Elemente de Biogeografie

8/20/2019 Elemente de Biogeografie

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ISBN

MANEA, GABRIELA


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Pmântul pe care trim – „Planeta miraculoas nceteaz s neuimeasc, s ne pun în faa unor mistere, adesea prea greu de dezlegat, s neofere resurse vitale, aparent, f r a cere nimic în schimb, s ne suporte capriciile,dar s ne sancioneze atunci când întrecem msura. Dintre toate minunileplanetei albastre, viaa este f r îndoial cea mai de pre comoar; în absenaei, cine s-ar mai putea bucura oare de toate celelalte daruri ale Terrei: ap, aer,minerale, lumin, cldur?!

Într-o er a industrializrii urbanizrii cvasigeneralizate, fiecare dintrenoi caut un de natura vie, însufleit de freamtul frunzelor, parfumulflorilor, trilurile psrilor zumzetul insectelor; fiecare om poate gsi înmijlocul naturii o surs de încântare, energie inspiraie. În acelai timp,paradoxal, omul a devenit astzi cel mai de temut duman al plantelor

animalelor de pe Terra. Competiia neloial a omului cu celelalte fiine vii,relevat de extinciile datorate activitilor umane în timp istoric, face ca, petermen scurt, mediu lung, existena a numeroase specii floristice faunistices fie pus sub semnul întrebrii.

Cartea, intitulat simplu: „Elemente de biogeografie”, reprezint o încercare de sintetizare a informaiilor cu valene teoretice practice din sferabiogeografiei, menit s incite curiozitatea studenilor, s-i ajute s îneleagmecanismele de funcionare a înveliului biotic – atât de perfecte poate,tocmai de aceea, atât de vulnerabile – s-i iniieze în tehnicile de cercetare alumii vii, s-i sensibilizeze s le motiveze aciunile îndreptate în direcia

proteciei conservrii speciilor floristice faunistice. Coninutul su estestructurat în patru pri, care abordeaz: probleme teoretice de taxonomie,ecologie corologie; caracteristici structurale comportamentale alecomunitilor vegetale animale din cadrul marilor biomuri continentale;aspecte referitoare la necesitatea proteciei conservrii înveliului biotic;metode tehnici de cercetare, utilizate în studiile cu caracter biogeografic.Prin coninut problematica abordat, lucrarea se adreseaz în specialstudenilor care, conform Planului de învmânt, studiaz biogeografia pe


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parcursul unui singur semestru. În acelai timp, informaiile cuprinse în carte

pot constitui surs de informare pentru cadrele didactice din învmântulpreuniversitar, care aleg ca disciplin opional biogeografia sau anumiteprobleme de biogeografie.

Prin aceast lucrare, doresc s aduc mulumiri profesorilor care m-auiniiat în tainele biogeografiei, mai întâi în anii studeniei i, mai târziu, peparcursul carierei universitare: regretatului prof.univ.dr. Ioan Piot, dasclulcare, prin prestana dublat de simul umorului, mi-a stârnit interesul pentruaceast disciplin de studiu d-nei prof.univ.dr. Maria Ptroescu – mentor,colaborator adesea critic constructiv al activitii desf urat de subsemnata

în slujba biogeografiei.

Autoarea


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P

O D D OOCOO CO OO


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CPO

COCP PD COBOO

boo p c o boo oDp B o pd oc oo

cc o oc d cb pC D p b boo c o

d cc b pcoD c D co C

Bob P o c p o p ob boo c pc co po o o

d o cod c obc d d booc c do oo ooo p dp oo p p ob co cp

c boo cp ocd d p cc dob p codd coo

cod boo c o poo c c odc c p d o c d boo

Dp Boop boo o cooc c d dc cop pcp co co o d o o

p c boo c c pc coc bocoo cd ooc ccc o oooc ooc c oo boo d cop cpc d oc


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C oc boo d dc po c

pop c c o p oc c oc oc oc cc Biogeografia abordeaz o proble din care se pot desprinde

urmo dc d c c do po oboo cooc co oo boo cotic (biocenologia).

Biogeografia ecologic d c bc o d d co po d c d cp oc o d

Corologia sau arealografia studiaz pd dilor taxoni (specii,genuri, familii de organisme etc.), arealul pe care ace ocp dc poo o booc

B o o c o c b oc o o b o o o dco boco p b d pco copo ooc dc p oc pp ob p b do cop p pd o o oc c boo o o booc d b p ocbooc

B o ob c d d b o o b o o c c o c

Boo c d bo bo p c o p

d bo boo c d do o od d B c od cd bo oo o d bo o doo d d c o d c ocpop c o o o cpo o d o

o p p bo c p c o d cpo Dc

bo cpo Dc o c p boCo o c Boo Cc cob bo d c d p ob o o db d o oc c pop co

dco Booo o o bo d p o oo c popp


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Co o c coo p oc d o

d bo d o o d o B o o bo p po o c p p o cdo d o boco pop dd

occ bo p o ccpd boop pc c p c c pop d o d cc d

C o bo do d d doc b p d c oc p opo

C co p oc c bo p o c oo dcop b p P cc pp c c d cd p p copocc d b occ c bo oc B

Obc d d co boo o d dcp d p c c d d pdco

d d p po ocd p p c od oc d o o p obp c pc c d D p c oc oc

d d pdoo coo c boo oo cpo d c ppd do c c d c o dp c boo b o o d coc

boo o p c c d d boooc oc c o cooc oc booc c oc

oo oo c d co pod c c boo c p bcboop d pd c d cp oo oo oo o booc p dood c o odc co

P p p d c o d c oc c po o oo d dp o d d d c co cc

doo ocp c d po d p b cboo d dpd cp oc pco p o P p p o dob d po p oc d co o cobd


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do pd po C d p

bo b p d o d cp d c c poc dc d ccc dc c po d p po c co c cc C C cc ooC p.

po o obc d d pdoo o d p o po o d boc c p o p co c cc c obooc cob b d p oco pdoc D o p pd d c ccc c cc

db pco po coc cod c o p obo p c dco d c co d d db o p c po co o o oc

b o

db o p p p c o p d o oco c po op c d

coc oo d copo o o c cod db dob d ob b pc coo boc dc d pc d d bd o d co d c co pd opc d

o po bo codo d cc d o p o copd d dp o c p oco d oo o

o do o cp o opo D c oo p p d

D cd bo dpc cp

bo o bo o p d pd o pcc o dc oo cd p p d d o dP c opco d d c d po d cp c po c d c d p p d po bc p coop d p c d o dc p d B


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o o bo o p c p od

o p d o oc doc d c bo dc pcp pdcoo d c oo dc o c dp cpo c

D pc c co d d pc d d po po c

p o c c dc c dc

p C Bc ob dc d c pop

pc d p c cop p co d p o


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D pc d d occ bocc d

bo d c dp dc do d o do dc c

d cc ocp d p p c po o d d o

copd co dc occ O db p occ o p oo dpd d c c oo oc d oc p dc

Dp cocp d bo d p pcoo d c b bo p cbocc oo b bo dcop ooc dc d c bc b

o boocc bo pc doc o dc Do co coc c b bo cd dc o c po c d


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CPO

O D OO COO BOO

boo oo c cpd ccoo c o o d dd d c oo cpd do dc boc c ooo c ooc d c c c oo p c

o pco d p c opco d

o ooc c co o c c d p c o c

cco p c o d c c

p c p c c o c c d c c o oo d cccc ooc c dc c od d ocp o oc d c c dcd o p d pc Po p p p co o c c Co cc bd d o

