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fyhepjp rp. lgps;;A. lgps;A. fd;dq;fu
epidTg; NgUiu
29
rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;fyhepjp RNdj;jpuh fUz huj;d
,yq;ifapd; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;fhd Kjy; Nguhrpupau;
2018 xf;Nlhgu; 15
fyhepjp rp. lg;spA. lg;spA. fd;dq;fumtu;fspd; epidTg; NgUiu - 29
rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;
fyhepjp RNdj;uh fUzhuj;d
(,yq;ifapd; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd Kjy; Nguhrpupau;)
2018 xf;Nlhgu; 15
Ma;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; JiwNjrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk,yq;ifwww.nie.lk
fyhepjp rp. lg;spA. lg;spA. fd;dq;fu
mtu;fspd; epidTg; NgUiu - 29
rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;
Kjw; gjpg;G - 2018
© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ntspaPL : mr;rfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; kfufk ,yq;if www.nie.lk Tel: 011 7601601
1
rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;
,e;j epidTg; NgUiuf;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;
tshfj;jpw;F tUif je;j NghJ> ,e;j epWtfj;jpd; KjyhtJ
gzpg;ghsu; ehafkhf gjtp tfpj;j B. V. ngNuuh mtu;fspd;
jiyikapd; fPo; ehd; vdJ gzpapidg; nghWg;Ngw;w me;j
Kjy; ehs; vd;Dila epidTf;F te;jJ. nraw;wpl;l
mjpfhupahf ,q;F te;jNghJ Ma;Tfs; gpuptpd; gzpg;ghsuhf
mg;NghJ flikahw;wpa fyhepjp [p. gP. Fztu;jd mtu;
fsplj;jpy; gzpahw;wpNdd;. mg;NghJ mtu; tUle;NjhWk;
fd;dq;fu epidTg; NgUiu epfo;j;Jtjw;fhd vz;zf;fUtpid
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,k;kfj;jhd gzpapid mtu; mkuh gPup];
mk;ikahUf;F xg;gilj;jpUe;jhu;. mk;ikahu; jhk; Xa;T
ngWk; tiu ,e;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij caupa mu;g;gzpg;NghL
ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j epidTg; NgUiuf;fhf
vd;id mioj;jijapl;L jw;Nghija gzpg;ghsu; ehafkhf
jpfOk; fyhepjp [ae;jp FzNrfu mtu;fSf;F vdJ
ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
,d;W ,lk;ngWk; ,e;j epidTg; NgUiuahdJ> ,ytrf;
fy;tpapd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;w Nkd;ik jq;fpa fyhepjp
fpwp];Njhgu; tpy;ypak; tpN[Nfhd; fd;dq;fu mtu;fisg;
gw;wpajhFk;. mtu; njd; khfhzj;jpd; gygpl;ba gpuNjrj;jpy;
ud;njhk;Ng vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; 1884 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu;
khjk; 13Mk; jpfjp mtjupj;jhu;. ud;njhk;Ng nt];ypad;
kp\dup ghlrhiyapy; ,tu; jdJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia
Muk;gpj;jhu;. mg;ghlrhiyapd; guprspg;G tpohnthd;wpw;fhf
gpujk tpUe;jpduhf tUif je;jtu; fhyp wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}
upapd; mjpguhfg; gjtp tfpj;j N[. vr;. nlwy; (J. H. Darrel) ghjpupahu; Mthu;. mtu; fd;dq;fu vDk; khztu; ngw;Wf;
2
nfhz;l gupRfisg; ghu;j;Jtpl;L mg;gupRfisr; Rke;J
nry;tjw;F ,k;khztUf;F tz;bnahd;W Njitg;gLk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. nlwy; ghjpupahupd; mwpTiufisg; ngw;w fd;dq;fu
wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}upapy; fy;tpiaj; njhlu;tjw;fhd Gyikg;
guprpy; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpdhu;. mjprpwe;j ghlrhiyahd
wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}upapy; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gk; tpLjp trjpAk;
vJtpj fl;lzKkpd;wp ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ghf;fpak; mtUf;F
fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghlrhiyfshdJ efu;g;Gwq;fspy;
mikag; ngw;wpUe;jJld; mtw;wpy; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gk;
nry;tKk;> fy;tpawpTKila ngw;Nwhu;fspd; gps;isfSf;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. me;jg; ghlrhiyfspd; jiyikj;Jtg;
gjtp gpupj;jhdpag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gl;lk; ngw;w
fpwp];jtu;fSf;Nf cupj;jhdJ (De Silva - 1969). mf;fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;j ghlrhiyfs; Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd ghlrhiyfs;
vdTk; RNjr nkhop %ykhd ghlrhiyfs; vdTk; ,Utifahf
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. gpupntdhf; fy;tp epiyaq;fs; RNjr
ghlrhiyfs; vDk; tiff;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ.
cU 1. wpr;kz;l; tpj;jpahyaj;jpd; Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk;
fd;dq;futpd; jpwikfs; fzpj ghlj;Jld; epd;W
tpltpy;iy. ghlrhiy fpupf;fl; mzpapd; jiyikg; gjtpAk;>
fhw;ge;jhl;lk; kw;Wk; tpthjf; FOf;fspy; mq;fj;Jtj;jpidAk;
ngw;wpUe;j ,tu; ebg;Gj; jpwidAk; ntspg;gLj;jp te;jhu;.
ghlrhiyapd; nraw;ghLfspy; kfj;jhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fp
3
te;j fd;dq;futpw;F> jkf;F mUfpYs;s ghlrhiyfspy; gapYk;
khztu;fSf;F jhd; mDgtpf;Fk; ,e;j trjpfs; vJTNk ,y;iy
vd;gJ mbf;fb kdij tUj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. epue;jukhd
fl;llk; xd;wpy;yhj mg;ghlrhiyf; fl;llq;fspd; Rtu;fs; kz;>
jbfshy; Mf;fg;gl;l Rtu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJld; mjd;
$iu Xiyfspdhy; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ.
cU 2. trjpfsw;w ghlrhiy
nts;is epw Nkw;rl;ilAk; ePy epwf; fhw;rl;ilAk;
fWg;G epwj;jpyhd ghjzpAk; nfhz;l rPUilapy; fhzg;gl;l
wpr;kz;l; ghlrhiyapd; gps;isfisg; Nghd;W trjp Fiwe;j
ghlrhiyg; gps;isfSf;Fr; rPUilnahd;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; fhYf;F nrUg;Gfspd;wp ele;Nj
ghlrhiyf;F tUif je;jdu;.
cU 3. wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}up khztu;fs;
rfy trjpfSk; epiwe;j tFg;giwfisf; nfhz;l
wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}upapy; gapd;w xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; jdpahd
xU NkirAk; fjpiuAk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; trjpfsw;w
4
gpd;jq;fpa ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;w khztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;j
Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; ,Ug;gjw;F fjpiufSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fs; tpupg;nghd;iw tpupj;J jiuapy;; mku;e;Nj
fw;wy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. tpisahLtjw;fhd
ikjhdk; mtu;fSf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,g;gpur;rpidfs;
fd;dq;futpd; kdjpy; njhlu;r;rpahf vOe;jd.
