¿EL “APOCALIPSIS” DEL SIGLO III? Gonzalo Bravo – Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Alföldy, G. (1989): Die Krise des Römischen Reiches. Heidelberger alhistorischen Beiträge und epigraphische Studien, 5, Stuttgart.

Bravo, G. (2012): “¿Otro mito historiográfico? La crisis del siglo III y sus términos en el nuevo debate”, Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 30, pp. 115-140.

Bravo, G. (2016): “La percepción de la(s) crisis del siglo III y la respuesta del gobierno imperial: ¿un nuevo discurso o cambio de paradigma?”, en G. Bravo-R. González Salinero (eds.), Crisis en Roma y soluciones desde el poder, pp. 101-119.

Eck, W. (2007): “Krise oder Nichtkrise, das ist hier die Frage. Köln und sein Territorium in der 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrhunderts”, en Hekster, O. et al. (eds.), Crises and the Roman Empire, pp. 23-43.

Hekster, O. et al. (eds., 2007): Crises and the Roman Empire. Leiden/Boston: Brill.

King, A.-Henig, M. (eds., 1981): The Roman West in Third Century. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.

MacMullen, R. (1976): Roman Government’s Response to Crisis, A.D. 235-337. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Petit, P. (1974): La crise de l’Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), París: Editions du Seuil.

Witschel, Ch. (1999): Krise, Rezession, Stagnation?: der Westen der römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Frankfurt: Marthe Clauss.

GALIENO, EL EMPERADOR REFORMISTA (253-268)

Lukas de Blois – Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen

Bakker, L., Raetien unter Postumus – das Siegesdenkmal einer Juthungenschlacht im Jahre 260 n.Chr. aus Augsburg, Germania 71, 1993, 369-86.

Blois, L. de, Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century AD: the Impact of War, London/ New York 2018.

Bowman, A.K., P.D.A. Garnsey, and A. Cameron, eds., Cambridge Ancient History XII2, Cambridge 2005 (= CAH XII2 2005).

Campbell, J.B., The Army, Change and Continuity, in: CAH XII2 2005, 110-20.

Christol, M., La carrière de Traianus Mucianus et l’origine des protectores, Chiron 7, 1977, 393-408.

Christol, M., L’empire romain du IIIe siècle. Histoire politique, 192-325 ap.J.-C., Paris2 2006.

Cosme, P., À propos de l’édit de Gallien, in: O.J. Hekster, G. de Kleijn and D. Slootjes, eds., Crises and the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Nijmegen, June 20-24, 2006, Leiden/ Boston 2007, 97-109.

Cosme, P., L’armée romaine, VIIIe s. av. J.-C. – Ve s. ap. J.-C., Paris 2009.

Dobson, B., Die primipilares. Entwicklung und Bedeutung, Laufbahnen und Persönlichkeiten eines römischen Offiziersranges, Cologne/ Bonn 1978.

Drexhage, R., Untersuchungen zum römischen Osthandel, Bonn 1988.

Drinkwater, J.F., The Gallic Empire. Separatism and Continuity in the North-western Provinces of the Roman Empire, AD 260-274, Stuttgart 1987.

Drinkwater, J.F., Maximinus to Diocletian and the “Crisis”, CAH XII2, Cambridge 2005, 28-66.

Drinkwater, J.F., The Alamanni and Rome 213-496, Oxford 2007.

Geiger, M., Gallienus, Frankfurt am Main 2013.

Göbl, R., Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Valerianus I./ Gallienus/ Saloninus (253/268), Regalianus (260) und Macrianus/ Quietus (260/262), Vienna 2000.

Goltz, A. & U. Hartmann, Valerianus und Gallienus, in: Johne et al. 2008, I, 223-95.

Goltz, A., Die Völker an der mittleren und nordöstlichen Reichsgrenze, in: Johne et al. 2008, I, 449-64.

Hartmann, U., Claudius Gothicus und Aurelianus, in: Johne et al. 2008, I, 297-323.

Hartmann, U., Das palmyrenische Teilreich, in: Johne et al. 2008, I, 343-78.

Huttner, U., Von Maximinus Thrax bis Aemilianus, in Johne et al. 2008, I, 161-221.

Johne, K.-P., U. Hartmann & Th.Gerhardt, Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser. Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3.Jahrhundert n.Chr.(235-284) I-II, Berlin 2008 (= Johne et al. 2008).

Johne, K.-P., Der ‚Senatskaiser‘ Tacitus, in: Johne et al. 2008, I, 379-93.

Kettenhofen, E., Die römisch-persischen Kriege des 3. Jhs.n.Chr., Wiesbaden 1982.

Kienast, D., Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie, Darmstadt3 2004.

König, I., Die gallischen Usurpatoren von Postumus bis Tetricus, Munich 1981.

Körner, Chr., Philippus Arabs. Ein Soldatenkaiser in der Tradition des antoninisch-severischen Prinzipats, Berlin/ New York 2002.