odod d o oc d bo d c ob pdc C c cob d c

coc c C d d coc cob Oc op cc p p C coo p po P c c c


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ooc po pc cd

pc d c d cc co pPo p o Co cc odod d o c C d c C d Oc op p C c

ooc c cd d p Poc o c c cc c c d cd C d d Oc opod d pd C d

d C d O d cd c d d d dp

c p cc co p Po o c bc Oc opod p o

pd od c C p ooc c p o d p oocodo

Dcodo bc C p opod c d o c o c c

d c c d p cc cop p op oc b

c d p co do pc d cpd o pc d dc oo dp cc p op

cop do oc ooc do oc po oc p o o d p co o o Bc c o op p co d p o dd ooc c o c

P p c o o c

do d p pcp d oP o p do o p o co o

o cd o c pc c o co p c o d cp c c

P do cpd o d c o ccoo cc p cp d d oo pp o c c pc d pdop

Co o cd p po c o c co p co o d o d dc p


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c ooc cd o c

OP BCOP bc o c p oco COP co b o c

p oco COP co c c c coo

o b OP o o co P OP p o c o co COP co p c b b b

o co

CO OP o co POP o b o co ODOP odo o o co COP co cp c o co OP oc o c ocopc co o

p o o co COP c o co BOP c PDOP o d o

coo OP p c p o d c OP p c p o d c

P p c o o c

cpd do b b p o o o c o c p c P OOO cd o p c c

cooc co c p odc po c c pdopod po oo c p ppc ob ob p o d d c

b o pc c d do co c o c

POP PO cd po o o dcco c d d c p


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C D o c cc pop co

b d C co = pp o b pc boc o p d p o d ocoo p d c

P c co p o d o oc co d pc c cd p co pc o c

b c co p cooo o d o po d c

c co p o = cdc c bcod c p obc c

OC dcco b opod copod

CD c co p cdc p o coo c op c o dp co p

D c co p p p o co p p p dp bc d pc o d p

dc o p d co b b c o co cd poc odp ooc

DD cd p d pc c ocopc b c p d c p dc c c c p pc d pco c coc b c c

OPOD cpd d d o cooc d p c p dc db p co p o cc coc opod o pod co p d ooo c po cc d c p dc cp oc bdo

Cpd b c OBOO P opod o pooc dpCC co po pDB cc c po

c c p p po c p


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OPOPO C cp

d c p op c d COD c d pco dp p d p p dp pc cod c d cd o d

OOCO D POO OPO o CO c co p o d

p p c oo cdo c p p p oo

b o d o c cop o o dc o p ooc

b o c c docc co p p p cc c ocp c cod c p odc

Pcp c d b OCO D C co d o

coo b c co p o d c bo cop c oc c p odc p

C CPOCO D co d p

b d d d co p o d c c p o Bco o co pd d o op c

B C pco dpc d d o cc d c cod d C od d p o d d c c pco p dp c oo b o docoo c c do p bc copp p p coo b c d bco oo dp b o co d do

p o c po dpd cop d d oc c b dp p p co cd bc o c c o = cOO b c c c c p po c C c o o

cc o = od o = c c cd p odp p d pc c


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P oo c o d o d o

d pc pd do oo co p p d cobc o o cd co d c c c d

oo c b pc o cc b pc o oo doc co c oo

bc o o cd do pc Pc pod

C pc pod pb p

O b o d d pop b oc o b o b o

c Bo o oc d oB o o o c o oCo o c p b d d d dc dc p co c c

c o o booc dc oo c do o cpc d ocoop odc o odo Boc pcdo o booc o o pc pc dobd po d c o d o

o d o b p c o po d do booc d d cpd o o d o

o c o o o pdd cpd pop boco

bo bo o d pc pd o c

p oc c d dc d ob od pop pcpc

Pop oc pc p o c pop o pc od b oc o oo co bococ B oc o

o p d o c b dpc d o dpd cp oc c p dp d cop pc d co d d c bocoo p o d co boc o p d op pc o pcc Boco cpd

oco p o p co pco ooco oo co pco c oco c oboco co c ooo


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B o op p oc d b boco d d

b coo boc c co po dooo cpd o d o o o

Nivelul superior celui biocenotic este biomul cooc cop d boco c co p boco c c copd o cod cooc ntoare, deter-minate de zonele latitudinale ale planetei. Cu alte cuvinte, biomul poate fidefinit ca vasta unitate ecologica, cu fizionomie omogena, care ocupa suprafeeimportante caracterizate prin dominanta acelorai condiii climatice. (tdpd bo pd p c co, pdurile meditera-neene, sa

viaa acvatice: biomul oceanic si marin, biomul lotic, al apelorcontinentale curgtoare, biomul lacustru, biomul palustru (totalitatea ecosiste-melor de balta de pe suprafaa terestr), biomul mlatinilor, biomul deltaic).

b o c b o c c d b o co o c

co cooc c co p oo p co boc d cocc co boc c cd c c p c pc o pc

d d co boc o po co

cc p d co dc d o ocopo cc c oc c c d ccc p co p bc

po c coo cooc o p d o c co c d co opo cp oc co d d c o c p pco c codc dc c do c

C p c coo d d c dc oo cp dp pcc dp p b o

cooc c d p• B co o c c o

po o pc p d pc c dc c pop c c p d dcd d po p co p c d d

• co po dc cd p co dp cd


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• o d

dc p cd c d c d co co p cPcp c do o d dp oo o p

o c p p dp o o ddp p c c c do o ccod cc d ob dp o ooc cbcoc o coc p p co dp booc bo o c p d p c podo ob d o d p dod d co oo

B oc o co c b oc o o

p c boop p pco dpd p cod co c c c pcc p p c cod d d p p b boo pd b p bc d b bo o c dpoc pd c c o pd coo boco o co

copoc p c cpd c c bc d c oo o c boco o c c po p p p o o oo o

c o pod po cop d p o boo co dco po cop c p c c pd d p Od

O boco p d o c po cocp cb o c c coo o pco db bo p boo p d p o o p cb c bocopodc p copd o b c cbo d

O d d do boo boo bod o d dc bocoo p

booc d po c o ob po ddc c pc p cop o p dcd boco copo pc c d o p dco boco p d cod c d pp do o d coc d p pc o bc p c oco dc d co d dp c p


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c boco po d ccc pcbd do pc d pc o o o c co c c p c c o co coocd c co p co bo oc o o po cpo co botic o p oo


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co o c b

Termenul de habitat înglobeaz totalitatea condiiilor de mediu care facposibil existen n natur, incluzând atât factorii abiotici cât icomunitile de plante animale (biocenozele) crora li se încadreaz speciarespectiv. (Muic i colab., 2009).

P cooc b oc d b c od d do pcd p cooc p oc o dboc c c d c c c coo d dp po c pc d copo d b

cooc po cc do co d co b d d c dp pcb c d po b p d cop

pcc p d co o c co d oo d c

d o d oo d d c pc d oo co po c co po P d b dC c c c b cooc d c c p p dc c p c b p p c c c b c ooo c c po d b dc

od d p co o pc c d

Co p p pdc do pc d c coc p d c c b cop po dpcoc o o d pco c c o ocp cooc d


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Co p o pc d co c

d d p c cd o po d pdo c co d p pc c cb p c pod p d p c p c o c co

bo po cod op cop copd

b d do pc b p cp oc obc o d o p o c

c o cc co c bocoo c D p o d d P oc p cpc o c b oc c c po c p b p D o c c dc o pc d p c pcc c p do o b c oc o oc b d o b pc c c c c p

co

co p b o d co po o boco boop c oc d b d d bcoo boc c c p bd d booco d co o od d coo bc


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Cocp d co dpd p d c d p cp

c dpb oc c d o b o pd co po o b c p d co occ dco c o

P c o oo bo d o co o b p p c c p dc C oc p o d oc codc pcc dc p p co o p cd o p d pcp pd o d o d d dcop oco p d o op cd c d pd c o co codp d d p d o o pop p dd cd p p c o

o o d cod co c d db coo do cop dpd co o c pc p c p c b coc bo

oc cd coo co pc c do oo

cpb bc oc pcd d c bo oc c

p p p od c o p O c co cooo bo co o p co co o cd d o d c c c c bo d o d c c co p c d o d c cc p bo co d o d co do d co oc c p c od cc oc