cU 4. trjpfSld; $ba fw;wy; eltbf;iffs;
cU 5. trjpfsw;w fw;wy; eltbf;iffs;
jdJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapid ntw;wpfukhf epiwT
nra;j fd;dq;fuTf;F jhk; fw;w ghlrhiyapNyNa fzpj
Mrpupauhf gzpGupAk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;baJ. mg;ghlrhiyapy;
gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj nkhul;Lt Nty;]; fy;Y}up
5
apYk;> nfhOk;G nt];yp fy;Y}upapYk; Mrpupauhff; flik
Gupe;jhu;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; rl;lf;fy;tpiaj; njhlu;e;j
,tu;> 1910,y; rl;lj;juzpahfr; rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;J
nfhz;L fhyp ePjpkd;wpy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpd;du; ,yq;if
murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j fd;dq;fu mtu;fSf;F 1924Mk;
Mz;by; rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpw;F gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G
fpl;baJ. 1931,y; gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;
fshy; ,yq;ifau;fSf;F ru;trd thf;Fupik toq;fg;
gl;ljd; tpisthf nlhd%u; murpayikg;gpd; fPo; fd;dq;fu
mtu;fs; murf;fofj;jpw;F kf;fs; thf;Ffshy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. me;j ahg;gpd;gb muRf;fofj;jpy; epiwNtw;Wj;
jiytu; gjtp cl;gl NkYk; VO jiyikg; gjtpfs;
fhzg;gl;ld. mjpy; fy;tpaikr;ru; gjtpAk; xd;whFk;.
mjd;gb ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ fy;tpaikr;ruhf fd;dq;fu
mtu;fs; epakdk; ngw;whu;. 1942,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpy; Kjy; jlitahf ,lk;ngw;w guprspg;G itgtj;jpy;
mg;Nghija JizNte;juhf ,Ue;j Nkd;ik jq;fpa Nru;
INth n[dpq;]; (Sir Ivo Jennings) mtu;fshy; jpU. fd;dq;fu
mtu;fs; fy;tpj; Jiwf;fhw;wpa kfj;jhd Nritapidg; Nghw;wp
nfsut fyhepjpg; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fd;dq;fu mtu;fs;
1937 njhlf;fk; 1946 tiu fy;tp epu;thff; FOtpd; epiwNtw;Wj;
jiytuhfr; Nritahw;wpdhu;. 1944,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fy;tp
kWrPuikg;ig vjpu;j;J ru;trd thf;Fupikahy; njupT nra;ag;
gl;l muRf;fof cWg;gpdu;fs; rpyu; thf;fspj;jpUe;jhYk; ngUk;
ghd;ikahNdhupd; fuNfhrj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
md;iwa jpdk; ,ytrf; fy;tpr; rl;lj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf
tUif je;jpUe;j ,e;jpag; gpujpepjpahd vk;. v];. mNd
(M. S. Aney) mtu;fs;> fyhepjp fd;dq;futplk; te;J> ~~,e;jpad;
vd;w tifapy; ,t;tpytrf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpid ,e;jpahtpy;
ehd; Kd;itj;jpUe;jhy; vd;idf; flTSf;Fr; rkkhf
6
Nghw;wpapUg;ghu;fs;|| vd;W $wpdhu;. me;j tifapy; ,yq;ifapy;
vy;yhg; gps;isfSf;Fk; ,ytrf; fy;tpia toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
1945 xf;Nlhgu; 1Mk; jpfjpapy; ,Ue;J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1937 njhlf;fk; 1946 tiuahd fhyj;Js; fy;tpj;Jiwapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epiykhw;wq;fs;; Vw;gl;ld. mitahtd:
² ghyu; tFg;G Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiuapyhd ,ytrf;
fy;tp
² Muk;gg; gpupTfspy; jha;nkhop %yk; fy;tpia fw;gpj;jy;
² %d;whk; juj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfspYk;
Mq;fpy nkhopapidf; fw;gpj;jy;
² gps;isapd; jiy> ,jak;> iffs; (Head, Heart, Hands) vd;w 3H vz;zf;fUtpw;Nfw;g ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp
nra;jy;
md;W Nkd;ik jq;fpa fd;dq;fu mtu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;
gl;l 1939Mk; Mz;L 31Mk; ,yf;ff; fy;tpr; rl;l%yk; ,d;W
tiu eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. rpWrpW khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;t
jw;fhd vj;jdq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhYk; ,r;rl;l %yj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fs; ,d;Wtiu ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
,t;Tiu apy; ehd; Nkd;ik jq;fpa fd;dq;fu mtu;fspd;
fy;tpf;fhd gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; ~rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;| vd;w
fUg;nghUs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vdJ fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itf;fpd;Nwd;.
rkj;Jtj;ijAk; xg;GuitAk; gw;wp egu;fs; ntt;NtW
tifapy; nghUs; tpsf;fkspj;Js;sdu;. Jacob and Holsinger (2008, P. 4) vd;Nghupd; $w;Wg;gb rkj;Jtk; (Equality) vd;gJ msTf;Nfw;gNth> jhf;fj;jpw;Nfw;gNth> ngWkhdj;jpw;Nfw;gNth>
gjtp epiyfSf;Nfw;gNth ghFghL fhl;lhJ rkkhf kjpj;jy;
MFk;.
7
xg;GuT (Equity) vd;gJ ePjp> Neu;ik> gf;frhu;gpd;ik
Nghd;w tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fy;tpj;Jiwapy;
Vida fl;likg;Gf;fSf;Fk;> fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gy;NtW
tifapy; gutyile;jpUf;Fk; gpupTfSf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy;
r%f ePjpapd; kPJ fupridf; nfhz;L tsq;fisg; gy;tifapy;
gfpu;e;jspj;jyhFk;.
xg;Gutpw;Nfw;g tsq;fisg; gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; NghJ mJ
Neu;ikahfTk; ePjpahdjhfTk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
tsq;fisf; fPo;epiyf; fl;likg;GfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspg;gjw;fhfg;
nghJthd jPu;khdk; xd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. vt;thwhapDk;
mj;jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J gy;NtW
fUj;Jf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwf;$Lk;.
XXIV MtJ mku;tpd; mwpf;ifapy;> rkj;JtKk;
xg;GuTk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;
1943 Mk; Mz;L XXIV MtJ mku;twpf;ifapy; fy;tpapy;
xg;GuT gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; tpN\lkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
mt;twpf;ifapy; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fUg; gw;wp tpupthd
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ jw;fhy
r%fj;jpw;F nghUe;jf;$ba J}uNehf;Fg; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. ,t;twpf;ifapy;
%d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; fy;tpapd; tpNrlkhd ,yf;Ffs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit>
1. cstpUj;jp vDk; kd xOf;fk;
2. elj;ijfSld; $ba gz;ghL
3. nraw;wpwd; Nghd;wthW mike;jpUe;jd.
Nkw;Fwpj;j %d;W tpN\l Nehf;fq;fspdJk;
tptupg;Gf;F Vw;g> rkj;Jt vz;zf;fUitg; NghyNt
xg;GuT kPJk; ftdj;ij nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhFk; vd;gJ
czu;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cstpUj;jp njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahLk;
8
NghJ mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fPo;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs;
jw;fhyr; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jfpd;w gpur;rpidfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Muk;gg;gpupTfspNyNa guPl;iria ikag;gLj;jpa
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba
ghjfkhd tpisTfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehk; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JtJ
ghlrhiyapd; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; nghUe;J
fpd;w fy;tpf; nfhs;if njhlu;gpyhFk;. gy;NtW
Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; gupNrhjidfSf;F Vw;g cstpUj;jp
iag; NghyNt iftpidg; gapw;rpAk; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij gy gupNrhjidfSk; Ma;T KbTfSk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf Muk;gg; gUtj;jpy;
vOj;jwpit khj;jpuk; tpUj;jp nra;Ak; ghlq;fis
Gfl;l epidg;gjhy; rkkw;wJk; G+uzkw;wJkhd
mgptpUj;jp ,lk;ngwf; fhuzkhf mikAk; (12Mk;
gf;fk;> 14MtJ ge;jp).
iftpidg; gapw;rpfshd (Manual Training) jr;RNtiy>
cNyhfNtiy> Njhl;lNtiyfs;> rikaw;fiy kw;Wk;
NtW tifahd tPl;Lg; gzpfs; vd;gd rkepiyahd
cstpUj;jpf;F topfhl;Lfpd;wd (12Mk; gf;fk;>
15MtJ ge;jp).
iftpidg; ghlq;fis mLj;J gy;NtW fiyfs;
kw;Wk; rq;fPjk; Nghd;wtw;iw tpN\lkhff; Fwpg;gplf;
fhuzk; mit cau; fyhrhug; ngWkhdq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;gjpdhYk;> gps;isfs; jkJ fUj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy;NtW topfis Vw;gLj;Jk;
El;gKiwahf mike;jpUg;gjpdhYkhFk;. vdpDk;
rq;fPjj;ij gy jlitfs; kddk; nra;J guPl;irapy;
xg;Gtpg;gJ cs;shu;e;j ntspg;ghlhf mikahJ.
