but the elite community was not inherently un-stable. This will spark debate, because it (rightly Ithink) moves away from recent trends to emphasizeinstitutions and popular politics, and revalues the richheritage of prosopographical research that ancient his-torians have at their disposal.

Conversely, however, the scale-free properties ofthe elite network made it vulnerable to targeted da-mages that destroyed central hubs. The civil wars ofthe forties and thirties broke the structural backboneof the republican elite, replaced old hubs with a smallnumber of new ones and eventually created a super-hub in the person of the first emperor Augustus.

Rollinger has not attempted to analyse the Augustanaristocracy, but hypothesises that the structure of theAugustan elite network was very different. He suspectsit was a ›winner-takes-all-network‹. Such networks arenot scale free, and remain stable only for as long asthe central hub exists. Brokers occupy secondary posi-tions, but their influence derives solely from the cen-tral hub. In Augustan (and later imperial) society, bro-kers were often not members of the senatorial orequestrian elite. The implication would be that amici-tia became less important for the stability of elite net-works, leaving room instead for new markets (for in-stance for legal services). Obviously, this hypothesisabout imperial elite networks needs a more empiricalbasis, for which Rollinger points the reader to two on-going projects studying imperial elite networks byNathalie Bissen and Jan Wolkenhauer (p. ).

These are all very interesting hypotheses and Roll-inger’s own conclusion regarding the structure of elitenetworks in Ciceronian times seems (to me) convin-cing. However, it could easily have been argued in theform of a scholarly article, with the tables and graphsmade available as datasets in an online repository.Being the most innovative part of a long scholarlymonograph (rather than as a PhD dissertation), Roll-inger’s analysis has weaknesses.

First of all, the Roman ›elite network‹ is defined (forthe authors’s purposes) as being composed only of se-nators and knights (p. ), others have been includedonly if they were part of a triadic exchange in whichthe other agents were senators or knights (p. ). Thisyields a total of persons (listed in a prosopographi-cal table). This limitation is unfortunate and seemsrather inspired by time constraints than intrinsic argu-ments. Methodologically, it would have made moresense to include every person connected to at least onesenator or knight. It implies for instance that senatorialor equestrian slaves and freedmen are only includedwhen they can be linked in some way to an exchangeinvolving their master or patron and another senator orknight. The somewhat worrying implication of that,however, is that the bulk of the (extended) familia net-works of Romans is excluded from the study. Simi-larly, members from local elites are largely excluded.

Secondly, for reasons that are unclear to me Roll-inger has stopped short of using the full power of So-cial Network Analysis techniques and computer pro-grams. The main missing element in this respect is theaspect of time. Rollinger’s analysis is ›flat‹. Diachronicanalysis is avoided. Yet, all standard Social NetworkAnalysis programs allow dynamic modelling. In thiscase, it should have been easy to see how the docu-mented network evolves over a period of some dec-ades, and measure the effects of, for instance, Cicero’sbanishment and return, Crassus’ defeat, the CivilWar, Pompey’s defeat, the murder of Caesar, and soforth. It would be very interesting, for instance, to seewhether and to what extent the ›hub‹ Caesar was re-placed by his adopted son Octavian or by Marc Ant-

552 Besprechungen

ony. After all, structural stability does not imply that anetwork is static.

A fundamental problem, often pointed out by theauthor but not solved (and probably impossible tosolve), is that the data we have are heavily biased to-wards links that interested Cicero. However, this isalso an opportunity. We have very incomplete render-ing of late republican social elite networks, but wehave a fairly complete rendering of Cicero’s ego-net-work. Why doesn’t the author attempt to analyse thisnetwork? Social Network theory has a specific metho-dology developed for the analysis of ego-networks.While the properties of such networks cannot be gen-eralised to the larger social network in which an ego-network is embedded, they do tell us a lot about thekind of social context in which that particular ego wasembedded. As far as I know, no formal ego-centricanalysis of Cicero’s network has ever been attempted.Ego-network analysis could have helped to correct orat least detect some of the biases present in the SocialNetwork metrics and graphs discussed in this book.Rollinger has collected most of the necessary data. Itshould be easy to run them through the computer.Combining Cicero’s correspondence with Atticus andCornelius Nepos’ biography of the man would, I sus-pect, have made it possible even to reconstruct Atti-cus’ ego-network.