Do p c o oo dc b oc

d oc cd co

bc p c c oc p c co po pc dd p c occ d bo b oo p odco coo

Bo podc cooBo p d c c c

d p d o c coo cc


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Bo c oc p o poc b o bocc d c o c d oc po c d p cc ocbo d o d c D c c dc cc

P odc coo d d d c bop c d c d d p d o d p

Podc p coo c d p od d

d o p p c d o p occ c p o copd d o b oo c p p p c p oc d p odc p dpd ddo co pcp p po cd

• •

•

•

•

•


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d o p odc p dc c pd

opc d c co o p odc cp odc co d o o ocoo C P

o pc p d ppco Chris Park,

Podc cd coo d bo o c d bo

c p c p d d o dc d o bo bd C d co


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d p d p dc o bo

o opc c p pdBo pdoo d d p d d c boo c c c d p p p c d bo o pdo op d c p p c bo o o d d cc d o C P

o coo cc cooccc cooc d o coc d

c c o p o cocp oc p c bc

cp co o c Co d cc co o c po ob c cp

bdo d o p p c c cb copd d p c po d b Dc c oco c d p p pc opop boc

O c p d o d pc po p oc d cc cooc c d o c b p d cpo d d c op d cod

c bd d d d cb d copd pdd d c b o p c o d c p o boco d p c doc po o b d c co o d c o d c dd pdooc p p p o cc o o d c copd po d c dcd d ccc cco p boc

o cc cooc p d d cb c c cco dc d odc p o

p d d c o p d ccdc p c bo o c ccd dc cp c c o p co pod o P b cc d p co c oc op pc odc p od coo c co pc ccc b boc c p oocpcc c co c o d


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C cc co o cC d cc cooc d odc d

b o pc o ccd c d c o po d p bo cooo P p c co p c c p cd b dc Dp doc d p c o c pd doc c p d dp po do po b

po ob o p o d dpo o d o c pc

C cc cc co o co cc cooc bo d pco pc

p p c d d po po d oc d d c pco d o d d cc p c cd d pc ocp b o


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d d po c co bo b dpoc o

p pc coco c c co o o b pd C bo p odcc p p c cc c p pc d dpc d p op d d c o pd bp odc d o pcc o p c bo o po o copo p odc c o d o pc Cp ccpd pc c c pd p odc dc Dc po cod co p op d d d pooc d o p op d c occ c o p op d d po c p odc dc C o c o po b co d co oo d c c d p pd cc dpoc pc d ccc o booppc c d c dp

D O o d ooc o o O c ob p op c c

Dcodob c o o p oo

codo

o d co p o oo o c o o co po o c

Pdop Bcop Bop p op copPcop C op

b opod P o o o oc P d C c

D CO O

D p d co o c co o d pd o c cc co o c p o d p d

d c d cd


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CPO

DC OO D POOC

p c p ob o o cpd oo d c ooc o d d

cod oc cc o dd oco c oc o d d

ob p b o c c do po c c d oo p p p dc p b c

co c oc o c oc p d d c c c c do o dp cc co cd c p d o C o do o obcoc pdc p c d cc

c o obco p p d ob d o p do p b

D p o c c b d p o oo d c d o d pdc o dob oc d p oc c op c d o d dobc d c d p oc pcc c c d o dd p oc d op d occd dobc d c d c op P

D cc d p o ooc p oco c oc copo o

c bo p o d op d c d d c d o d p dob d c d od p dc c opc c d do c o copd co c dp c p oo


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c c d dc c bo d

do c cc p p coo p o pc d bcopod ob co c c do c p o copo c d o d op d c d d c coc c

pd o oc o codc b cod p d D p d d c cc c bo d p o cpd d oc p d dc coc dpo dc d p p o d D co p dpo pooc d c d d o d bcopod ob c pcc o op o d c

pd o pp o p dc dc c c o pob cocp c b dc p obco c o dp p p dc

Co c p p d p o p O oo pocp oo d c

d pod c o o d d p

po do cc d c poc oc c bc co coc d op c do b ooc op d c coc cc cp co cd d p cc o do c pdpb c p ob o pd po c dc c coc p c p do co c c d cd p obp b p op c p d o po po Co o c o po d

o d po d oc c o pc o c c po p po d p oo d c d p do c o ccp d c d d d p co oo c d c p oc d cod p d b cp o c o o c do c co d co p o c p p o


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cd ob p odc boo o

po o d c po d p o odd c dp P c c ccp d o po o oo co d′′′′′o p coc d dcopo c c c Bcoo c Dc oo co D c d co dc cco d dc co c o o c p p c coo d c pc c ooo B o c O

C c d o d o po dodp pob p po o d o P p d cd d P p o po p ooc

o p o c pp co o c od po ppd db p o coc pp d p p o d c c p po d p c o o d c c pdc pp o

co C D o po c po p c p d do d o d o po b poc o do c po pc p c bo cc do o p co p p obb d p o c o Op c p ob d ob c cd o c p co p dd b po o o

b p pcp oo p d do d d o cop pc o o d d do boc oc oc oc c

c c p o c bo pcp c c oo copo coo c coc p oc p P c c p codc ccoc pcp p d b oc c c p


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copc p c obo c oo

p p p c bo c c o Dp Op p o d obo d oc d oc o co copc cob oc c dpo c co p oo

c c po o D cp c

• o p oc bo cop o C c oc c

• b c p oco d oo po do ooc p o

• c d d d o o

d oc bo c d o d o oo co p od p b c o o dob p c cc Co p d doc pcp ob p p p c o bo bb oc Cop p d c c copc co c

P do p oc p c d cob bo oc p d p c cc o p bo dc d c c d po d p cod copdpo o cd d o oc po d p p d oC c c op p d o p dc co cc o d do d cd o p d bo c c o dc bo o cop cd cdc cd oc dd oc cd cd cc o oc co c coβ αobc c pc pc CO CO cd cdc p p od d pbooc d b oc

p c d c o d

pc p d d

D c o o d p p c o o o c

PCBc c c do pod c P o ooc d

p o d d d o P po p p


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C c c d

• o co od p p co• oc cc c d o CO C O cc c cc o oc

• c p oc do o poo d o codc cod poo p d o

• c cc p od copo o b dc co cc do o codc pcopo oc c bo oo po oc c p o c cc c o po bo

• d cob co cc c p o p oobopc cood cpb cc p odc p od

• p c oo p oco c dd cdc p p cobc o d oo ccp d o booc p op

• p o co c c dd p dcop c d c do d pcd p ooo o

• c d d o o p opc d CO cp bb c o c cd oo d p d d p odco p po o d d cc

• p p cd p oC Pc d c co d pd d d d c

• p p o o o c c do c dpo d o pcb d dc dcop dc p p o co d bcoc p po co b d opod c

• p p c b do c d cc

POOC

D p o d d po p po p d c cp c c d p dp obo opod p p occ

Pooc p d cpd pod c b Cb o o do c o doc popo c c pop o d o doc


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Pooc d cd pod d oDo oc c bo p P o d


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C c c d

• c b c c dd p op d c d pb opc• o p d • c d b cp do

d ob opod do cocd o c dpo cc o bcopod c

• o do c c d p b opc• cp o o cdoc• do co d • p b p d c c

oo c c c p pcod p o doc do cc o do c do pooo co co b c cc co oopco o copod od bcopod ccod d b p pdc cc o p pcb