Kreucher, G., Probus und Carus, in: Johne et al. 2008, I, 395-423.

Le Bohec, Y., The imperial Roman army, London/ New York 1994.

Luther, A., Nordmesopotamien, in: Johne et al. 2008, I, 501-19.

Martin, G., Dexipp von Athen. Edition, Übersetzung und begleitende Studien, Tübingen 2006.

Martin, G. & J. Grusková, ‘Scythica Vindobonensia’ by Dexippus (?): New Fragments on Decius’ Gothic Wars, GRBS 54, 2014, 728-54.

Mennen, I.A.M., Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284, Leiden/ Boston 2011.

Millar, F., The Roman Near East, Cambridge MA/London 1993.

Nicasie, M.J., Twilight of Empire. The Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople, Amsterdam 1998.

Piso, I., ed., An der Nordgrenze des römischen Reiches. Ausgewählte Studien (1972-2003), Stuttgart 2005.

Potter, D.S., Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire. A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford 1990.

Potter, D.S., The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, London/ New York 2004.

Sartre, M., The Middle East under Rome, London/ Cambridge MA 2005.

Simon, H.-G., Die Reform der Reiterei unter Kaiser Gallien, in: W.Eck, H.Galsterer & H. Wolff, eds., Studien zur antiken Sozialgeschichte. Festschrift F. Vittinghoff, Wien/Köln 1980, 435-452.

Stoll, O., Römisches Heer und Gesellschaft. Gesammelte Beiträge 1991-1999, Stuttgart 2001.

Wolff, eds., Studien zur antiken Sozialgeschichte. Festschrift F. Vittinghoff, Wien/Köln 1980, 435-452.

Wolfram, H., The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, Berkeley/ Los Angeles/ London 1997.

Wolfram, H., Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts, Munich5 2009.

NOTAS:

1 See Huttner, Goltz, Hartmann, Luther, Johne, and Kreucher in Johne 2008, I, 161-423; De Blois 2018, 54-95.

2 De Blois 2018, 24f., 80. Cf. Wolfram 1997, 47.

3 See Goltz in Johne 2008, I, 453-64. On the history of the Goths see Wolfram 2009.

4 On the Arsacids in Armenia after 224 see Lightfoot in CAH XII2 2005, 491ff.; Kettenhofen in Johne et al. 2008, I, 480-3. The Arsacids had governed the preceding Parthian empire, which had been removed by the Persians.

5 On Palmyra and its outposts see Drexhage 1988, esp. 61-86; Sartre in CAH XII2 2005, 511f.; Hartmann in Johne et al. 2008, I, 344f. On Dura-Europos see Millar 1993, 131ff.; Sartre 2005, 348f.

6 See Kettenhofen 1982.

7 See Potter 1990, 323–8; idem 2004, 249f., Huttner in Johne et al. 2008, I, 220f., and De Blois 2018, 72.

8 De Blois 2018, 80.

9 On this usurpation of power in the West see Aurelius Victor, Caesares 33.8; Zosimus 1.38.2; Zonaras 12.24. See König 1981, 43-51; 23ff.; Goltz & Hartmann in Johne et al. 2008, I, 262; Luther in Johne et al. 2008, I, 327f.; Geiger 2013, 157f., and De Blois 2018, 79f.

10 On this famous inscription and Genialis’ victory see Bakker 1993, 369-86. See also Drinkwater 2007, 53-7 who dates Genialis’ victory to April 261, not 260, though not on good grounds; Postumus’ first consulate, mentioned in this inscription, was in 260, not in 261. Geiger 2013, 114, also opts for 261, not on good grounds either.

11 Drinkwater 1987, 103; Goltz & Hartmann in Johne et al. 2008, I, 245.

12 See Huttner in Johne et al. 2008, I, 183.

13 On this war, see Körner 2002, 134-55.

14 On Pacatianus’ coup and Decius’ usurpation, see Körner 2002, 282-300, and Huttner in Johne 2008, I, 199-203.

15 John Drinkwater remarks: “The first direct Gothic thrust into the Roman empire resulted from Philip’s ending of subsidies to these people.” See Drinkwater in CAH XII2 2005, 37.

16 In this reconstruction of events I follow Martin and Grusková 2014, 743-748. See De Blois 2018, 68.

17 Aur. Vict. Caes. 34.3: the emperor Claudius wishes to expel Goths, … quos diuturnitas nimis validos ac prope incolas effecerat. Cf. Oros. 7.23.1: Claudius … voluntate senatus sumpsit imperium statimque Gothos, iam per annos quindecim Illyricum Macedoniamque vastantes, bello adortus incredibili strage delevit.