9
mjdhy; cs;shu;e;j czu;Tfs; nraypof;fr; nra;
fpd;wd vdyhk;. mJ Xu; csg;gapw;rpay;y. ve;jtpj
,uridAk; ,y;yhj> ,ae;jpukakhd nraw;ghlhFk;
(12Mk; gf;fk;> 16MtJ ge;jp).
,e;j Nkw;Nfhs;fSf;Nfw;g Vl;Lf; fy;tpf;F khj;jpuk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; rkkw;w
epiyAk;> guPl;iria ikag;gLj;jpa gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ae;jpu
kakhd jd;ikAk; khztdpd; rkepiyahd mgptpUj;jpf;Fj;
jilahf ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;ij eilKiwr; #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g
gFg;gha;T nra;J mjw;fhd jPu;Tfis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tJ
Kf;fpakhFk;.
rkj;Jtk; (Equality) njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUtpdhy; ntspg;
gLj;jg;gLtJ Fiwe;jg;gl;r juhjuk; (Minimum Standards) xd;iw mile;J nfhs;tJ njhlu;gpyhFk;. midtUf;Fk;
Muk;gf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpia
toq;Fjy; md;Nwy; midtUf;Fk; vOj;jwptpid toq;Fjy;
Nghd;w 2015Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;djhd kpy;Nydpa mgptpUj;jp
,yf;Ffis (Millennium Development goals MDGS) fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdpDk;
me;j ,yf;fpid Nehf;fpg; gazpf;Fk;NghJ Fwpj;j egiur;
rpj;jpaile;Js;shu;> rpj;jpailatpy;iy vdg; ghFg;gLj;Jtjpy;
mePjp epyTfpd;wJ. rpj;jpapid jdpegu; miltpid khj;jpuk;
nfhz;L mstpLtjdhy; gps;isia jpwikahdtu;> jpwik
aw;wtu; vd ,uz;L Kiwfspy; NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;. ,jd;
NghJ rpj;jpaile;Js;sik> rpj;jpailahik vDk; Rl;bapid
toq;Ftjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ghy;epiy> ,dk;> nry;tk;>
tjpAk; gpuNjrk; Nghd;w fhuzpfs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ
tplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhd Gwf;fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fy;tpapd; ,yf;fpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
Mw;wy;> mjw;Nfw;g fy;tpf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy;
10
Nghd;wd xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifapD}lhf vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaAk; cau; fy;tpiaAk;
njhlUk; khztu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd tpfpjhrhuj;ijAk;>
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mt;tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpapidAk;
,dq;fz;L mtu;fSila ,dk;> tjpAk; khtl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f
nghUshjhug; gpd;dzp Mfpatw;iwAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
kPz;Lk; gFg;gha;T nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. me;j tifapy;
2030Mk; Mz;L kw;Wk; 2050Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ fy;tpapd;
Nghf;fpw;Nfw;g vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lj;jpid Kiwahfj; jahupg;gJ
fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;. gy;fiyf;fof mDkjp njhlu;gpy;
jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifahd khtl;l
mDkjpg;gq;F Kiw 1970 njhlf;fk; 1980 tiuahd jrhg;jj;jpd;
gpd; vt;thwhd nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gij
tpQ;Qhd uPjpahfg; gFg;gha;T nra;J mjpy; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba khw;wq;fisg; gupe;Jiug;gJ mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.
UNESCO – UIS (2018) ,w;F Vw;g fy;tpapy; xg;Gutpid
mstpLtjw;F 05 Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. jpwik - Meritocracy
2. Fiwe;jgl;r juhjuk; - Minimum Standarts
3. gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik - Impartiality
4. rkj;Jtkhd jd;ik - Equality of Condition
5. gfpu;tpy; rkj;Jtk; - Equality of Redistributions
2000Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l
juTs;sPl;Lr; nraw;wpl;lkhdJ (tsq;fs; gw;whf;FiwahftpUf;Fk;
Vo;ikahd fpuhkg;Gwg; ghlrhiyfSf;F trjpaspg;gjw;fhf)
fy;tpapy; xg;Gutpid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Kaw;rpahf vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;. xg;GuT vDk; nrhy;iy
Neubahfg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fhtpl;lhYk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy;
11
xg;Gutpid Vw;gLj;j Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfs;
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fSf;$lhf mt;twpf;if tsk; ngw;wJ.
rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghd
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; gpd;tUkhW fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ.
,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; cs;s fUj;Jf;fspd;gb
~~[dehafk; vDk; mk;rj;jpw;F Kjyhtjhfj; Njitg;gLtJ
Fiwe;jgl;r Nju;tpidAila fy;tpahFk;. mjw;Fk; mg;ghy;
Njitg;gLtJ rkdhd fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fs; MFk;||. (9Mk;
gf;fk;> 3Mk; ge;jp) ,t;twpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l Gfo;kpf;f
$w;whf ~~[dehaf tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;jpw;F epfuhff; fy;tp
mgptpUj;jpapd; kPJ ehk; fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;fkhl;Nlhk;||
(9MtJ gf;fk; 4Mk; ge;jp) vDk; $w;wpid vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.
,jw;Nfw;g mJ [dehaf r%fk; xd;wpw;Fj; Njitahd rkj;Jt
vz;zf;fUtpidAk; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fUtpidAk;
nray;epiyg;gLj;Jk; Njitapid kiwKfkhf vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
~~vkJ gy;tifikapid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w Gs;sp
tpguq;fisf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Ltjd; Nehf;fk;
kiyehl;L kf;fspdJk;> K];ypk;fspdJk; tpN\lj;
Njitfis ehk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ> ,df;FOntd;w
mbg;gilapy; mtu;fSila Njitfis Kd;itg;g
jw;F my;y. xU ehL vd;w tifapy; fhzg;gLk;
tsq;fis VidNahUld; rkkhf gfpu;e;J nfhs;t
jw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij mtu;fSf;Fk; toq;FtjhFk;||.
(10MtJ gf;fk;> 6MtJ ge;jp)
,f;$w;wpid Mokhf tptupf;Fk; NghJ mJ xg;GuT
vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; Njitia Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
Fiwthd Mw;wYila FOnthd;wpd; kPJ tpN\l ftdj;ij
nrYj;j Ntz;bajd; Njitapid vLj;jpak;GtjdhyhFk;.