• c bb o c o coc p oco d oo c c p p dc doo d d oo d d d cc p c

• p c p op o p o p p

p po d p opodo pod• boop oc

o co poo c• d o d o d c cd d opc

o d c d• o o cp d o c d

p p cpoo c p c P op d dc c pod cpo c dc pdc o cop d pop d cop d

• bo dc p p ocod pcodc oop dpo

• d o p p p bo bc oc co

• c bo cod c opcd o coco o do po d do d boc d C pdod d op p op


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• p co do bo

p po• b po coc cp o o cc• p o o c po dpo

d c b d o p• p c c d• boc dc• do op• d o c c bo p o

o d o c cc o c cob occo c d c o cccpo c o d copod oodbcopod c p P od c co d p

OOCCoc b d d o d d

cc o d d cd do o d c oc c p cd dppcp p d pooc co ob o d bcopodo booo cod p c bod pcod po c c c c cd dpo b b d d c d p

d po co p do p o


44/231

C c c d

• c cp ccc ooc o d coc• c op o cc d pooc

c c o dc o d d d

• b po dcoc p o d c c d o cd c coc b d o o c c c o

• d do cc o d Dcd c o c p c co codc o cco c

• p c o d p oc c pdo d pop c pc d p c oc pdd cpo c ccc o poc

• do co cp do pob oc p c pod cd c p p p o oo o p pc d p cd ooc

• c c d cd d d p opc oddo cd c do op Co B o C cdo

cc c

• p p p o cocp c o d coc c ocod do p o pbo po do d dp dcc c c co c

• c c p c c c p p c poc po c d o d c co c cc cp dp o coddd d p o occ c cd p o d c pc dc o

• do oc op oc co

d p d op p c o c c c oc c co p

• b c o ccc o d p ooo c ccc o opcoc d o o b c p ooc pc d b ocodcd occc c


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• p oo boc c pc d C pd do

o c d bc • pc p o do cpd d cccpo p c dc po

OOCCoc b d d cooc d p o d

cp d c d dp oo po

C c c d • d pc d d coc co d coo•

cp p o p d c d o d p od cd Oc c c o dc p d d p o B d b cood c d o d c d d co o o p

• c d p b opc d c od boc cc p c c

• o do op c pod oc d c cd p o co

p o c c d dc d pd p opc


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• oc d c p dc d c

c pop c o o d c d o d oc b opc d op C co o dc cpd pcd oc cp o d b bo

• do d p d p p d o o o p o c p p op c pp pc p o pd p p o o do c co o o C oPcop c bo cp op pcop

c p oc P obo cd P od• o do oc d c p c

c o pd dc poco c dC

• d d o c c cdo d P oc p dopc d c cppoc o dpd opc o oo o

• co co c

c d o d p o B p pod c c p d pc d o d o c do c o d p d pc d p

• c cp d c p o d o d d c c c

CD p o d c p c

po c d o p p p o

C c c d • c co o o p• p cb oc p odc dc co

o c p C p do• poco c c c c cd c

b c pd o p poco


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c c d c cd p o d

coo p podo c cbo cobo d dc• oc c d c cd c cpd pc

d d oc od popo c dp


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• oc c d c c p p pc c

oc o o p p po• bod p d p op pc bo Bo pc b Bo p dpd co p oc p c d co

• co o c bod cpc d c c c d p p dp C oc p dp p oc

• doc dpo c o co poc c c po dd opo

D O pc d c p o d pop c d

cc c co po pcc o o c cod

o p oc d o C c co o c c c o c co d

co o pc pc c o c

d c p oc


49/231

CPO

CO D D POO C O

co d d c copo c oo po p co

Factori abiotici (fizici, anorganici) – factorii energetici (lumina, tempe-ratura), factorii hidrici (umiditatea aerului, precipitaiile atmosferice umiditatea solului), factorii edafici (coninutul în substane mineraleal solului, reac textura solului), factoriigeomorfologici (altitudinea reliefului, expunerea versanilor, declivi-tatea, gradul de adpost etc.); factorii cu aciune mecanic asupraorganismelo

co boc pcc pcc c bc o p oc d p odc pd p oc

co opc c o o oco c pc p boc

c o b o c c o d d b o c o o

p o o

c d co c po

d d d o p oC d c p d bo d po oc

P o pco p co cooc d c pc dc p o oo oo copo co

p p o P oc o o c d


50/231

co o o pc c c cp

bc cp c p coo p co o od p p oc d oob pop c c bo d

dc c d oc bo popc dc p opoo c

C cc o o o c d

C o po p cc c b p b b do dco bb o co o dc d o d po pc c p boop o co o do p oo p cpc c p d o do co o pc

b od c oo c p c p dp d pco o c pd o b b b bc c cpd pc c d c c d d pd b o d co o c c pd opc

d c bc b b pcc

c do d c c d od c c dc p c cc

C o d p d d p d

D opodc ccc do pbpo cc c o o d p

b D c cpodc pcc do b opc opc d o bbc oc P d d c c

p o

coo c bo c c cd o c dc dp


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co p odc po o p c

o o p b o pco cod o d d pob do dpo pc co pc

Coo d d d o p oo p pp d op pp p pc p d d opc p d bo B boc p d p c b

ooc o p cpc oo d pco d d p d b d c ocpo dc co o pdo pc dcc c p dc p o p po p

ooc o o d cc opo o cpc oo d pc

o pco d p d do pc c co d pc d c ccc d o po p opc co o b cd dp oc pco

Co d d d p coo bd cop d d cd p pcd p d c o pc d c

p p o o

d o o o d c o c

o oo po p c C op d pc d d c C op pc po p cobo dc dco o o bc p pc c opo

p d co d d dp p pc d o odoc po p d Cd o p C

c po oc c C pc d p b c p b C d b p p pod o

d cbo dp p c cobob C


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Oc Pcc p o o b d

coo c o dc o o cpo p d C d cD o c p d

o p po p d C b p p c po p d C c pc p op d o d co

c c d o d d p o

p do co c po d p p c

ocp dob d cc p cc opo

p d coopo d d d d d d D poc co c b oc o B o b o d pd c d d d o dc p o d c

b o dp p co d d c c p c co c d d pd pco pcD p cco cd pc d d co bco

d p p p o

d p o o o c p c

dp o p o d o pc B p

c b o d p c coo c cop c oc cd D d cpc d c

o po o o p pd o po

c op obdpc d d c b d o d bb o cb d p o o o c p d c

o p d po b p p p o pd coc c d o

dp c o p c o do pd o cc co d

c coc c o


53/231

c d p o o c p c

c c o o o p do cd p c o p d c d op c

co c bo b b cd p d p o o cd d p o o c p d c

do b c oo d p oc

d p p o

c d o d d p c po p do co po occ o dp p co C d doco bp dp p co dc co c pco po oc o c

D pc d d co d c o p do copoo c c ooc cd

p po o

poo pod c d o c

p o d od c p d b cod poo o d bo oc c d op po d b

b p oo

oo po c o cpd pc dc

Pod c d o c p odc pc pc c c oc cboc c b d cd p dc ocp d d cd p po p pc

c d p co po

C c obo c p ob p d p o dc p c dc p cp p p cp cobo d p pd d co co d pd c c oo p d d


54/231

coo o p co b c p

p op

po dp pc d c d b d cd o c co co p o pod d p cod dc co d o o d p d o cd c po c dcb pc d oo p oo co bc o p pc d oo od d popd C d

o p c c o p d o o

Dc p po d po c d d od dc p o oo o d

pc p c d p po dc o d d p p d C o p d pc d d p d o d


55/231

c o d c o p o o

o p p o d p o o o c o o c

poc dc d p ob o oo dc po cop ccb o

d p c p oco ooc p dc po p co po c c d cc

po c c pcc do cdc d d d poc dc c cod dc pc d b pd c dc co d d c pc d d


56/231

p c dd p do c dc po dc o opd d C d d od b c ob p doccc pd Cp o c p dc cd c o c d

b c pcc po c ocp pp

o c d b pc pc co c dc dc od p op o c d p p c dc p dc o pcd p c dcpo dc b

c c o pcd cd c c dc do p oo dp op p o P c p d dc p p cpo p bo b o c d p d o d cd p pod d c c pc d ccc

d cc pcc do pc d oo dcco p po p dc d pco c ob p d o p c dp d

p c bo b p dc d o p p dop d d p d dodo p c dc c d c do ocopc bo b p opp d po oc D c co po o pc

p d p


57/231

po p p oc o o c d p d d d

P p oc d pop c c c p p o p p d dc p bo b pd o p d p o b dc p c o

C d p c d o p p pop po po c B co p d cp d p p p o p cc p Po

B dc po dd d c d p bo bd o c p d p pop d o c d c d pcp oc cpo dc pd opc dp bo b c dcd p o p c o o o dcp o c c d p po op c dc d pcp d d d p d od p o o bo b c dc pop c cod p dp o ooc o pc o p cod c co p c p c c c coc cop c dc cc c c d c o p

o p p o

C p o d p p dp co c p oc p c d p d o d o c b oc c c dp c c c

Dp c co d p o db o pp o p c pc c b doc p oc d p oc oc cp o pod d p

C d o d dp d cc p dcd d c pcd d d d pd obo op d dd oc d o d co c d pp pc d pb obo C o p pc p d dc p c p p poo c cd od do p c b p p b p c c dococo d d ob d od d cpc d ocp coco p o pc d p d