18 Goltz & Hartmann in Johne et al. 2008, I, 227.

19 Goltz & Hartmann in Johne et al. 2008, I, 238f.; Geiger 2013, 86-8.

20 Göbl 2000, 96; Goltz & Hartmann in Johne et al. 2008, I, 238; Geiger 2013, 206.

21 Gallienus‘ cavalry is eplicitly mentioned by Cedrenus I 454. There is numismatic evidence as well, see below, note 28. On Gallienus’ new army, consisting of cavalry and infantry detachments, see Christol 1977, 393ff.; Simon 1980, 435-51; Le Bohec 1994, 198; Nicasie 1998, 36f.; Piso 2005, 392; Campbell in CAH XII, 2005, 115ff.; Cosme in Hekster et al. 2007, 103f.; idem 2009, 212-5; Geiger 2013, 322-8.

22 Such a combination of vexillationes and equites, operated in southern Gaul under Claudius II, just after Gallienus’ sole reign. It was commanded by Placidianus. See ILS 569 = CIL XII 2228. They may have reconquered Gallia Narbonensis for the ‘central’ empire.

23 On Aureolus see PIR2 A 1672; Kienast 2004, 228f. Another trusted high-ranking officer who served in this new army may have been Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus, a man who made a brilliant career under Gallienus. He came from Arretium in Central Italy, not far from Gallienus’ home region. See Dobson 1978, 306-8, nr 215; PIR2 P 313; PLRE I Volusianus 6; Mennen 2011, 227-9.

24 Dexippus, frg. 23.6 Martin, a passage in a letter to the people of Philippopolis that Dexippus puts into the mouth of the emperor Decius. That this information comes from a rhetorical showpiece might diminish its value, but Dexippus could in those days not very well phantasize about such important tangible details without jeopardizing his credibility.

25 This tracking down of plundering enemies had been practised before, under Marcus Aurelius, for example in Pannonia. Marcus Valerius Maximianus, an eques who made a long career mainly consisting of militarily important posts, was praepositus equit(um) Afror(um) et Mauror(um)/ elector(um) ad curam explorationis Pannoniae under this emperor. See AE 1956, 124. But that is not the same as construing a new mobile army.

26 See Stoll 2001, 443ff.

27 See Cosme in Hekster et al. 2007, 103f.

28 Zosimus 1.30.2f.

29 RIC V 1, 169, nrs. 445f. (Fidei Equitum, mint of Milan). The mint of Milan also produced coins carrying the legends Concordia Equitum (RIC V 1, nr. 472), Fid(ei) Praet(orianorum) (RIC V 1, nr. 476), Fidei Legionum (RIC V 1, 172, nrs. 477 and 479), and Fidei Exercitus VIII (RIC V 1, 173, nr. 478). See also Göbl 2000, 67 (synopsis) and 99-118 (mint of Milan).

30 RIC V 1, 92-7, nrs 314-72 (antoniniani from the mint of Milan). See Goebl 2000, 106f.

31 On Gallienus’ changing appointment policies see De Blois 2018, 190-2..

32 See Dobson 1978, 312-313, nr  221.

DEL CINGULUM AL BALTEUS. EL ATUENDO MILITAR EN EL SIGLO III

Graham Sumner

James. S. (2004): Excavations at Dura Europos 1928-1937. Final Report VII. The Arms and Armour and other military equipment. London: The British Museum Press.

Sumner, G. (2009): Roman Military Dress. Stroud: The History Press.

Wild. J. P. (1968): “Clothing in the North West Provinces of the Roman Empire” Bonner Jahrbucher 168, pp. 166-240.

COMO TOPOS. MINAS Y CONTRAMINAS EN EL ASEDIO DE DURA-EUROPOS

David Soria Molina – Universidad de Murcia

Balty, J.-C. (1987): “Apamée (1986): Nouvelles données sur l’armée romaine d’Orient et les raids sassanides du milieu du IIe siècle”. CRAI, 131, 1, pp. 213-241.

Campbell, D. B. (2005): Siege Warfare in the Roman World. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

Coulston, J. C. N. (2001): “The Archaeology of Roman Conflict”, en Freeman, P. y Pollard, A. (eds.), Fields of Conflict: Progress and Prospect in Battlefield Archaeology. Oxford, pp. 23-50.

Cowan, R. (2003): Imperial Roman Legionary AD 161-284. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

Daryaee, T. (2009): Sassanian Persia. The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.

Dignas, B. / Winter, E. (2007): Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dodgeon, M. H. / Lieu, S. N. C. (eds.)  : The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: a Documentary History, Londres: Routledge.

Farrokh, K. (2007): Shadows in the Desert. Ancient Persia at War. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

Grenet, F. (1988): “Les Sassanides a Doura-Europos (253 ap. J.C.): Réexamen du matériel épigraphique iranien du site”, en Gatier, P.-L. / Helly, B. / Rey-Coquais, J. P., Geographie Historique au Proche-orient: Syrie, Phénicie, Arabie, grecques, romaines, byzantines. Actes de la table ronde de Valbonne, 16-18 septembre 1985. París: CNRS Éditions, pp. 133-158.