12
,duPjpahd gpur;rpidfis (Communal Problems) ntspg;gLj;jf; fhuzk; ehk; ,dthjj;jpid tpUk;G
tjdhyd;W> tuyhw;wpy; ele;j jw;nrayhd rpy
epfo;Tfs; fhuzkhf xU rpy kf;fs; FOf;fspd;
cWg;gpdu;fSf;F rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fupa tplaq;fs;
njhlu;gpy; Nfs;tpnaOg;g KbahjpUg;gjdhy; vkJ
fl;lha ,yf;F Njrj;jpd; xw;Wik njhlu;ghd czu;
tpidg; ghJfhg;gjhFk;. ahNjDnkhU tpN\lkhd
FOtpdupd; tpuf;jpapd; fhuzkhf Jd;GWthu;fshapd;
mtu;fSld; rhu;e;j VidNahUk; ,dthjg; ghu;it
apyd;wp xl;Lnkhj;jr; r%ff; Nfhzj;jpy; rpe;jpf;f
KbahJ NghAs;sJ. vkJ Kaw;rpahdJ rkdw;wj;
jd;ikapid ePf;FtjD}lhfj; Njrpa xw;Wikapid
NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tjhFk;. (10Mk; gf;fk;> 8MtJ
ge;jp)
Nkw;gb $w;wpD}lhf rkdpd;ikia ePf;Ftjw;fhf md;W
Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp njspthfpd;wJ. mjpypUe;J Njhw;wk;
ngWk; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fU Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpw;gl;l fhy
,yq;iff;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. ,J njhlu;ghd rpwe;jnjhU rhd;whf
miktJ gy;fiyf;fof gpuNtrk; njhlu;ghd khtl;lj;
njupT Kiwapy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; vOe;j gpur;rpidfSk;>
eilKiwapy; vOe;Js;s rpf;fy;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. khtl;l
uPjpapy; epyTfpd;w Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ePq;Fk; tiu jw;fhypfkhf
Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gbKiwahdJ> KiwahdNjhu;
Ma;tpd;wp njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjpdhy; rkj;Jt
vz;zf;fUtpw;F Vw;gl;LtUk; ghjpg;G kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; xg;GuT
vz;zf;fUtpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; kPsTk;
Muha;e;J khw;Wf; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;f Ntz;ba
NjitAk; epyTfpd;wJ.
13
~~[dehafj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mikAk; nghWik vDk;
%yj;jj;Jtj;jpw;F vk;khy; ,irthf;fkila ,aYkhapd;>
vkJ fyhrhuj;jpd; gy;tifikf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdNjhu; ,lk;
fpilf;fg; ngWk;.|| (10Mk; gf;fk;> 8MtJ ge;jp) xg;Gutpw;F
Vw;g jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ [dehafj;jpd;
mbg;gilahd nghWikAld; nraw;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,q;F czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (khtl;l mDkjpg;gq;F Kiwapdhy;
fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhu;> Ky;iyj;jPT Mfpa khtl;lq;fSf;F
Vw;gl;l ed;ikiag; gw;wp fyhepjp gpNukjhr clfk mtu;fSf;F
ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhz;l jkpo;g; gpujpepjpfs; mjid
cj;jpNahfg+u;tkhf gfpuq;fg;gLj;jhik ,j;jj;Jtj;ij ftdp
ahJ tpl;ljw;fhdNjhu; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.)
KjyhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ge;jpapy; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;bUg;gijg; Nghd;W Mrpupa rq;fq;fsplkpUe;Jk;> ghlrhiy
Kfhikahsu;fsplkpUe;Jk;> nghJ kf;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; fUj;Jf;
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;nfd jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpYk;
(149MtJ gf;fj;jpy;> 01MtJ cggpuptpy;) xg;GuT vDk; gjk;
Neubahf gad;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; mjw;fPlhd vz;zf;fUf;fs;
mlq;fpa tpdhf;fs; tpdtg;gl;bUe;jd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf:-
² midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfSk; muRilikahf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh?
epu;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh? mur rhu;gw;w ghlrhiyfs;
murpdhy; ve;jstpw;F epu;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;? muR rhuhj
ghlrhiyfSf;F nghJ epjpapypUe;J ed;nfhil toq;f
Ntz;Lkh? mt;thwhapd; ve;jstpw;F?
² jw;NghJ epyTk; Mq;fpy nkhop %y kw;Wk; jha;nkhop %y
ghlrhiy tifg;gLj;jy; njhlu;e;Jk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lkh?
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mit tifg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ fw;gpf;Fk;
nkhop %yj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lh? fiyj;jpl;lj;
jpw;Nfw;gth?
² Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfs;> gpe;jpa Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspypUe;J
NtWgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lkh? Muk;gg; gps;isfSf;fhd
14
jdpahd ghlrhiyfs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lkh? gpe;jpa
Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfshdit xNu tifahff; fhzg;gl
Ntz;Lkh? my;yJ gy;NtW tifapy; mit fhzg;gl
Ntz;Lkh?
² midtUf;Fk; gpe;jpa Muk;gf; fy;tpia toq;FtJ
njhlu;ghf ePq;fs; cld;gLfpd;wPu;fsh? my;yJ gpe;jpa
Muk;gf; fy;tp tiuaiw nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lkh? tiuaWf;f
Ntz;Lkhapd; mjw;fhd mbg;gil ahJ?
md;W fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fshy; Nfl;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs;
,d;iwa fy;tp kWrPuikg;Gfspd; NghJ tpthjj;jpw;Fupa
tplaq;fshf khwpAs;sd. Mrpupau;fSf;F cupa Nfs;tpfSk;
mt;tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sd.
² Mrpupau; xUtupd; Cjpak; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJ mtu;
flikahw;Wk; ghlrhiyapd; tifapd; mbg;gilapyh?
ghlrhiyapy; mtu; Vw;Fk; gjtpapd; mbg;gilapyh?
mtupd; jFjpapd; mbg;gilapyh?
² jug;gLj;jg;gl;l gjtpfSf;F Vw;g Mrpupau; NritAk;
fy;tpr; Nritahf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh?
,t;tpdhf;fSs; ju;f;fuPjpahd jPu;T fhzg;gl;bUg;gpDk;>
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtj;ijg; Nghd;W xg;Gutpw;Fk;
rthyhf mikAk; fhuzpfs; rpy ,d;Dk; vQ;rpapUf;fpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf> midtUf;Fk; Njitahd Muk;gf; fy;tpf;F
gpw;gl;l fy;tpapid toq;FtJ> nfhs;if uPjpahf Vw;Wf;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfSf;F Vw;g Muk;gf;
fy;tpf;F gpd;duhd fy;tpahdJ xOq;fika Ntz;ba
KiwahdJ ,Jtiu tpthjj;jpw;Fupa tplakhf cs;sJ.
Mrpupaj; njhopYk; xU Nritahfj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jhYk;
njhopy; thz;ikapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l NritahfTk;>
15
fy;tp epu;thfr; NritAld; Mrpupaj; njhopy; njhlu;Gw
Ntz;ba tpjj;jpid xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F Vw;g Mokhd
gFg;gha;tpw;Fl;gLj;jp> jw;nghOJ epyTfpd;w gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;
jPu;T fhz Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhfg;
gy;fiyf;fof gl;ljhupfs; Nghl;bg; guPl;ir vDk; vspikahd
epajpapD}lhf epu;thf mjpfhupfshf Nju;e;njLj;J fw;gpj;jypy;
10> 20 tUlq;fs; mDgtkpf;f Mrpupau;fis Nkw;ghu;it
nra;tjpy; <LgLj;Jk; jw;Nghija Nghf;fhdJ fy;tpapy;
xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd vz;zf;fUthFk;.