58/231

d p o o d co c cop

c p p p d p p p op dc d o oc od co p cop c p p dc cd p p d p p pod cpc d bo b dc p p obo dp codo d cp d co p op b oc o c B oc popd c cd p p p o d pc c c d bodc co p p c o c o pc d c d c d o pc c o pc d b dd

O co d oc d d cc p d cc c cd o pc d b d pc d b d c Pc pb p

cc cd pc dp c d cc coc oc odc d d ccco cocc p p co

obo cd pc c o b oc c o d p c b c c do c d cc cop p oco d c p po co c p co p d p p p c ocod bco popo d o coo pc c

c p d d po po d oobod pc d opod c c

c o d c o p o o

co dc c do oo pd o ccco cocc oo

o c pc co pd c cop oc co oc Pcp p oc c cob o oo d oco p oc d dcop o

P p o d c dcopo oc p c p op cocc oo db oo

o o p o o

o po c c cp oo o c po d b p o p d


59/231

o dc pod c d dc p

c d p op c dc o p o do pb copc d d o c D oop o d oc po p o ooboocc ob pc pc o c do dc po P copo oc p cd p c d o codb c db p ocoo oocoo

P o dp o d po d dpo dpod o d d pc d b c c b pc oo d p co o dpo

C o d p d p d d o

c pc d p d oobd p oc p d c o pdo c d od c p oc c p p co p p o p

P p co o db d co p pco p c p o c p c d c p p c co o c ob o p d d p oo c p d pc d bo p c c pc d cp c c ocopc p pd c o p ooc bo d p co c

b P p o c p o oc dcop p dcop c o pc d p o p co Bcop cop

c P p ooc dp po co p o pc pdc pd opc d od dc oc d c o c p d o c c o

c o oo o o c o p o o

Ccc o ooc o oc p ppdc d po d c odo cd po

d p odc oo po cc po c d o d p o o d p p d d


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dc cc o p pdc do

ooo d o p od d d c p b p p po c p c oooc p p b oo d oo o d p c po pdo c d cobo dcc p d cod cc oo ooc

po o d d d p o d d dc p cc p dc d cobo p c p po d

dp b c o dc d p o d c

p po p oc oo ooc c po dco cd po c o do d p cd c p oc d c boo p odcdcooo d p opo co

C p o p p dpc c dp d dp c p p d o d p p cp o cop c

p p dp c p b o o ppoP o pc d b b o d po p oc d dpo c o po odco o d o co o coo d dpo p o po o pc c

c o boc c c cc p o o

P c po c o c cc

p d d oo o d d pc c o pcp o boco boc p d op o d p p p c bo ddco d o d p o odoo c do p pdo c po d p c c d c pc p pco c c pop


61/231

pd c d coc pd po pc

po p po bpo d pd cob c oc cd po od cod c op p co oo po p dc c d co P po pd co oc d dpo o pc pd o cP d p d pdpo c o c cc do p boc cp coo d co

oc cdo po opc oc po dc po d c d c p

c dd po pd c c c po c d D c o pob dp odc cdo o c dc o oddb oc c d po pb cd oo dc c c o o co c dp oo cod d cop cdp cc cd o pc cd pdo p d cd po c c c bod p c pc d b d cco pod d dd p o p d c


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P d c o c d d

d p cod d c dpd do pc od d p pco p o d p pc cod cc dc ccc b ooc p dco c po o o o c co d cop c cc o o ooc

B o pco dco o p c d p co d d do c p ob c coo o oo o o

Pcp coc c C po dco po c p p p od codo d c dc

dco db d p p oc d do

o p c d c p c d o c pc c b dp p dbd

c pc do c po dco c pc dp c do

d co d p dco po dc p

dd c po dco p pob co b c o po

coo d p dc p coc o op cpc p odc o b dc obo ooc cc o

c d c d co ob dcc dp bo d pd c c p c

pd co c p p odcpo c coo d c boo co c do bo bc

c pcp do d cd po d o d p c do b

c cod d c po po o po p co d d p p o c c dp d o

o dco po po p oc d cc oc d c b


63/231

cod p c pc

pc d pc d pc c c p o dco do co pc po b dco d d o po p dc c oc c c

c d co c d do co d cc po o dco

Ppc o dco do pc bo oc d c Pob oo b p c

p p oc d p b oo c c p p o co

b c o c Co o d p C d Dp b p d co d d

cd o Ob dco p c d d c cod d c c od d p c c od d co o

D b p cod c pc c ocd coc c pc o d c cd pc co

P d c o d

p o o o dc d c dc • pd c pcd o dc p pp

p d d p po o c p p p

d p p pdo c co pc d boco po pdo co c

• dp ooc o ooc co o do cod op d d

c bo o c d o b do p p oco d

po c o d co o opod p coccop c p oco d c c c d cc o cc d p o p o c pbc po bo d pd opc o coo c


64/231

• p b cp o b co p c p

p c p c d cd co p P c ob p doccpc d c c

b p c po o oc bpd o d c oo c ob o c C p b c

c p ob o ca o o ob dp b • pd ccc pc oo c

pd bo d co o o pdo d oo b o Dop co Co c p O c o cod coco Po o o c pc pc d c

c o pdo opc po c• dp ooc o ooc co o b c p do d c bo

c dc oo d pop d d d p p

c d d b c• p pocc op od p

c c


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P d c o c

p dp o p d d poC

• pd pcc oo d c co bco

• dp ooc o ooc pc o d p co oo c p c bo pc b o oo co bo d

pd co d bo d c

do b c oo d p oc c• p p c b bod c d ccc

d cco bobb cp pcc o p P p c

b p o c dp p d c C

• pd o d c d p b opc d

• dp p d dc b o c p

c c booc po o pcccd p pc pc

• p d c oc cp o oco c d d p d c

c p c o cd p co c p d cp C

• pd p c c dc c p bpo

• dp ooc o ooc

cc po c booc c d o podd p cd o d d c ob p p c c c oo booc c o

pcp o d dp pco c o po cob o p p d p o dcc p oc d co o

• p od bd co d c


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d p c o dp p d

c≤

o

C• pd po p• dp ooc o ooc

c c o o o p do cd p c o p d p c

co c bo b b cd p d o o c pc dc do oo copo

cop d p d d B p c

c b o d p c p c oc cd D d c d pcd bo

o po o o p pd o po

c op ob b d o d bb o c

• p cc b co cc o cc d o d D

pc o pob p c c C do c pc B c pc c

P d c o d d cd

p d o oc d d cc• pd o cobo o o

o po occ• dp ooc o ooc dc pc c o o pcp d p dc b po o po p p

p b b po d obc po p o o dc coo d b co po

o pco d o d p pd oco d c d b p

• p

p b bcc bd b oc Poo oc c b od cd


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po b p b b p

d p o d oc o oc p d b P co pp p

o p o c bpo pco coco d b

b P o dc p oo c c d d• pd c co o d b

o o c o c o d p d pc pd co

• dp ooc o oocPcp o d dp po o cod o

p co dc p c p d po bo b p dc b d d p c

d c d c dc b p o d pd opc d

o co d dc p p c po


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• p

c co cd p bo c p od pc bo po c b o d b oc d pc d oo C pp c bo B o d o o c

bo o cpd pc c c b b pop bPop b b c

o p o o d pcoc po c cp o d b od d c cp c bo c o p co d d p c p coo d dc d c b pd c