James, S. (2004): Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final Report Vol. 7, the Arms and Armour, and Other Military Equipment. Londres: British Museum Press.

James, S. (2011a): “Stratagems, Combat and ‘Chemical Warfare’ in the Siege Mines of Dura-Europos”. American Journal of Archaeology, 115, pp. 69-101.

James, S. (2011b): “Dark Secrets in the Archive: Evidence for ‘Chemical Warfare’ and Martial Convergences in the Siege-Mines of Dura-Europos”, en Brody, L. R. y Hoffman, G. L. (eds.), Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity. Chestnut Hill, MA: McMullen Museum of Art.

James, S. (2015): voz “Dura-Europos” en Le Bohec, Y. (ed.): Encyclopaedia of the Roman Army. Chichester: Chichester, pp. 345-347.

Le Bohec, Y. (2007): El ejército romano. Barcelona: Ariel.

Le Bohec, Y. (2009): L’Armée romaine dans la tourmente. Une nouvelle approche de la «crise du IIIe siècle». París: Du Rocher.

Leriche, P. (1993): “Techniques de guerre sassanides et romaines à Doura-Europos”, en Vallet, F. y Kazanski, M. (eds.), L’armée romaine et les barbares du IIIe au VIIe siècle. París, pp. 83-100.

MacDonald, D. (1986): “Dating the Fall of Dura-Europos”. Historia, 35, 1, pp. 45-68.

Mayor, A. (2003): Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Londres y Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Duckworth.

Menéndez Argüín, A. R. (2011): El ejército romano en campaña. De Septimio Severo a Fiocleciano (193-305 d.C.). Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla.

Rubin, Z. (1998): “The Roman Empire in the Res Gestae Divi Sapores—The Mediterranean World in Sasanian Propaganda”, en D�browa, E. (ed.), Ancient Iran and the MediterraneanWorld. Cracovia, pp. 177–185.

Rubin, Z. (2002): “Res Gestae Divi Saporis: Greek and Middle Iranian in a Document of Sasanian, Anti-Roman Propaganda”, en Adams, J. et alii (eds.), Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the WrittenWord. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 267–97.

Wilcox, P. (2001): Rome’s Enemies (3) Parthians and Sassanid Persians. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA CABALLERÍA ROMANA EN EL SIGLO III

Maxime Petitjean – Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV)

Alföldi, A. (1927): “Der Usurpator Aureolus und die Kavalleriereform des Galliennus”, Zeitschrift für Numismatik, 37, pp. 197-212.

Harl, O. (1996): “Die Kataphraktarier im römischen Heer – Panegyrik und Realität”, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 43, pp. 601-27.

Ritterling, E. (1903): “Zum römischen Heerwesen des ausgehenden dritten Jahrhunderts”, Festschrift Otto Hirschfeld, 1903, pp. 345-349.

Speidel, M. P. (1974): “Stablesiani: the raising of new cavalry units during the crisis of the Roman empire”, Chiron, 4, pp. 541-46.

Speidel, M. P. (1975): “The rise of the ethnic units in the Roman imperial army”, ANRW, II.3, pp. 202-31.

Speidel, M. P. (1984): “Catafractarii clibanarii and the rise of the later Roman mailed cavalry: a gravestone from Claudiopolis in Bithynia”, Epigraphica Anatolicaa, 4, pp. 151-6.

LA FORJA DE LA ANARQUÍA. EL EQUIPAMIENTO MILITAR ROMANO

EN EL SIGLO III Jon Coulston – University of St. Andrews

Bishop, M. C.; Coulston, J.C. N. (2016): Equipamiento military romano. De las Guerras Púnicas a la caída de Roma. Madrid: Desperta Ferro Ediciones.

Coulston, J. C. N. (2007): “Art, culture and service: the depiction of soldiers on funerary monuments of the 3rd century AD”, en Blois, L.; Lo Cascio, E. (ed.), The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476). Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects, Impact of Empire, 6. Leiden, pp. 529-61

James, S. (2011): Rome and the Sword. How Warriors and Weapons Shaped Roman History, London: Thames and Hudson.

LA EXPEDITIO GERMANICA DEL EMPERADOR MAXIMINO EL TRACIO Y LOS HALLAZGOS

ARQUEOLÓGICOS DE HARZHORN Michael Geschwinde

Heather, P. (2018): Emperadores y bárbaros: El primer milenio de la historia de Europa. Madrid: Crítica.

Moosbauer, G. (2018): Die vergessene Römerschlacht. Der sensationelle Fund am Harzhorn. München: C.H.Beck.

Pöppelmann, H.; Deppmeyer, K. y Steinmetz, W. D. (eds. 2013): Roms vergessener Feldzug. Die Schlacht am Harzhorn. Veröffentlichungen des Braun-schweigischen Landesmuseums 115. Darmstadt.