Another missing dimension is the lack of linksbased on ascriptive qualities, such as kinship. Interac-tion between (close) kin in Roman society sharedmany characteristics with that between amici, but wasgoverned by moral expectations and obligations thatderived from a different set of values (such as filialpiety or fraternal solidarity), and was constrained bynon-voluntary ties. What would happen to the graphsand metrics if we filter out family relations, such asthat between Cicero and his brother? The question isimportant because it provides a way to measure theimportance of amicitia as compared to kinship. I don’tknow the answer, but with the data collected andproperly ›codified‹ (as the author calls it) the questioncould at least have been addressed.

The author has not attempted to differentiate be-tween strength of ties (based on the number of officiaexchanged between nodes) and multiplexity of ties(based on the diversity of officia exchanged), becausethe sources are too fragmentary to support such an at-tempt. This is certainly true for the criterion ›strengthof ties‹, I am less convinced that it is true also for mul-tiplexity, but won’t argue the case – let us assume thatRollinger is right. Even so, both criteria are too impor-tant not to reflect upon, as they are directly related tothe distribution of resources and entitlements in Ro-man society. To what extent was the allocation of andaccess to political and economic resources dependenton amicitia? The difference between the small-worldor scale-free network of the late republican elites andthe ›winner-takes-all‹ network of the Augustan aristoc-racy is surely a result of the concentration of resources

in the hands of one man and his ability to ignore ex-pectations from ›friends‹. Similarly, the central ›hubs‹in the late republican network derive their positionfrom their relative control over resources needed orcoveted by others. I don’t think one can reasonablyargue (or that the author would argue) that the alloca-tion of resources lying behind these configurations de-rives solely from the dynamics of the different socialelite networks. Institutions and popular politics mat-ter. The challenge for Rollinger’s model is to under-stand how these three were interrelated. That questionis not addressed, mainly (I assume) because SocialNetwork Analysis is methodologically unable to pro-vide meaningful answers. However, if formal SNA isto have a future in ancient history research it will (likeany other methodology) need to find ways to connectto questionnaires that require a different methodology.

Too much of the discussion of the graphs concernstechnicalities and definitions. For instance onpage where the author first defines the concept of›clique‹, then that of ›k-plex‹, then that of ›k-cores‹, toend with the algorithm developed by Girvan andNewman to define group membership. Together thesedefinitions take up more than half of the discussion ofthe graph showing the network of military functions.The historical conclusions are limited to noting theself-evident importance of Caesar, Pompey, Lucullusand Crassus.

Surprisingly, while much energy is devoted to ex-plaining such technicalities, not much is done withnetwork theories and models (briefly presented on p.–). We hear almost nothing about the differencebetween (let alone relative importance of) weak tiesand strong ties, or bonding and bridging social capital,or the societal consequences of different network struc-tures. Intuitively (but perhaps wrongly), I would ex-pect a dense network of weak ties within Roman elitesociety, linking dense clusters of strong ties based onfamiliae relations, and with ›bridges‹ to non-elite andlocal elite networks based on collective patronage overmunicipalities and collegia, and on (competing) amici-tiae with businessmen. Again intuitively, I would ex-pect to see ›primary star configurations‹, typical for pa-tronage (see K. Verboven, The economy of friends.Economic aspects of amicitia and patronage in theLate Republic [Brussels ] ), becoming moreand more unstable as Roman elite networks becamelarger and institutional control (by the senate, magis-trates, and law-courts) over privately owned or usurpedresources diminished – eventually leading to failedstate scenarios and civil war, and ultimately to the re-configuration of elite networks into the new ›Augustanaristocracy‹. These are all hypotheses and I am not surehow much Social Network Analysis as a formal metho-dology can contribute to these debates given the qual-ity and quantity of our data, but these are the issuesthat really matter: how does the structure and beha-viour of social networks interact with formal institu-tions? What are the political and economic outcomes?

Alte Geschichte 553

It isn’t clear to me why the author has spent somany pages on his thorough but excessively traditionalsecond part and so few on his much more original andchallenging third part, or to the potential of using socialnetwork theory as a model and interpretative frame-work (rather than merely a technical method). A hope-fully mistaken (?) belief that PhD dissertation shouldconform to tradition, perhaps? Rollinger is a highly ta-lented historian, there should be no doubt on that.Now that he has passed his doctoral ›rite de passage‹,let us hope that he is ready to kick some ass and »ru-mores senum severiorum omnes unius aestimet assis«.