“%yhjhuq;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb fy;tpahdJ njupe;j
tplaj;jpypUe;J njupahj tplaj;jpw;F nry;tjhf
mika Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gb ghlrhiyahdJ mjd;
maw;#oypd; G+NfhsuPjpahd kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
uPjpahd fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fw;gpj;jiy Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ghlrhiy
nahd;wpy; fw;gpj;jyhdJ nfhOk;G> aho;g;ghzk;>
fPo;ehl;L fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiy> Njhl;lg;Gwg; ghlrhiy
vd NtWgl KbAk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. MapDk;
,f;fhuzpfshy; fw;gpj;jypy; juk; vt;tifapYk;
NtWglf; $lhJ. fw;gpf;Fk; tplaq;fspYk; ghupa
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl KbahJ. khw;wkila Ntz;baJ
fw;gpj;jy; KiwahFk;. cjhuzkhff; fpuhkg;Gw
ghlrhiy xd;wpy; Njhl;l NtiyfSf;Ff; fhl;Lk;
<Lghl;bid efu;g;Gw ghlrhiyfspy; ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;ba Njit ,y;iy. ,t;NtWghLfs; fy;tpia
tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;Gg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt Njitg;
gLfpd;wJ”. (14Mk; gf;fk;> 22MtJ ge;jp)
,f;$w;wpypUe;Jk; rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;
Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Muk;gg;gpuptpy; fw;gpj;jypYk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYk;
,lk;ngw Ntz;ba nfhs;if uPjpahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;Fwpj;j
mbg;gilapy; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 1905 %d;whtJ
16
$l;lj;njhlu; mwpf;ifapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l gps;isfspd; fy;tpj;
njhlu;gpYk;> ehd;fhtJ $l;lj;njhlupy; Njhl;lg;Gw gps;is
fspd; fy;tpj; njhlu;gpYk; jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
(17MtJ gf;fk;> 33MtJ ge;jp) ,J xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifAld;
njhlu;GilajhFk;.
Ie;jhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w eilKiwapy;
epyTk; gpujhd FiwghLfs; ehd;Fk; (50 - 57MtJ ge;jpfs;)
Vida FiwghLfs; vl;ilAk; (58MtJ ge;jp) gw;wp
tptupf;Fk; NghJk; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; xg;GuTf;Fupa gpur;rpidfs;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. gpujhd ehd;F
FiwghLfshtd:-
1. fw;gpf;Fk; nkhopf;Nfw;g ,UKiwfisf; nfhz;l
fy;tp epyTfpd;wik.
2. Fwpg;gpl;l msitAk; tpl xNu khjpupahd fy;tp
epyTfpd;wik.
3. fy;tpf;fhd rktha;g;Gfs; ,d;ik.
4. fl;lhaf; fy;tpahdJ vjpu;g;ghu;f;Fkstpw;F fl;lhag;
gLj;jg;glhik.
rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; epythik vDk; rkj;Jtj;Jld;
njhlu;Gila vz;zf;fUnthd;W Gwk;ghff; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ
Nghd;W Vida %d;W tplaq;fspYk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fupa
fhuzpfisg; Nghd;Nw xg;Gutpw;Nfw;w tplaq;fisAk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf ,uz;lhtJ fhuzpahd Excessive Uniformity vDk;
mjPj rPu;jd;ik nfhz;l fy;tp epyTfpd;wikahy; ntspg;gLtJ>
Muk;gf;fy;tpahdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT xNu rPuhdjhf fhzg;
gl;lhYk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpahdJ khztu;fspd; Mw;wy;>
mtu;fSila <LghL kw;Wk; ehl;bd; NjitfSf;F Vw;gg;
gy;tifg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
17
Vida FiwghLfshtd@
1. tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> fl;llq;fs; Fwpg;ghf nraw;ghL
fSf;fhd cgfuzq;fs; NghJkhdsT ,d;ik.
2. guPl;irfs; %yk; fiyj;jpl;lk; %o;fbf;fg;gly;.
3. Fwpg;ghf ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspd; ghlj;jpl;lk;
FWfpajhftpUj;jy;.
4. ntspthupg; guPl;irfspd; nghUj;jg;ghlw;wj; jd;ik.
5. rpq;fs - jkpo; nkhop %ykhd ghlE}y;fspd; juk;
Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;.
6. tpopg;Gyd;> nrtpg;Gyd; FiwghLila gpd;jq;fpa
gps;isfSf;F NghjpasT trjpapd;ik.
7. tsu;e;Njhu; fy;tpf;Fg; Nghjpa xOq;fpd;ik.
8. Muk;gf;fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;lsT rjtPjkhd
khztu;fs; tpyfpr; nry;yy;.
,j;jifa gy gpur;rpidfSf;fhd fhuzk; NghjpasT
epjp tskpd;ikahFk;. mjd;gb Vida gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T
fhZk; NghJ xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F Vw;g jPu;khdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njit mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpaJ. vdpDk;
jw;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpj;Jiwf;F NghJkhdsT epjp xJf;fg;gl;L
xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifapd;gb mit Fwpj;j epjpf; nfhs;iff;F
Vw;g khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;lhYk;
ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ePf;Fk; tifapy;
gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; FiwghLfs; epyTfpd;wd.
MwhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; fy;tp epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; fhzg;gL
fpd;w rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fupa tplaq;fs;.
² fy;tpapy; mur epu;thfk; vd;gJ jdpahd murhq;fj;jpd;
epu;thfk; khj;jpukd;W> kjg;gpupTg; ghlrhiyfSk;
18
Fwpj;jNjhu; mur epu;thfj;jpw;Fl;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjD}
lhd nraw;wpwid cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. (62MtJ
ge;jp)
,jd;gb ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJs;s ru;tNjr ghlrhiyfs;
njhlu;gpYk; xg;Gutpid cWjpg;gLj;j mur epu;thfk; nghWg;
ghjy; mtrpak;.
² fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ vy;yhg; gps;isfSf;Fk;
rkdhd fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fs;s
rktha;g;gd;W. mjd; fUj;J me;je;j egu;fSf;Fupa
fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjhFk;. (63MtJ ge;jp)
,jd;gb jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gf;fy;tpf;F gpd;duhd
fy;tp> egu;fspd; NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jg;ghLilajhfTk;>
gy;tifikg;gLj;j Ntz;ba NjitAk; epyTfpd;wJ.
tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; jdpahs; gy;tifikf;F Vw;g
xOq;fikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cU 6. Mrpupa khztu; xUtuhy; tiuag;gl;l kuG
uPjpahd tFg;giw xd;wpd; cUtg;glk;.
19
,q;Fs;s midtUk; fy;tp fw;wpUg;gjhd kuG uPjpahd
tFg;giwfspyhFk;. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ
ngUk;ghYk; khztu;fsplk; tFg;giwnahd;iw tiue;J
fhl;Lk;gb $wpdhy;> mtu;fspy; 90%w;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu;
toikahd kuG uPjpahd tFg;giwapid tiue;J fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.