LA DOCTRINA MILITAR ROMANA DURANTE LA CRISIS DEL SIGLO III

A. Raúl Menéndez Argüín

Alföldi, A., “The Crisis of the Empire”, en Cambridge Ancient History, vol. XII, Londres, 1961.

Balty, J. Ch., y W. Van Rengen, W., Apamea in Syria. The Winter Quarters of Legio II Parthica, Bruselas, 1993.

Beltrán Fortes, J., y Menéndez Argüín, A.R., “New Evidence on the use of armour by roman soldiers in the fourth century AD”, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 10 (1999); 17-23.

Bishop, M.C., y Coulston, J.C., Roman Military Equipment. From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome, Londres, 1993.

Bishop. M.C., The Gladius. The Roman Short Sword, Oxford - N. York, 2016.

Bishop. M.C., The Pilum. The Roman Heavy Javelin, Oxford - N. York, 2017.

Bivar, A.D.H., “Cavalry Tactics and Equipment on the Euphrates”, Dumbarton Oak Papers 26 (1972); 273-291.

Breeze, D.J., “The Organization of the Legion: The First Cohort and the Equites Legionis”, Journal of Roman Studies 59 (1969); 50-55.

Breeze, D.J., “Cavalry on frontiers”, en D.J. Breeze y B. Dobson (eds.), Roman Officers and Frontiers, Stuttgart, 1993; 288-297.

Brizzi, G., Le guerrier de l’Antiquité Classique. De l’hoplite au légionnaire, París, 2004.

Campbell, D.B., The Emperor and the Roman Army. 31 BC-AD 235, Oxford, 1984.

Carrié, J.M., “El soldado”, en A. Giardina (dir.) et alii, El Hombre Romano, Madrid, 1989; 121-160.

Carrié, J.M., y Rousselle, A., L’Empire Romain en mutation. Des Sévères à Constantin 192-337, París, 1999.

Coello, T., Unit Sizes in the Late Roman Army, BAR Int. 645, Oxford, 1996.

Connolly, P., Greece and Rome at War, Londres, 1981.

Connolly, P., “The Roman Fighting Technique deduced from Armour and Weaponry”, en V.A. Maxfield y B. Dobson (eds.), Roman Frontier Studies 1989, Exeter, 1991; 358-363.

Coulston, J.C.N., “Roman, Parthian and Sassanid Tactical Developments”, en P. Freeman y D. Kennedy (eds.), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East. Proceedings of a Colloquium held at the University of Sheffield in April 1986, BAR Int. 297, vol. I, Oxford, 1986; 59-75.

Coulston, J.C.N., “Roman Military Equipment on Third Century Tombstones”, en M. Dawson (ed.), Roman Military Equipment. The Accoutrements of War, Oxford, 1987; 141-156.

Coulston, J.C.N., “Later Roman Armour, 3rd-6th Centuries AD”, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 1 (1990); 139-160.

Cowan, R., Imperial Roman Legionary, AD 161-284, Oxford, 2003.

Cowan, R., Roman Battle Tactics, 109 BC-AD 313, Oxford, 2007.

De Blois, L., The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus, Leyden, 1976.

Delbrück, H., Warfare in Antiquity. History of the Art of War, Vol. 1, Lincoln, 1990.

Dixon, K.R., y Southern, P., The Roman Cavalry from the first century to the Third, Londres, 1997.

Elton, H., Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350-425, Oxford, 1996.

Farnum, J.H., The Positioning of the Roman Imperial Legions, BAR International Series 1458, Oxford, 2005.

Farrokh, K., Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642, Oxford, 2005.

Feugère, M., Les Armes des Romains. De la République à l’Antiquité Tardive, París, 1993.

Fields, N., Rome’s Northern Frontier AD 70-235. Beyond Hadrian’s Wall, Oxford, 2005.

Fitz, J., Honorific Titles of Roman Military Units in the 3rd Century, Budapest, 1983.

Forni, G., Il Reclutamento delle Legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano, Milán, 1953.

Geyer, C., “Pila in hostes immittunt. Anmerkungen zu einer römischen Elementartaktik”, JRMES 9 (1998); 53-64.

Gilbert, F. Le soldat romain, París, 2004

Goldsworthy, A.K., The Roman Army at War (100 B.C.-A.D. 200), Londres, 1996.

Goldsworthy, A.K., Grandes Generales del Ejército Romano, Barcelona, 2005.

Goldsworthy, A.K., El Ejército Romano, Madrid, 2007.

Grant, M., The Collapse and Recovery of the Roman Empire, Londres, 1999.

Hartmann, U., Das Palmyrenische Teilreich, Oriens et Occidens 2, Stuttgart, 2001.

Hekster, O., De Kleijn, G., y Slootjes, D. (eds.), Crises and the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Nijmegen, June 20-24, 2006), Nimega, 2007.