c P o pd c p d p c p coo

p d ocp o po d p o c o d p opd o d o p o o pc

• pd p p pd d o oo o pc p co o dc

• dp ooc o ooc

dp cod cooc d d c d


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oo b b b

c codco cc pdc pdc podo o d p o do o boc c bd po

d d b oo p c dp oo

• p

c co cd p p oc d p P p o o

o p od b cp o b oo Dc

o Dc p c p o p c p b

p d d p cp c

d P o dp do c dc d d• pd d d p dp c cc

oo po p cd o oc o d p do d p po oo oo c

• pd o d cp p d dp

o cc d d p pcpo

o d c d d cpc oo d pdo pb dc do d cod d p cc

o o o c do cpc po d bo b p c c do p opo cocc cp c p cd p

• dp ooc o ooc

d oo d dp po o dc dd p dd oo bco

p o c c o p co c d

o d p c p o b p o coc coo c pod d d c cdd c d d p cpc p o C cc pcc do c

d c c po bc cc cc op o c p o d o dc cdc o d d o dcoo d c c cop c o pd o


70/231

c b c c c d c ccc

c cd c o c p o p o p c dc po cc codco cc do o b p p c po d p o d c c p ooc c c c c c c c dc cco c oo po o po bo b p oc dc c c oc c p d cc cdbC d c c p o p c d p p p opo d

p o o pop pcc o d p p dp pc o op co

p d c c p o d c pop d p d p p c o co dc p p c oo oc p d dc p c oo d d b p o po c po co o b o dc c o dp b oo p d c co c p d pc d


71/231

p c c p c bc p

pc d co p p c p c p o o dp occ c c dc c p do dc o d p po p ob c d p dc d p c p o dco dp d c po b p c p c p d d d c dc po p o d pc o p c pc ob p docc pc boc dp opo

p do cc c c c d

pd d po p d p p c o c d p c oc do d dp dod o o d dpo cpb dc c d p p op cd po d p do cod p ocop c pp c pc do p d p

C cc p dp oc p p op d c p op pc d d B occpb bo b dc c pcd cod d c c o o o pc d p

p pco pcc do o dc bo bpo o d d o c dd c po cobo po cod c c pc pc oo p p co dp oo c d d o dc d o pc o p o o oo pc co oo o o copd codo cooc p d c d cobd co c d pp d p pod c cc p d cc cc o c pd c p o c oc c ocob dc pop c pc ocopd d cc p p d c d b

dp c ooc c p cpc o oo ccc d p d pc d b pc c o cod

o p ocb P odoc o C op

C pod d pc o p d o pc poc d c p o cooc d o cp odc dd pop p c p

o c


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- - - - -


73/231

P d c o d p o

p cdo o dp oo c p cd • pd c pcd p o d co podoo

d d p o pc boopo d b oo o

• dp ooc o ooc dp ccc o ooc dc p

o do cc p p p oco d po coc cop d p do dp

p d p o co o pcc bo ccp c d co copp oc bo odc

• p Dc p o cc cc d c D oc op o c D o od o p co

b p b c p o c c p bo c bo

• pd pcc oo d p op• p d pc o d o d p c c

p p o c pbc d c boc d c o c c

c p o dp oo c p cp

• p oc p c b ob B o o c

P d c o d co o

p o p o o oo• pd c o pc o p d

p d


74/231

• dp ooc o ooc

dc co po bo b p c coc dc d C op dp o ooc pc dc

d d bo b p p oc d pop p po o o c• p

d poc D Co o p ooo p pc o c co b B P p

p d c c B oc p pc p d bc co bc d c o p c

b p o p o bo • pd c p op o do opo d

o o copo d c o• dp p d p d b

c cc b• p bo bc b c c co o pc po cc C opod c cc d oc c

c p c c

• pd p o bo CCO p c cc o• p o d co o opod p o P

C D c o c pc cd p c d c o coc d c o b

o •

• p co o c o

c


75/231

• p d p p d • p dco d b c B p p • p c p b c

P d c o d c o o

p p o dp oo po• pd do po do po po• dp ooc o ooc

cc oo c o dc p dp d ob b p

c dc d p po d d o

• p o d p D d C b ob d p Coo pc ocod p c

b p co o o co do dc bo o co d d coo c odc dc p oco ccd p oc d d

c p o do p o o c d pboo oo p pc p pc o d c

D O

C o d p d c o d d pcc

do o d

P d c o d d d p d opc d

P d c o d d pcc d cc

d c d b o pc p o co

d c o d d cd C p o


76/231

OB P

d c pc p pc d p oc d c o d d cd o o oc

pc c o d p d c od d

cd d Boc d Bc

pc bo o c d p d pc o

oc C o d bo o

pc c copo o d cop d co do po d bo o bo o p pcd d ooc

bo o o p p d d c c cod c b bo oo b c p b o ccd po booc

p pco cd bo oo po d c d d o bod p p dp c c ooc b oo co c c d B B p p d pc d pc

c b c cooc cd doco pcp d bo o

p o oc p c

p po c p c

p c b oc d

p c c c p dc p b c d d

dc p d pob pc

p c po b d

oo pp oo bp

p d o

B oc oc b cd p d b o p o p p bo d p d d p opc o p d pco


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p p o bo co o bo

b b o c c d c d p bocopo C cop pc d o

obo o BB b c d c oo coo ocoo C dd po d p cd c p od ddp po pod ob o d pcpod d o p pod d c c c o poo co

pc booc bo oo c b

cpd co d oc d op c d po oo poc p o po d o bo o cd do d o o Dp od d oo d p p b p pcp

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op op c p b

po o d o p p o p d p oco c

b C p C d p op o d p o d d pd cp cpd pc p d d cc bp pcc d odod d o oc cpc pcc p o c p c o c

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d p op cd p c pbp c dc o dp o co c co cc p b po b o d


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c p pod ob


80/231

C p o coc b d o d d

oc p op doc c d cd d op op d c d o o p cc o o pd

op cd p c o p c cop pod ob co c cd p o o c c p cd pc ccc oo dc o p cod d c pd do p d p d c

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d o d c c cb db o c d coo c p cocd p p


81/231

d coc cop pcc p cop

p p p cop dc cdc d b p o dd o pcb p c co p op p c d cc p op o c cop dc p copo d p dc

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pcc bc p c c pc d d

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82/231

oo bo coo

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b o p d po p c o d bo c bo o o co p co cp co c

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d p od c

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boco o pc oc bo co cod c cb d d pp p p dc dpc p bc dc do pod d p odc oc d p d d c Dcp dp c p cc p op d


83/231

c p p dc o d poo p b o

p co bd p c c d p d p c o pc pd dcdo d p odc

d po c c c c c dc pd po bc d o c po cd dp oocoopD c p d cb po b popd b c d co cd o pc dppo c p dp oc d pd bo cooc ocod p d c d p bo c p oo po po

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c oco d p c c cob dco

p c c d p o c p c o

c cpd p pc c cd p p p d o co c co c b c d d p oc

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p ddb p cocp dd cd oc d p p oc d

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oc d p p p oco cpc b oo o coc