Mrpupa khztu;fspd; fw;gpj;jy; Nkw;ghu;itapYk; fhzf;
fpilg;gJ mt;thwhd tFg;giwfshFk;.
cU 07. Mrpupau; ika tFg;giw
Mrpupau; ika - khztu; ika fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwj;
njhlu;gpy; vkJ ehl;by; gy;NtW fUj;juq;Ffs;> tpupTiufs;>
nrayku;Tfs; kw;Wk; ghlnewpfspy; ngUthupahf fye;Jiu
ahb ,Ue;jhYk;> gapw;rpapid epiwT nra;Jtpl;L tUk; Gjpa
Mrpupau;fSk;> Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tpapidNa nraw;gLj;J
fpd;wdu;. khztu; ika fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapid kpfTk;
mupjhfNt fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J vkf;Fg; Gyg;gLtJ
ahnjdpy;> njhlu;r;rpahd kjpg;gPlhdJ khztu;fSf;F
khj;jpuky;y Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; mtrpak; vd;gjhFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lld; $ba nrayku;TfSlhf Mrpupau;fspd; Mw;wiy
tpUj;jp nra;a KbAk;. (Karunarathna, 2008) mNefkhd
Nritf;fhy fUj;juq;Ffs;> tpupTiu Kiwapy; ,lk;ngWtjhy;
mjpypUe;J Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisNah> mDgtq;fisNah
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gJ ngUk;ghyhd Mrpupau;fspd;
20
fUj;jhFk;. ahuhtJ xUtu; vd;Dila ,e;jf; $w;wpid
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; ehd; ,t;thW $WtJ
Xupuz;L egu;fspd; eyid fUj;jpw; nfhz;ly;y. nghJthff;
fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lhFk;. Mrpupau; - khztu;fSf;fpilapyhd gpizg;G
mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ fw;wypy; khztu;fs; fhl;Lk; Mu;tKk;
<LghLk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
xU khztu; kw;iwa khztUf;F rkkhdtu; my;y.
tPl;Lr;#oy;> r%fr;#oy;> Mu;tk;> <LghL> mwpTkl;lk;
MSf;fhs; NtWgLk;. `thu;l; fhl;du; (Howard Gardner, 1983) Kd;itj;j gd;Kf Ez;kjp Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb ,J kpfTk;
njspthfpd;wJ.
cU 8. khztu; ika tFg;giw
VohtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy;> ghlrhiyfisj; jug;gLj;jy;>
tifg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd fhuzpfis
Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fs; gpd;tUkhW
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,q;F xUtif kw;WnkhU tifapYk; ghu;f;f kpf
rpwg;ghdnjDk; fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy.
vkJ Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghlrhiy tiffs;
%d;Wk; xg;GuT epiyikapd; fPo; (Parity of Status) Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhf ghlrhiyapd;
21
xOq;fikg;G> cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpf;FOtpdu;
rkkhd Vw;Gilikapd; (Standarts) fPo; toq;Fjy;
mtrpakhFk; (89MtJ ge;jp).
cU 9. fhl;dupd; Ez;kjpf; Nfhl;ghL
,d;W ghlrhiyfs; njhlu;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
tifg;gLj;jYf;F Vw;g ghlrhiyfspd; tiffs; ehd;Fk;
gpd;tUkhW:-
1 AB tif - cau;ju tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;JiwAldhd
ghlrhiyfs;
1 C tif - cau;ju fiy> tzpfg; gpupTfisf; nfhz;l
ghlrhiyfs;
2MtJ tif - f.ngh.j rhjhuz juk; tiuapyhd
tFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; ghlrhiyfs;
3MtJ tif - juk; 1 - 5 tiuapyhd tFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;
ghlrhiyfs;
22
cU 10. ghlrhiy tifg;gLj;jYf;F Vw;g Mrpupau; - khztu;fspd;
rjtPjk;> Kjyhk; juj;jpw;F cs;thq;fg;gLjy; kw;Wk;
Mrpupau; - khztu; tPjhrhuk;.
%yk;:- Annual Census Report - 2017, Policy planning and performance Review Division MoE (2018)
10MtJ cUtpy; 2017Mk; Mz;L ,WjpahFk; NghJ
fhzg;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if> khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if> Mrpupau;fspd; vz;zpf;if Kjyhk; juj;jpw;F
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLNthu; kw;Wk; Mrpupa khztu;fs;
tpfpjhrhukhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; mjpfkhd ghlrhiyfs;
cs;slq;FtJ 3MtJ tifapyhFk;. ,tw;Ws; Ie;jhk; juk;
tiuapyhd tFg;Gf;fs; khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy;
Mrpupau;fspdJk; khztu;fspdJk; vz;zpf;if Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik epahakhdjhapDk; Mrpupau; - khztu;
tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; cs;s Fiwapidf; fz;L nfhs;shjpUg;gJ
ftiyf;Fupa tplakhFk;.
khfhz kl;lj;jpy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ fw;gpj;jy; nkhop %ykhd
ghlrhiyfSf;F ,ilapy; rkj;Jtkw;w epiy (cU 12)
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspy;
rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; fy;tpf; fw;Fk; khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if kpfTk; FiwthFk;. ghlrhiy tifg;gLj;jYf;F
Schools
Perc
enta
ge
Students Teachers Grade 1admissions
Student teacherratio
4540353025201510
50
1AB 1C Type 2 Type 3
23
Vw;g Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gFg;gha;tpd;gb %d;W nkhopfspYk;
fw;ff;$ba trjpapidf; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if
558 MFk;. mjpy; 437 ghlrhiyfs; 1AB ghlrhiyfs;
MFk;. 1AB ghlrhiyfspy; fytd; ghlrhiyfs; 801 ck;>
92 Mz;fs; ghlrhiyfSk;> 136 ngz;fs; ghlrhiyfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ml;ltiz 1. fw;gpf;Fk; nkhop %yj;jpd;gb ghlrhiyapd; guk;gy; 2017
fw;gpf;Fk; nkhop %yj;ij njupT nra;tJ njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW
rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khztu;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nkhop
%yj;ij njupT nra;jYk;> mg;ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if gw;wpAk; cU 11 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vy;yh
%yk;:- Annual Census Report – 2017, Policy Planning and Performance Review Division, MoE (2018)
SabaragamuwaUva
North CentralNorth Western
EasternNorthernSouthern
CentralWestern
Prov
ince
- 200,000 400,000 600,000
No of students
800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000
TamilSinhala English
cU 11. khfhz kw;Wk; fw;Fk; nkhop %yj;jpw;Nfw;g
khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
%yk;:- Annual Census Report – 2017, Policy planning and performance Review Division MoE (2018)
24
khfhzq;fspYk; Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; fw;Nghupd; msT
kpff; FiwthfTk;> ehl;bYs;s 194 ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;
rktha;g;Gf;fis (rkj;Jtk;) toq;FtJ fbdkhd fhupak;
vd;gJ ,jD}lhf njspthfpd;wJ. vdpDk; rkkpd;ikapid
,optsthf;fp gps;isfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf xg;GuTf; nfhs;if
apid gpd;gw;WtJ fl;lhaj; NjitahFk;.
kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs;
ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F
,ilapyhd ,ilntspapid Fiwg;gjw;F my;yJ jPu;Tf;
fhz;gjw;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rpe;jidapd; tpisthf
fd;dq;fu mtu;fshy; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; vDk; vz;zf;fU
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J fd;dq;fu tpN\l fy;tpf; FOtpd;
mwpf;ifapy; ,ytrf; fy;tpia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpakhd
Xu; vz;zf;fUthf vz;ZfpNwd;.
mDuhjg;Gu fhyj;jpYk; ,ytrf; fy;tpAld; $baNjhu;
fy;tpKiw ,Ue;Js;sJ. mit jha;nkhopg; ghlrhiyfshFk;.
16Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpf; fhzg;gl;ljhy;
,j;jifa jha;nkhopg; ghlrhiyfs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ
tplg;gl;ld. mg;Nghija murpd; rfy nraw;ghLfSk; Mq;fpy
nkhop %yk; ,lk; ngw;wikahy; ngw;Nwhu; mjpf gzj;ij
nrytpl;Lg; gps;isfSf;F fy;tp fw;gpf;f mf;fiwf; fhl;bdu;.
cau; fy;tpapid Mq;fpy nkhopapy; my;yJ NtnwhU
Nkiyj;Nja nkhopapy; fw;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Mq;fpyg;
ghlrhiyfspy; fw;Fk; tha;g;G gzk; gilj;j> fy;tpawpTila
ngw;Nwhu;fspd; gps;isfSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;w fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
fy;tpaikr;ruhf jpU. fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
mtu; ,e;j rkkpd;ikj; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhW fUj;J
ntspapl;bUe;jhu;.