Gent Koenraad Verboven

554 Besprechungen

Inhalt

Aufsätze

Marion BertramVom Rhein an die SpreeDie Vorgeschichtliche Abteilung der Königlichen Museen zu Berlinund ihre Verbindungen zur preußischen Rheinprovinzim neunzehnten und frühen zwanzigsten Jahrhundert

Louise RokohlVier Grabgruppen am SchwefelbergDie römerzeitlichen Bestattungen von Pulheim

Marion BrügglerReich an GlasEine herausragende Grabgruppe des ersten Jahrhundertsim Gräberfeld von Moers-Schwafheim

Jost MergenKalter LeichenbrandDas römische Gräberfeld Auf der Höll

Andreas Schaub und Klaus ScherberichEine Bauinschrift Trajans aus Aachen

Volker Michael StrockaDer Manchinger SilberbecherEine Fehldeutung und ihre Folgen

Berichte

LVR - Archäologischer Park XantenUntersuchungen in der Colonia Ulpia Traiana

LVR - Landesmuseum BonnBericht der Direktorin für das Jahr

LVR - Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege im RheinlandBericht des Amtsleiters für das Jahr

Verein von Altertumsfreunden im RheinlandeBericht über die Tätigkeit im Jahre

Besprechungen

Vorgeschichte

Stefanie Samida und Manfred K. H. Eggert, Archäologie als Naturwissenschaft?Eine Streitschrift (Michael Gebühr)

Bruno Boulestin und Anne-Sophie Coupey, Cannibalism in the Linear Pottery Culture.The human remains from Herxheim (Daniela Hofmann)

Manfred Woidich, Die westliche Kugelamphorenkultur. Untersuchungenzu ihrer raumzeitlichen Differenzierung, kulturellen und anthropologischen Identität(Hans-Jürgen Beier)

Andrea Bräuning und Imma Kilian-Dirlmeier, Die eisenzeitlichen Grabhügelvon Vergina. Die Ausgrabungen von Photios Petsas – (Florian Ruppenstein)

Diamantis Panagiotopoulos, Mykenische Siegelpraxis. Funktion, Kontextund administrative Verwendung mykenischer Tonplomben auf dem griechischenFestland und Kreta (Christian Vonhoff)

Christof J. Schuppert, GIS-gestützte historisch-geographische Untersuchungenfrühkeltischer Fürstensitze in Südwestdeutschland (Philippe Della Casa)

Manuel Fernández-Götz, Identity and Power. The Transformationof Iron Age Societies in Northeast Gaul (Thomas Knopf)

Olivier Buchsenschutz (Hrsg.), L’Europe celtique à l’âge du Fer (VIIIe–Ier siècles)(Sabine Hornung)

Klassische Archäologie

Dietmar Kurapkat, Peter I. Schneider und Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt (Hrsg.),Die Architektur des Weges. Gestaltete Bewegung im gebauten Raum.Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom .–. Februar veranstaltetvom Architekturreferat des DAI (Katharina Rieger)

Helmut Kyrieleis, XIII. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Olympia –(Birgitta Eder)

Annette Haug, Die Entdeckung des Körpers. Körper- und Rollenbilder im Athendes . und . Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (Susanne Moraw)

Klaus Junker und Sina Tauchert, Helenas Töchter.Frauen und Mode im frühen Griechenland (Nikolaus Dietrich)

Vasiliki Barlou, Die archaische Bildhauerkunst von Paros. Untersuchungenzur stilistischen Entwicklung der anthropomorphen Rundplastik (Aliki Moustaka)

Katrin Hering, Schatzhäuser in griechischen Heiligtümern (Andras Patay-Horvath)

Sascha Kansteiner, Klaus Hallof, Lauri Lehmann, Bernd Seidensticker undKlaus Stemmer (Hrsg.), Der Neue Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellenzu den bildenden Künsten der Griechen (Ulla Kreilinger)

Stine Schierup und Victoria Sabetai, The Regional Production of Red-figure Pottery.Greece, Magna Graecia and Etruria (Nassi Malagardis)

Rune Frederiksen, Elizabeth R. Gebhard und Alexander Sokolicek (Hrsg.),The Architecture of the Ancient Greek Theater. Acts of an International Conferenceat the Danish Institute at Athens .–. January (Marie-Christine Hellmann)

Sebastian Prignitz, Bauurkunden und Bauprogramm von Epidauros (–).Asklepiostempel, Tholos, Kultbild, Brunnenhaus (Robert K. Pitt)

Felix Pirson, Ansichten des Krieges. Kampfreliefs klassischer und hellenistischer Zeitim Kulturvergleich (Judith M. Barringer)

Musa Kadioğlu, Das Gerontikon von Nysa am Mäander (Martin Tombrägel)

Heide Lauter-Bufe, Die Stoa Philippeios in Megalopolis (Georg A. Plattner)