Homo, L., Essai sur le règne d’Aurelien (270-275), París, 1975.

Hyland, A., Training the Roman Cavalry from Arrian’s Ars Tactica, Londres, 1993.

James, S., The Arms and Armour from Dura Europos, Londres, 1990.

Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey, Oxford, 1964.

Karasulas, A., Mounted Archers of the Steppe 600 BC – AD 1300, Oxford, 2004.

Kromayer, H. y Veith, G., Heerwesen und Kriegsführung der Griechen und Römer, Múnich, 1963.

Kulikowski, M., Rome’s Gothic Wars, from the third century to Alaric, Cambridge, 2007.

Le Bohec, Y., L’Armée Romaine, París, 1989.

Le Bohec, Y., La Troisième Légion Auguste, París, 1989.

Le Bohec, Y., “Les aspects militaires de la crise du IIIe siècle”, en Y. Le Bohec y C. Wolff (eds.), L’Armée romaine de Dioclétien a Valentinien Ier (Actes du Congrès International de Lyon, 12-14 septembre 2002), Lyon, 2004; 9-27.

Le Bohec, Y., L’armée romaine dans la tourmente. Une nouvelle approche de la “crise du IIIe siècle”, París, 2009.

Le Bohec, Y. (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, Blackwell Publishing, N. York, 2015.

Lee, A.D., “Morale ant the Roman Experience of Battle”, en A. Lloyd (ed.), Battle in Antiquity, Londres, 1996; 199-217.

Lendon, J.E., Soldiers and Ghosts. A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity, N. York, 2005.

Luttwak, E.M., The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Londres, 1999.

Macdowall, S., Late Roman Infantryman, AD 236-565, Londres, 1994.

Macdowall, S., Late Roman Cavalryman, AD 236-565, Londres, 1995.

Macdowall, S., Los últimos soldados imperiales, Barcelona, 2009.

MacMullen, R., Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge, 1967.

Matthews, S., “Order of March: Principate”, en Y. Le Bohec (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, N. York, 2015.

McLeod, W., “The Range of the Ancient Bow”, Phoenix 19 (1965); 1-14.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., Las legiones del s. III d.C. en el campo de batalla, Écija-Sevilla, 2000.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., “Evolución del armamento del legionario romano durante el s. III d.C. y su reflejo en las tácticas”, Habis 31 (2000); 327-344.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., “II Parthica: Legio ad Urbem”, Anuario de la Academia de España en Roma 2002, Roma, 2002; 89-92.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., “Una cuestión a debate: la lorica segmentata en las fronteras orientales del Imperio romano”, Gladius 26 (2006); 103-115.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., El ejército romano en campaña. De Septimio Severo a Diocleciano (193-305 d.C.), Sevilla, 2011.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., “Strategy: Principate”, en Y. Le Bohec (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, N. York, 2015.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., “Tactics: Principate”, en Y. Le Bohec (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, N. York, 2015.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., “Las reformas de Septimio Severo”, Desperta Ferro (Antigua y Medieval) 32 (2016); 25-29.

Menéndez Argüín, A.R., Flavio Vegecio Renato. El arte de la guerra romana, Madrid, 2017.

Mielczarek, M., Cataphracti and clibanarii. Studies on Heavy Armoured Cavalry of the Ancient World, Lodz, 1993.

Millar, F., “Emperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31 B.C. to A.D. 378”, Britannia 13 (1982); 1-23.

Parker, H.M.D., “The Antiqua Legio of Vegetius”, Classical Quarterly 26 (1932); 137-149.

Parker, H.M.D., The Roman Legions, Chicago, 1954.

Quesada Sanz, F., Armas de Grecia y Roma. Forjaron la Historia de la Antigüedad clásica, Madrid, 2008.

Rémondon, R., La crisis del Imperio Romano, de Marco Aurelio a Anastasio, Barcelona, 1984.

Richardot, Ph., La fin de l’Armée Romaine (284-476), París, 1998.

Robles, M.A., “El ejército romano según el Breve tratado de términos militares de Modesto (Modesti libellus de vocabulis rei militaris ad Tacitum Au-gustum). Traducción”, Aquila Legionis 4 (2003); 137-163.

Rodríguez González, J., “Las carreras militares de los emperadores romanos antes de acceder al trono. II: La Anarquía Militar y el s. IV”, Hispania Antiqua 20 (1996); 367-398.

Rodríguez González, J., Historia de las legiones romanas, vol. I, Madrid, 2001.

Rostovzeff, M., et alii, The Excavations at Dura Europos, New Haven, 1939-1956.

Roth, J., “The Organisation of the Roman Imperial Legion”, Historia 43 (1994); 346-362.

Rummel, C., “Wars of the 3rd Century CE”, en Y. Le Bohec (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, N. York, 2015.

Sabin, Ph., “The Face of Roman Battle”, Journal of Roman Studies 90 (2000); 1-17.