25
Fwpj;j xU tifg; ghlrhiy kw;nwhU ghlrhiyapYk;
rpwe;j ghlrhiy vdf; fUjf;$lhJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 16 tajpy; ghlrhiyia tpl;L
ntspNaWk; gps;isia vOJtpidQu; njhopYf;F
,l;Lr; nry;Yk; Vl;Lf; fy;tpahdJ mtiu Xu;
cw;gj;jpahsuhf khw;wpaikf;Fk; njhopw; fy;tpf;Nfh>
tptrhag; gz;izapy; %is ciog;Gld; gzpGupAk;
tptrhaf;fy;tpf;Nfh topg;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk; cau;
jukhdJk;> tpUk;gj;jf;fJkhdjhf ,y;iy (15MtJ
gf;fk;> 24MtJ ge;jp).
jha;nkhopg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;Fk; gps;isfSf;F
Vw;gLk; khw;whd;jha; kdg;ghd;ikia ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd
Kaw;rpahy; midj;J Nju;jy; gpupTfspd; kj;jpapYk;
kj;jpa ghlrhiynahd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,g;ngauhdJ> ntWkNd Gtpapay;
uPjpahd mu;j;jj;jpy; khj;jpukpd;wp gy;NtW tifahd fy;tp
trjpfis xNu ghlrhiyapy; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; vDk;
fUj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ fy;tp epiwNtw;W epu;thff;
FOtpdhy; ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhz;l jPu;khdkhFk;.
,J fy;tpj; Jiwapid jdpj;J Vl;Lf; fy;tpf; Nfhyj;jpy;
,Ue;J tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l epahakhd
Kaw;rpahFk; (32Mk; gf;fk;> 71MtJ ge;jp).
,jD}lhf rkj;Jtj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jil
fis ePf;Fk; nraw;ghL ,lk; ngWtjdhy; ,J Xu; xg;GuTf;
nfhs;ifahFk;. gpuNjrj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mike;Js;s kj;jpa
ghlrhiyapd; fjTfs;> maw;#oypy; cs;s trjpfsw;w
ghlrhiyfspy; Muk;gf; fy;tpia epiwT nra;Ak; jpwikahd
khztu;fs; jkJ fy;tpia njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf
jpwe;Jtplg;gl;bUe;jJld; mtu;fSf;fhd Gyikg;guprpy; Kiw
nahd;Wk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU kj;jpa ghlrhiyiaAk;
26
#oTs;s Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; 40 khztu;
fSf;F ,ytrf; fy;tpapidAk;> tpLjp trjpfisAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ.
cU 12. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; vz;zf;fU
vkJ ehl;by; epyTfpd;w Ie;jhk; ju Gyikg; guprpy;
guPl;irahdJ ,j;jifa cd;djkhd rpe;jidapypUe;J
tpyfpr; nrd;Ws;sJ. mJ nghUshjhu trjpaw;w jpwikahd
khztu;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; fy;tpia toq;Ftij tplTk;
Ie;jhk; ju khztu;fSf;F gpurpj;jp ngw;w ghlrhiyfspy;
tha;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
vdNtjhd; Ie;jhk; ju khztu;fSf;F mjpfsthd
Rikapid Rkj;jp Gyikg; guprpy; guPl;iria rpj;jpailar;
nra;tjw;F Mrpupau;fSk;> ngw;Nwhu;fSk; Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;.
Rkjpghy (1968) Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; Mq;fpyf;
fy;tpia fpuhkj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUtjw;F Jiz epd;wJ
khj;jpukpd;wp> Vio khztu;fSf;F czT> tpLjp trjpfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jjd; %yk; mtu;fs; r%fj;jpy;
cau; epiyfSf;F nry;tjw;Fk; cWJizahf ,Ue;jJ.
1880,y; rpwg;ghd xU #oypy; Muk;gkhd kj;Jfk ghlrhiy>
1941,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fd;dq;fu fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jjpw;F Vw;g
PS = Primary School
Central School
27
rp. lg;spA. lg;spA fd;dq;fu kj;jpa ghlrhiy vdg;
ngauplg;gl;lJ. mjpy; KjyhtJ mjpguhf gjtpNaw;wtu;
[p. b. FyJq;f mtu;fshthu;.
cU 13. rp. lg;spA. lg;spA fd;dq;fu kj;jpa tpj;jpahyak; (md;iwa epiyAk;> jw;Nghija epiyAk;)
njhlu;e;J mg;gjtpapid KiwNa jpU. vr;. vy;. tpky#upa
mtu;fSk;> N[. V. [a#upa mtu;fSk; tfpj;jdu;. ,jpy; N[. V.
[a#upa mtu;fs; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhf
gjtpAau;tpidg; ngw;Wf; fy;tpj;Jiwf;F kfj;jhd Nritapid
toq;fpdhu;. Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; fd;dq;fu epidTg;
NgUiuapid epfo;j;jpa KjyhtJ fy;tpkhDk; ,tuhthu;.
1941,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; 1947 MFk;
NghJ 54 Mf mjpfupj;jd. Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;
jkpo; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa ,ilntspiaf;
Fiwj;J Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
28
,g;ghlrhiyfSf;F ,aYkhf ,Ue;jJ. fd;dq;fu mtu;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;g;G kj;jpa ghlrhiyfis nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}upf;F
epfuhd ghlrhiyfshf khw;wpaikg;gjhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd
kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; khjpupaikg;G 14Mk;> 15Mk; cUf;fspy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;W mike;jpUe;jd.
cU 14. tyy kj;jpa fy;Y}up
cU 15. Nguhnjdpa kj;jpa fy;Y}up
mjprpwe;j ghlrhiyfspd; gps;isfSf;F fpilf;fpd;w
rYiffs; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; gps;isfSf;Fk; toq;Ftjd;
%yk; rkj;Jtj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jilfis
,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;ba Njit fd;dq;fu mtu;fSf;F
,Ue;jJ. Mjyhy; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; juj;jpd; kPJ tpN\l
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfis Nkw;ghu;it
29
nra;tjw;fhf mjpfhup xUtUk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; khtl;l
ghlrhiy gupNrhjfu;fspd; cjtpAld;> ghlrhiy xOq;fikg;G>
ghlj;jpl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghf
,ilawhJ fz;fhzpj;jhu;. 1943 Mdp khjj;jpd; gpd; mJtiu
epytpte;j yz;ld; nkl;wpfpA+Ny\d; (London Metriculation) kw;Wk; Nfk;gpup[; rpNu\;l Nrhjid (Cambridge Senior Examination) vd;gjw;F gjpyhf rpNu\;l ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; (Senior School Certificate) (47MtJ gf;fk;> 11MtJ ge;jp) Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.
(47MtJ gf;fk;> 11MtJ ge;jp) 1946Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ
14 kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J 121 khztu;fs; rpNu\;l
ghlrhiyfs; rhd;wpjOf;fhfj; Njhd;wpdu;. mjpy; 61 khztu;fs;
rpj;jpaile;jJld; 9 khztu;fs; Mq;fpyg; ghlk; njhlu;ghd
mjpAau; rpj;jpapidg; ngw;wdu;. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L Xuhz;bNyNa ,j;jifa ngWNgw;wpidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;likahdJ kpfr; rpwg;ghd tplakhFk;.