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84/231

d p c c c p c c c

cd oc c c c cocd oc c do coc c cd c opo

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p cob p dc oc c p po db

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d pc

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p c c b oc o p b o op

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pc boco p cod o cc bo op

boco c o codbp ccco o cc p d pd d p cd p o b oc o db c o d o c o cod c cooc o p co o d dc dc c oo p d o pdo d p p p c c p C dc c p C copc c d dc C C

d c d c d d o c d pc d d o d op cd co o p o b

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c od

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86/231

o c d ooc oo po c o pd

cop coc o cd p c c d b c d p c dp o d p p o d pcp d pd d dc d pd c o d c po o d d d d po bo b d p D P pdo pc p p d codb c p odc o co d c co p c o d o dob cop pdp poc p d p p p doc d p opo pco o c c d o c C bp oc b o o c pd b cc

cp pcpo p co o op po dc cood p d dc co o d c dc b p c b

d p p bp d p obc dc po pd p oco ccd p oc d d co

d p c c copo oc oco od d o

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d oo p dcop cd c oo do cob c b p od b oc dc o c c o d

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opodoP pc bo

cod c co pc o c bo d c c p dc bo c dc o o c Boc dc c p c p d oc o c o cc po o od cd boco c p c p opc

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O b c c co o o po occ d c oo p d p dob d c cc dod dob co d od C p oo c c coc d c c p p opo co d od co d p co c p co p occ Boc

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o o cd ood b ob p pcc

c o op c po c o

Co p pc cd bo co d c po dc o pcoc c d b pp p d


88/231

o d p c pc o cp

coo c dc oc o cpod c p o oc pc co copob d d p oc Ddcoo cc p p c podo c d cp pod od c c pd popp

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p c do d d o d c d coc do co d c

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p c oc o p p d o o

P c oc o c ocd p opo po d op p opo o opo c d poc c o pd c p do co o o

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89/231

o p pd c pc do co

p po b c c o p pd o D c po c c bo od cd p o d c d o d b o cd p op c bc Bcc c coc c d o d o p p d o cp Pop

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c d d oo cd p d copo o opo p do codo op d do p c c c o p ddpo co o do dco p o oo

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p d oco d po oc dc d bcpo c pc c p coopo p oc c po c d odc o pc

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c po c pc p d o pc d o cc c d cd d obo o d d d dd c po d pob d pd d cd co


90/231

pc c p d p ob

do o c opc po d d pcoc p d c dp d b oo codc ccc o dpd pc p coppcc d pc c d pcdo c pc p bod oo c o od pc oc do p o p d pc pc pc p p p co

c d Pc cob

C op c c p c o

O pc po cod c c cd c p pc pc po oc p p Dc d pc cp occo o d c o cod c bc Pc

cob d op b bo cO pc d c coc c cd p bc p c ocp c c co dc c pc c cooc p c pd d d d c o o cd boco dc d po c pdodo cd c pc Pc cob

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pob d dp dp cc d pcd d o pc d p ood c d Pc cob c dd dd bo po c cc

booc ppo pco oc pd boodc po o o c b d

ppc d dd bo oppod po cop c pd d codb dob co c po doc c ccd o c c o d c co c p po ocp c pd d pc co dc d c d o oc d cd o d


91/231

d c c oc o

bo pob d d cooc c c co p d cb cc ob d o oo o ooc d c ccc p oco oo ooc c o c cc oo p o d pc P d c c do po p c dc p do oc o

c co b cpd d co d o d dc c p c dppco oc c pc coo d c c cp c o p obc b o d p oc co c pob o pCo C

C c pc o p oc co d booc

bod o bo d cpo o


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CPO

BOOC

C b o c o o b o o c

d d c c codo d p c d c c do p oc d p d c p pcp d o pco p oc d p c

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b o o c pc p p o

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93/231

pc copd p op d pd D do

cd o d c o occ ob copo oo do do c boc cod d obp do pc p od c opc c pd p c c d opc dp d c boc c dc co p dc d

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d

D c oco

ccc dob doc o pod oc d ocoo p p oC pc ccp d bo o co d c pob bc c boc d p c d pd d op p Po

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d d o

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po d po cp co o o o po oc O c c op b P p


94/231

p d d d D po p c

p c cco p bo p ppd pop cpc p c po p b c o p c p c po ooo d c o o co c occ d p co d B po po c oo d d p c p odo o c p bc

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p o d d c b co o d o c d coco d b

c d b c c dcd p p d po b d od d

c

p cpc o d o c pc d opo cd oo d o

p po cob d o pc d pcp po p o po p po d co c c dd o dp c p po p bc d o b pd o c

D p d o ooco

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D co d pc d o p po d c o c coo pd bo c

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95/231

odc o p d c pob co p o

o o d c op o p dco c p d c d d op coo co poo pd cp coo c o D DP d p o d p p o d

o d c o d co dc dCoodo p d c oc c d cp c

booc p p o ocp d

p ooc pc cD pc d d booc po o b d d

o o pdo bo po p pdo opc d c

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o booc c d co dc c p

cooc pco pc cpc d dp co b coo d d d obc pcbo op d pd dc c

o op obo p d pc bo b c o co ppd c o c pp p o d b P co cp d pc obo D c o cb o pc d co dpo c

oc d d cd pc cd p p d o d d ob pc d pd d pd copc c c p oc d d c

cpc d pc c p oc dc d po o cpb p odc o d podd c oo c p b pp d pd d pd


96/231

c ooc pco p pc c

pooc ooc c ocp d obc d cd cop c copo pco cpoc

opc p c o po cobo o d o pc cco pc d

c d obc o c po o d copd booc d d

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b

d d o dc do c ooc pco o c c o p cd cd

c pc pd d p p p p ocd co do c b c o d cb boc d d p op c Oc Pcc op bo cb d d b bo podo o b ob dC bo o bo oo p d pd o pcc o dc p o d p c P Od cd

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100/231

c p poc c c p

p d d pd pc o d c d c p o p o cob o oc p d op dp cod c d d p d p oP C D c o o o c c

P ob o o p o d c d o o c c ob p p

po dc o o od Co c oc d coc c oc o

cc cop c co c p o

po dcd p o cc o d dp d Dob o B Op

boop oo c b pd d c p oc d pc b po d cb c p p c d do p d c bp p p bp Dp Bd C p o b d pc bpc dcc o d d pc bpc pd cc pc b pc dc o d c bod op pc dc p c pc p

cod pdocc o p c o c b ooc o po o d cc ooc pco bpco dc p o o

o b dc c p o C c c o c

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p co o c o c c d p pc d p poc cd c cd c

d bc p C pDood dD co o d dob o o dcobcc c c d o c


101/231

d d p pd o

b c c dcobcc o d d c C po od CPo P C

d c op c p o cp p co pc p pdc p d c P Cp d

C p do bp p o p poc o o o o d d c cobo bob cc p d d poc po c

pc c pc o d c D d

pc d Cp d c C c d D d poc po c c p bbo

bc d d c pc Hepatica

transsilvanica, Ranunculus carpaticus;

d d op P o o d cD dob p c c booc bc p ob

p odo d o o d pc po co o c o c p p c

p bd pco d c c d co

d b p bd bo d p c pc oc d pc bpc dc o o

b c co c C c p p oc d d c c o pc

d odc b coo oc D P po b dob o bo

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b b bc p o Ddo P bc cc c

o c C c po o c Co o co o d c P C D c o Bc d op D d o odo d d c C


102/231

op odo d o d P o o d c

p dob o po b dob o o bo co oc od c c pc Poco Cp o c c p o P c P p o c p pc c c c pc

o o do o pooc p p o b d cooc booc

opc p c d pc po dp D p o po d d c c cc c

p ooc p oc d co doo c c dc o co occ p o bd cc o oc d ooc c do p d do pob d dpd ddcop dc po c p pc dc p o p d c d d

b c c c pc d bd c coo ob p d c po oc o cop dp pco po c cdo po dd c c po bo copd pco oc d C c Po d o d c c p bo

p opc c c opc d b o d bd c opc Coco cc c c p oo c


103/231

D d o cd o d c copd c boc pc cc p ob b pc codo d b p

d pc pc d p dc d o opc pc dp d o c copd c boc d pc po coc p o c o d b c d d pd

p o c p c o o c d

o p c o o c o

p c b o o c cpd co d oc c d o p dp p o oc p p oc

pc booc c o pdo oo o o c odc codo d d cpd d p p

pc booc bdd p c o o c cod p c p oc d p c oo o cco d c p oc d


104/231

p c o o c o

d c c o po d p pp c p pod c

• c c oc c co o cd d d coc b d c c o p o o d dco o p p c c po o D D d p o c P

• d pc c d pc d o oop c p co p cc co bo p cc c

cop bc c d bo Pc b b bc d cc cd po oc D oc op b P cb c

• c cd c p pd oco d p

• bo c cd co bo o pc co poc pocdcd bc odo p c

• c cd d p od pc pd pcod bd d d d c oc d p op o op c op dd C opo o P co bd p c b bd b C oc oc d b D pb