Sartre, M., El Oriente Romano. Provincias y sociedades provinciales del Mediterráneo oriental, de Augusto a los Severos (31 a.C. - 235 d.C.), Madrid, 1994.

Smith, R.E., “The Army Reforms of Septimius Severus”, Historia 12 (1972); 481-500.

Southern, P., y Dixon, K.R., The Late Roman Army, Londres, 1996.

Southern, P., y Dixon, K.R., The Roman Army. A Social and Institutional History, Oxford, 2007.

Speidel, M.P., “Catafractariii clibanarii and the Rise of the later Roman mailed Cavalry”, Epigraphica Anatolica 4 (1984); 151-6.

Speidel, M.P., “The Names of Legionary Centuriae”, en Id., Roman Army Studies II, Amsterdam, 1992; 40-42.

Stephenson, I.P., Roman Infantry Equipment: the Later Empire, Stroud, 1999.

Strobel, K., “Strategy and Army Structure between Septimius Severus and Constantine the Great”, en P. Erdkamp (ed.), A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford, 2007; 267-285.

Thorne, J., “Battle, Tactics, and the Emergence of the Limites in the West”, en P. Erdkamp (ed.), A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford, 2007; 218-234.

Thorne, J., “Battle in Open Country: Principate”, en Y. Le Bohec (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, N. York, 2015.

Von Domaszewski, A., Die Rangordnung des Römischen Heeres, Colonia, 1981.

Warry, J., Warfare in the Classical World, Londres, 1980.

Watson, G.R., The Roman Soldier, Londres, 1975.

Wheeler, E.L., “The Legion as Phalanx”, Chiron 9 (1979); 303-318.

Wheeler, E.L., “Firepower: Missile Weapons and the “Face of Battle””, Electrum 5 (2001); 169-184.

Wheeler, E.L., “The Army and the Limes in the East”, en P. Erdkamp (ed.), A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford, 2007; 235-266.

Whitby, M., El inicio de la decadencia, Barcelona, 2009.

Williams, S., Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, Londres, 1975

EL DÍA A DÍA DEL LEGIONARIO Paul Elliott

Bohec, Y. le. (2004): El Ejército romano. Barcelona: Ariel.

Bowman, A. K.; Thomas, J. D. (1994): The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II). London: British Museum Press.

Campbell, B. (1994): The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 A Sourcebook. London: Routledge.

Elliott, P. (2014): Legions in Crisis. London: Fonthill Media.

Fink, R. O. (1971): Roman Military Records on Papyrus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Santosuosso, A. (2004): Storming the Heavens. Roma: Pimlico.

LA FLOTA ROMANA ALTOIMPERIAL: UN ARMA ESTRATÉGICA EN TIEMPOS

DE CRISIS David Soria Molina – Universidad de Murcia

Bounegru, O. / Zahariade, M., Les Forces Navales du Bas Danube et de la Mer Noire aux Ier-VIe Siècles. Oxford  : Oxbow Books.

Carro, D. (2000): Classica (ovvero “Le cose della Flotta”) - Storia della Marina di Roma - Testimonianze dall’antichità: IX. L’Impero nel primo millennio. Roma: Rivista Marittima.

Carro, D. (2001): Classica (ovvero “Le cose della Flotta”) - Storia della Marina di Roma - Testimonianze dall’antichità: X. L’Impero nel secondo millennio. Roma: Rivista Marittima.

Casson, L. (1971): Ships and seamanship in the ancient world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

D’Amato, R. (2009): Imperial Roman Naval Forces 31 BC-500 AD. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

D’Amato, R. (2016): Imperial Roman Warships 27 BC-193 AD. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

D’Amato, R. (2017): Imperial Roman Warships 193-565 AD. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

Konen, H. C. (2001): Classis Germanica. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.

Menéndez Argüín, A. R. (2011): El ejército romano en campaña. De Septimio Severo a Fiocleciano (193-305 d.C.). Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla.

Le Bohec, Y. (2007): El ejército romano. Barcelona: Ariel.

Le Bohec, Y. (2009): L’Armée romaine dans la tourmente. Une nouvelle approche de la «crise du IIIe siècle». París  : Du Rocher.

Mason, D. J. P. (2003): Roman Britain and the Roman Navy. Stroud: The History Press.

Pitassi, M. (2009): The Navies of Rome. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.

Pitassi, M. (2011): Roman Warships. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.

Reddé, M. (1986): Mare Nostrum. Les infraestructures, le dispositif et l’historire de la marine militaire sous l’empire romain. Roma : École Française de Rome.

Reddé, M. (2015): voz “Navy” en Le Bohec, Y. (ed.): Encyclopaedia of the Roman Army. Chichester: Chichester, pp. 675-681.