Nina Fenn und Christiane Römer-Strehl (Hrsg.), Networks in the Hellenistic WorldAccording to the Pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond(Patricia Kögler)

Jochen Griesbach (Hrsg.), Polis und Porträt. Standbilder als Mediender öffentlichen Repräsentation im hellenistischen Osten (Martin Szewczyk)

Marianne Mathys, Architekturstiftungen und Ehrenstatuen.Untersuchungen zur visuellen Repräsentation der Oberschichtim späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Pergamon (Frédéric Herbin)

John Ma, Statues and Cities. Honorific Portraits and Civic Identityin the Hellenistic World (Jochen Griesbach)

Rom und Provinzen

Paul Zanker, Die römische Stadt. Eine kurze Geschichte (Pierre Gros)

Alexandra Dardenay and Emmanuelle Rosso (Hrsg.),Dialogues entre sphère publique et sphère privée dans l’espace de la cité romaine.Vecteurs, acteurs, significations (Miko Flohr)

Johannes Griebel, Der Kaiser im Krieg. Die Bilder der Säule des Marc Aurel(Florian Stilp)

Riccardo Olivito, Il Foro nell’atrio. Immagini di architetture, scene di vita e di mercatonel fregio dai Praedia di Iulia Felix (Pompei, II, , ) (Eric M. Moormann)

Katharina Meinecke, Sarcophagum posuit. Römische Steinsarkophage im Kontext(John Pearce)

Theodosia Stefanidou-Tiveriou, Die lokalen Sarkophage aus Thessaloniki (Esen Öğüş)

Vibeke Goldbeck, Fora augusta. Das Augustusforum und seine Rezeptionim Westen des Imperium Romanum (David Ojeda)

Christina Wawrzinek, In Portum Navigare. Römische Häfen an Flüssen und Seen(Thomas Schmidts)

Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt, ›Den Sternen und dem Himmel würdig‹.Kaiserliche Palastbauten in Rom und Trier (Gilles Sauron)

Helga Sedlmayer, Große Thermen, Palästra, Macellum und Scholaim Zentrum der Colonia Carnuntum (Peter I. Schneider)

Felix F. Schäfer, Praetoria. Paläste zum Wohnen und Verwalten in Kölnund anderen römischen Provinzhauptstädten (Tim Wittenberg)

Raymund Gottschalk, Römer und Franken in Hürth (Dirk Schmitz)

Penny Coombe, Francis Grew, Kevin Hayward und Martin Henig,Roman Sculpture from London and the South-East.Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani, Great Britain, Band I (Gabrielle Kremer)

Stefan Schmidt, Wertvolle Miniaturen.Antike Bronzestatuetten aus Augsburger Ausgrabungen und Sammlungen(Margherita Bolla)

Alexandra W. Busch und Alfred Schäfer (Hrsg.), Römische Weihealtäre im Kontext.Internationale Tagung in Köln vom . bis zum . Dezember (Ingrid Weber-Hiden)

Jens Dolata, Römische Ziegelstempel aus Mainz. Teil : Militärische Ziegelstempel des. Jahrhunderts (Materialvorlage) (Norbert Hanel)

Justine Bayley, Ian Freestone und Caroline Jackson (Hrsg.),Glass of the Roman World (Marion Brüggler)

Ferdinand Heimerl, Nordafrikanische Sigillata, Küchenkeramik und Lampenaus Augusta Vindelicum / Augsburg (Horacio González Cesteros)

Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche, Die Lampen aus den römischen Töpfereienvon Frankfurt am Main - Nied (Bernd Liesen)

Angelika Abegg-Wigg und Nina Lau (Hrsg.), Kammergräber im Barbaricum.Zu Einflüssen und Übergangsphänomenen von der vorrömischen Eisenzeitbis in die Völkerwanderungszeit (Ines Klenner)

Erik Hrnčiarik, Römisches Kulturgut in der Slowakei.Herstellung, Funktion und Export römischer Manufakturerzeugnisseaus den Provinzen in der Slowakei (Renata Ciołek)

Anne Nørgård Jørgensen und Hans Chr. H. Andersen, Ejsbøl Mose.Die Kriegsbeuteopfer im Moor von Ejsbøl aus dem späten . Jh. v. Chr.bis zum frühen . Jh. n. Chr. (Ole Harck)

Nina Lau, Die Pferdegeschirre. Germanische Zaumzeuge und Sattelgeschirreals Zeugnisse kriegerischer Reiterei im mittel- und nordeuropäischen Barbaricum.Das Thorsberger Moor, Band I (Susanne Wilbers-Rost)