• bc d co o o pd d co o cop o cocc c d

c C c o c p c co co • co oo d p o d pc dc

c d Co o co d B b bc o P C D c o copo d CC p c p c.

pc booc cc oc dc dc p dp cpb d odc


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od pc o o c o

P o o o do pcooc d c Bo d c Bd

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c d pc p p o d o op

pc o o c d Bo cpd oco d

c op op c op c cc

c co poc pocopoc pocobpococ c poco d c cc

o dc p cc b cc bo ccbopc

dc c dcoc bcc oc dcobcccc oc c cc

dc opc d dcbd

dc dcc coopo d c c bc cd c co d o db o p o

doc• op c op c

d p o o• poc o o p o

po d c Cp o Dob opo Cp Cp d

• o dc oc pc

p pc d b• dc ocp cp d o d p d

d d pd p co o c c pc

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• coopo d pd

cp d o d codo d coc o• c c c pcd d

d oc c pcp bo pod

• d c c o pc pc p pcp do d o poc do d Dob o

Bd d o cooo d o d pc b cd ooc d c d d

p po d p cc po p d codo

oc o o bo cop c o c cod

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c op co poc c cpo p dc d op

d dc d coopo c

D O C pc p d o p od c o d o

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D p d d c pc


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P


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109/231

O BO

d pd o p p cc pd do dc c d d c b coc dc c c c o p c ccc o o bo co pp o o c cod pdoccd

C d boo o boo bc po c db oc oo co boc d d c c p bco

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o d o o od p o d pc d c bc c o d c op d p c p cc ooc b d c op o pd c d cod cc oc o cc d oc p p cooc co c pc d po pob ob o d po b d c pc cdod c ooc pc ddc c d p pc o occ d p d p bo p odc d do c p cdc


110/231

P p o dc o o o

d d b o do copd d p d cc oc bo co opc c cooc occ o o o c booc pc cdc o c o c ooc pc c cb pd d c

D c d od c oo cc d p b o boco bocpc d d d cop c boco popoc p d do co d o c copo pdo dc copod p oo d p p o oo d p pc doo d

c c o cc p c pcp d p oc oc p oo ddp oo factorii de mediu


111/231

CPO

C

P d c o op c d

o opc do d c b o c po d d c d b pc o cd cc p d c po oc ocd p c co o o cd d pd co pd opc pd opc doc c do copd c c po dc p o o p c pc cooc o d o d pd p

pd ob o o o d cc pc ooc pd d pd c p

oc o c

• do pd d co cd co c c do

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d p p c d o Cob cdo cop p d d cobo p Bo dpd o dB

• c C d co Cbo c o cop d pd d opc

• c p pd opc d cpd do dc o bd occd o b


112/231

Co d o o po

o c p b Coo Cbo o c c o p p c o dc

• d d do pd co c dc c o d b c o pcp o c d d d p p co occd o p doc p Boo Cb o d p p p co do d

Cod co o c

• p d dc co p C • o pop dc c c

d po pd p dc o oc cc c p C dc d

• pcp d c dpc pc p c od pd opcd bo d c po p oc c opc c c cp

• c oc o o pd c cp op p po d p d


113/231

• o c cp dooo co

o o o c pd c cbo o d cd p oc b dcop pd c c b p b bo b d ddc d pob cco o

od c p d opcd dc d

• bc c b do

dco pc d dc pd

• b dc d pcob o

• boc o cpd pcob o d bo c c c d

• boc d dc d boc d c c co o o copp

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boc po cpd bod p c c c o d po dp d c bo p dp o o dc c o d co o dc c

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co d p c o

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d pc d bo co po c o c oc d b p d pc d bo d d p co dp

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114/231

oco

o p d c p d cc p d coco Coco c p opcb p o b c dpc bo d ccc b d o c o c cd pcd c c c opc oc d cb

d c cpd c c d pc c o co c bo d co C op oc c cpd pc

d bo c po c d p o d d po C c

o cd pc d o C c o d p c o B o b bo c o po Co p c o c

b c p d o pc Co d c d pc c Co bcCo bc c

c c p c d d p bo d cco ob o cco c d bo d co Co d C c

c cd cc d pc o d C

c dc d p o d pc c bo d cpo C oc po bo d coo C o c c

o pc • ooc bo c po p oc c pd

po c d opc d d pc co

• p c do c d d dp oc d p po boopcp p po b oc od


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116/231

• p p po c o copo d

d o d p p pd d pp p d co o po c o d d c o d co o p o co boopo d od c d o d d

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d d c Bd p d c d c d d d opob pp d c pp

b d d o b oc C od c Occd c

pco d p c dc d


117/231

p c p op bo c bo o p bo bo

b oc bo o bo c cod co c c• co o d d p dp

cod cooc pcc o b c op c Op c oc d c c cpc c c oo p c obo pc c c p o c

o


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c

c d d d db pd d opc pc dc c pc d pd co o c

• pd p d c occ d p d p o dcood co c d c pd p do dp o o c o d oc o do p o o b bco o c d do o b bo dccc b p Pd p c p bo c dc p bd c c c bo po bo d bC b pd po bo d c o c b d pc co o c o b o o b oo coco boo Co do c c coc b d poopoo

• po pd po d c copd oo o c d oc ppod d c pcco c pd db po dp po po p occ o pop p op p d bo c d

• pd db• c p c pd opc d d d

d co d co cob cdo p b o b d p o d do d b dc d pc dp p cp C c o dc p c c d pcp pc b po B b Po p pc d po c

co pc c c p c d d b pc dc dc ococ dp p o o o pc pcp d c co bo dc do p c oo

• pd p d p o p pdo opcd o c p bdo o d o o c o


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c c c pc c pd opc d p op b do cco do po dc cc o pc co o co d c o do pd p o cc d d co d pd d d p pcc o pdp co p bo cdc pc d d d o d cco cc o c pd po d ocd pp pd pc cpc pccp pd d co

P d op c c o

oc o c

• p pdo co c d co do o p d pd d c c c cd b o cooc p d d pdo c boco dco


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d d d pd pod d

cod c cpd c d pc c p pc c cdc c p d obc b pd pcco bo c dc d d o cooo

• p c d d c d d c d p odo

Cod co o c

• do cod c opc c do o poo cco

c pd oc d d

d p odo do cod o pcp bd c cd p pb copo ocp d bc pd oc

p d boo cpd pc c po d d d Db o dP oc p P d c b bbo Do p o o o c boc p bb p pc pc b d ooc p o c p

p d d c p d p c d p doc boo do d c c o d p bo d do o c p d o co

p d d pcc doc oopcc co d d o ob bo c d p c c c po d dco d cop c c o c cpd d do p op d d p po d d

pd opc o p c c p pcp d d d co p dd do bc p d

po o p d p c d coo d

d pd d cod c c d


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c pcp cp dcd bo d c od o d p b cdco boc o do bc o dc d pc d op cob p o c dp d o d p b pdo cpd pcc pdo opc d c o


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po o po d d c

b op o c d d c cpc o p d b o d cc po b Po P

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