Soria Molina, D. (2016): Bellum Dacicum. Geopolítica, estrategia y conflicto en el Danubio bajo Domiciano y Trajano (85-106 d.C.). Madrid-Salamanca: Signifer Libros.

Starr, C. G. (1960): The Roman Imperial Navy. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons ltd.

Starr, C. G. (1989): The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Viereck, H. D. L. (1996): Die römische Flotte, Classis Romana. Hamburgo: Koehlers.

SUPERSTICIÓN, MAGIA Y FE EN LOS BARRACONES

Sabino Perea Yébenes – UNED

Birley, E.: “The Religion of the Roman Army”, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, II, vol. 16, 2, 1975, 1506-1541 = The Roman Army Papers 1929-1986, Amsterdam 1988, 397-432.

Schmidt Heidenreich, Christophe: Le Glaive et l’Autel. Camps et piété militaires sous le Haut-Empire romain, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2013.

Stoll, Oliver: “The Religions of the Armies”, en P. Erdkamp, A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford, 2007. Blackwell, 451-476.

Von Domaszewski, Alfred: “Die Religion des Römisches Heeres”, Westdeutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst 14 (1895), 1-124 = Aufsätze zur römischen Heeresgeschichte (Darmstadt 1972), 82-204.

Wolf, Catherine. (avec la collaboration de Yann LE BOHEC): L’Armée romaine et la religion sous le Haut-Empire romain, Actes du quatrième congrès de Lyon organisé les 26-28 octobre 2006 par l’université Lyon 3, Lyon 2009.

Ankersdorfer, H.: Studien zur Religion des römischen Heeres von augustus bis Diokletian, Diss. Konstanz 1973.

Birley, E.: “The Religion of the Roman Army”, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, II, vol. 16, 2, 1975, 1506-1541 = The Roman Army Papers 1929-1986, Amsterdam 1988, 397-432.

Campbell, Brian: The Emperor and the Roman army, 31 B.C. - A.D. 235, Oxford 1984

Cosme, Pierre: “Le prestige des enseignes”, en R. Baudry / F. Hurlet / I. Rivoal (ed.), Le Prestige à Rome à la fin de la République et au début du Principat, Paris 2016, 81-90.

Cumont, F.: Los misterios de Mithras, y doce estudios más sobre la religión del Dios Invicto en el Imperio romano, 266 págs. Publicado en Madrid-Salamanca, 2017, Signifer Libros. Traducción de Sabino Perea Yébenes.

Fink, R.O. / A.S. Hoey / W.F. Snyder: “The Feriale Duranum”, Yale Classical Studies 7, 1940, 1-122.

Groslambert, A.: “Les dieux romains traditionnelles dans le calendrier de Doura-Europos?, en WOLF, Catherine. (avec la collaboration de Yann LE BOHEC): L’Armée romaine et la religion sous le Haut-Empire romain, Actes du quatrième congrès de Lyon organisé les 26-28 octobre 2006 par l’université Lyon 3, Lyon 2009, 271-292.

Nock, A.D.: “The Roman Army and the Roman Religious Year”, Harvard Theological Review 45, 1952, 186-252 = Essays on Religion and the Ancient World, II, 1972, 736-790.

Perea Yébenes, S.: “Asociaciones militares en el Imperio romano (s. II-III) y vida religiosa. I”. Ilu, Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones 1, 1996, 149-175. [Y parte II. Ibid. 2, 1997, 121-140]

Perea Yébenes, S.: “Baños para los soldados y el culto de Fortuna”, en M. J. Peréx (ed.), Termalismo Antiguo, Madrid 1997, 149-167.

Perea Yébenes, S.: “Baioli, Signiferi”, Latomus, 57, 1998, 874-880.

Perea Yébenes, S.: Collegia Militaria. Asociaciones militares en el Imperio Romano. Madrid 1999. Signifer Libros.

Perea Yébenes, S.: Águilas de plata. Lecturas sobre ejército romano y religión. Madrid 2006. Signifer Libros.

Perea Yébenes, S.: “Los dioses militares protegen a Claudio: el prodigio de los estandartes de las legiones de Escriboniano en Dalmacia”, en: L’armée romaine et la religion sous le Haut-Empire romain (Textes réunis par Catherine Wolf, avec la collaboration de Yann Le Bohec), Lyon 2009, 335-349.

Perea Yébenes, S.: “Ubi sunt scholae. Ubicación, forma y sentido de las sedes de los colegios militares en los campamentos romanos en el Alto Im-perio”, en O. Rodríguez, N. Tran y B. Soler (eds.), Los espacios de reunión de las asociaciones romanas. Diálogos desde la arqueología y la historia, EUS, Sevilla 2016, 151-173.

Speidel, M.A.: The religion of Iuppiter Dolichenus in the Roman army, Leiden 1978.

Ziolkowski, M.: “Il culto della Disciplina nella religione degli eserciti romani”, in Rivista Storica dell’Antichità, 20, 1990, 97-107.