Ruth Blankenfeldt, Die persönlichen Ausrüstungen. Das Thorsberger Moor,Band II (Ulla Lund Hansen)

Susana Matešić, Die militärischen Ausrüstungen. Vergleichende Untersuchungenzur römischen und germanischen Bewaffnung. Das Thorsberger Moor,Band III (Xenia Pauli Jensen)

Claus von Carnap-Bornheim (Hrsg.), Fund- und Forschungsgeschichte,naturwissenschaftliche und materialkundliche Untersuchungen.Das Thorsberger Moor, Band IV (Nancy L. Wicker)

Alte Geschichte

Nicola Cusumano, Valentino Gasparini, Attilio Mastrocinque und Jörg Rüpke (Hrsg.),Memory and Experience in the Greco-Roman World (Andreas Bendlin)

Elizabeth A. Meyer, The Inscriptions of Dodona and a New History of Molossia(Stephanie Kirsch)

Attilio Mastrocinque, Bona Dea and the Cults of Roman Women (Ralph Häußler)

Johannes Brehm, Generationenbeziehungen in den Historien Herodots(Giulia Pedrucci)

Christian Rollinger, Amicitia sanctissime colenda.Freundschaft und soziale Netzwerke in der Späten Republik(Koenraad Verboven)

Christer Bruun und Jonathan Edmondson (Hrsg.), The Oxford Handbookof Roman Epigraphy (Matthäus Heil)

Matthias Gelzer, Cicero. Ein biographischer Versuch (Frank Bücher)

Alberto Dalla Rosa, Cura et tutela. Le origini del potere imperiale sulle provinceproconsolari (Konrad Stauner)

Boudewijn Sirks, Nova Ratione. Change of paradigms in Roman Law (Antonio Banfi)

Roland Färber, Römische Gerichtsorte. Räumliche Dynamiken von Jurisdiktionim Imperium Romanum (Birgit Forgó-Feldner)

Leif Scheuermann, Religion an der Grenze. Provinzialische Götterverehrungam Neckar- und äußeren obergermanischen Limes (Ralph Häußler)

Olivier Hekster, Emperors and Ancestors. Roman Rulers and the Constraintsof Tradition (Ulrich Lambrecht)

Björn Schöpe, Der römische Kaiserhof in severischer Zeit (– n. Chr.)(Markus Handy)

Spätantike, frühes Mittelalter und Mittelalter

Richard W. Burgess, Roman Imperial Chronology and Early-Fourth-CenturyHistoriography. The Regnal Durations of the So-called Chronica urbis Romaeof the Chronograph of (Astrid Habenstein)

Michael Mulryan, Spatial Christianisation in Context.Strategic Intramural Building in Rome from the th – th C. AD(Julia Hillner)

Markus Löx, Monumenta sanctorum.Rom und Mailand als Zentren des frühen Christentums.Märtyrerkult und Kirchenbau unter den Bischöfen Damasus und Ambrosius(Marcello Ghetta)

François Baratte, Fathi Bejaoui, Noël Duval, Sarah Berraho, Isabelle Guiund Hélène Jacquest, Basiliques chrétiennes d’Afrique du Nord. Band II.Monuments de la Tunisie (Ralf Bockmann)

Eike Faber, Von Ulfila bis Rekkared. Die Goten und ihr Christentum (Uta Heil)

Elisa Possenti (Hrsg.), Necropoli Longobarde in Italia. Indirizzi della ricerca e nuovi dati.Atti del Convegno Internazionale – settembre , Castello del Buonconsiglio,Trento (Volker Bierbrauer)

Axel G. Weber, Der Childebert-Ring und andere frühmittelalterliche Siegelringe(Stefanie Dick)

Ekaterina Nechaeva, Embassies – Negotatiations – Gifts.Systems of East Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity (Hervé Huntzinger)

Martin Kovacs, Kaiser, Senatoren und Gelehrte.Untersuchungen zum spätantiken männlichen Privatporträt (Ulrich Gehn)

Stefan Altekamp, Carmen Marcks-Jacobs und Peter Seiler (Hrsg.),Perspektiven der Spolienforschung, Band I. Spoliierung und Transposition(Alexander von Kienlin)

Stefanie Wefers. Die Mühlenkaskade von Ephesos. Technikgeschichtliche Studienzur Versorgung einer spätantiken bis frühbyzantinischen Stadt (Örjan Wikander)

Anhang

Abkürzungen