,izg;ghl tpjhd nraw;ghLfSf;fhf tpN\l ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. Njrpa eldk;> rq;fPjk; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L
Nghd;wd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpDs; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. ,g;ghlrhiyfspd;
Mz;> ngz; khztu;fs; ,UghyhUk; Rje;jpuj;jpd nfhz;lhl;l
epfo;Tfspd; NghJ fiyak;rq;fSld; $ba nraw;ghLfspy;
gq;Nfw;wdu;. ehlshtpa uPjpapy; eilngWk; rhuzu; ,af;fg;
Nghl;bfspd; NghJ Fspahgpl;ba kj;jpa ghlrhiy ntw;wpg;
ngw;wikahdJ kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; mile;j ntw;wpahFk;.
jpajyhitapy; gapw;rp Kfhk;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w Nghl;bfspy;
gy jlit kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; ,isQu; gilazp
Kjyhkplj;ij ngw;wJ. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; xg;GuTf;
nfhs;ifapd; fhuzkhf rkj;Jtj;ij mz;kpf;ff; $bajhf
,Ue;jJld; ngw;Nwhupd; Mu;tKk; mjpfupj;jJ. ngUk;ghyhd
ngw;Nwhu;fs; ciog;igAk; nghUl;fisAk;> gzj;ijAk;
toq;fp kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;G nra;jdu;
(De Silva, 1969). B rpy;th fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsuhf 1957,y; ,Ue;J
30
1964 tiu nrayhw;wpa fyhepjp vg;. v];. rpy;th mtu;fs; kj;jpa
ghlrhiyfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpa NghJ ~~,J vkJ
gps;isfspd; ghlrhiyahFk;|| vd ngUk;ghyhd ngw;Nwhu;fs;
$wpapUe;jdu;. 1980 jrhg;jq;fspy; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsuhf
gzpahw;wpa jpU. &grpq;` mtu;fSk; ~~ ,J vdJ gps;is
apd; ghlrhiyahFk;|| vDk; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghlrhiy
fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,f;fUj;jpid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp
kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; Clhff; fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fSf;F
,ilepiyf; fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd top
Vw;gl;ljhy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; khztu;fspy;
Jupj tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ,ytrf; fy;tpapid ngw;Wf; nfhLj;j
gpd;dUk; $l cau; fy;tp kw;Wk; cau; gjtpfSf;F Mq;fpyg;
ghlrhiyfspYk; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspYk; Mq;fpy nkhop
%yk; fy;tp fw;w 7% khNdhu; khj;jpuNk jFjp ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
1957,y; rpNu\;l ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; guPl;irf;fhf rpq;fsj;
jkpo; %yKk; Njhw;Wtjw;F tha;g;G fpl;baJ. 1959,y; rpq;fsk;
kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhop %yk; Njhw;Wtjw;F mDkjp fpilf;fg;
ngw;wJld; gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpAk; Mq;fpy nkhopf;F Gwk;ghf
rpq;fsk;> jkpo; %yKk; ,lk;ngw;wd. 1958,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
tpj;Nahja> tpj;jpahyq;fhu gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; KOikahfj;
Njrpa nkhopapNyNa fy;tpia Nkw;nfhz;ld. Mq;fpy
nkhopapy; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;sf; $lhJ vDk; fUj;jpid
fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; Kd;itf;ftpy;iy. mtu; Mq;fpy
nkhopapid mwpe;jpUj;jy; Nghw;Wjw;Fupa tplak; vd;gNjhL>
%d;whk; juj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpyg; ghlj;ij fl;lhag; ghlkhf;Fk;
gbAk; gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. rpyu; fyhepjp fd;dq;fu Mq;fpy
nkhopapid fw;ff;$lhJ vDk; rpe;jidia nfhz;bUe;jhu;
vDk; jtwhd fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jikahdJ
ftiyf;Fupa tplakhFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpy nkhopapid
fw;gpg;gjw;fhd jpwikahd Mrpupau;fis epakpg;gjpy; rpf;fy;fs;
Vw;gl;ld.
31
Muk;gf; fhyq;fspy; mjhtJ 1942 - 1966 tiu gy;fiyf;
fofq;fspy; fiy> tzpf> tpQ;Qhd> itj;jpa / gy;itj;jpa
kw;Wk; tptrha gPlq;fs; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;ld.
cU 17. ghlj;JiwfSf;Nfw;g gy;fiyf;fofg; gpuNtrk;
%yk;:- Constructed using UGC, University admissions accademic year 2012/2013.
17
01020304050607080
1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1965 1966
Arts Science Agri/Vet Medicine/De stry Engineering Others
cU 16. 1942 - 1966 tiu gy;fiyf;fof gPlq;fspy; Nru;e;j khztu;fspd; tPjk;
%yk;:- Constructed using Malalasekara Centenuary volume (1969)
ArtsScience
ManagementEngineering
MedicineComputer Science/IT
Agriculture
Para-medical studiesCommerce
Indegenious medicineLaw
Architecture & Quantity Surveying
Veterinary MedicineFashion design/Transport & ...
Dental Science
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.025.0 30.0 35.0
32
gy;NtW ghlj;Jiwfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJld; gPlq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfupj;jd. gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs;
Mizf;FOtpd; juTfSf;F Vw;g 2012 / 2013 Mz;lhFk;NghJ
gy;fiyf;fof gpuNtrk; fzprkhd msT mjpfupj;jJld;
mtu;fs; gy;NtW Jiwfisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;G
fpl;baJ (cU 17,y; ,J fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ).
2016 Mk; Mz;by; gy;NtW gPlq;fspy; gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ltu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 19MtJ cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
(vk;Gy;njdpa> 2016). mjd;gb fiyj;Jiwapy; mjpfsthd
gl;ljhupfs; cUthdJld; (16 000)> Vida gPlq;fspy; gl;lk;
ngw;Nwhupd; vz;zpf;if 50% ,Yk; Fiwthd njhifahFk;.
cU 18. ghlnewpfSf;Nfw;g gl;lj;jpid epiwT nra;j khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Degree Programs and Graduated 2016(Total Graduates 30,819)
Veterinary Science B.V. Sc.
Dental Surgery B. D. S.
Architecture & Quantity Surveying...
Indigenous Medicine
Law L.L.B.
Paramedical Studies
Agriculture B. Sc.
Computer Science/IT/ICT/MIT
Medicine M.B.B.S.
Engineering B.Sc. (Eng.)
Science B.Sc. (k)
Commerce & Mgt. Studies
Arts & Oriental Studies
0 5000
0.2%, 73
0.2%, 75
3.7%, 1143
4.9%, 1514
9.6%, 2948
19%, 5733
52%, 16000
0.7%, 208
0.7%, 219
1.3%, 403
1.8%, 545
2.9%, 899
3.4%, 1059
10000 15000 20000
33
,d;iwa epiyapy; ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghd fzpg;G kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPLfSf;F Vw;gNt ghlnewpfs; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
ehl;by; rfy ,lq;fspYk; ghlrhiyfs; guk;gpapUe;jhYk;
Mrpupau;fs; fy;tpkhzpg; gl;lk; my;yJ fy;tp KJkhzp>
gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F fy;tpapay; gPlq;fs; my;yJ
Jiwfs; rpy gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd
(IPS, 2017). vy;yhg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; fy;tpj; Jiw
my;yJ gPlk; ,lk;ngWkhapd; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdiu cUthf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fSf;F ngUe;JizahftpUf;Fk;.
ngz;fSf;fhd fy;tp
fd;dq;fu tpN\l FO mwpf;ifapy; 321MtJ ge;jpapy;
~~ngz; gps;isfspd; fy;tp|| vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ngz;fspd;
fy;tp njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;. fy;tpj;
Jiwapd; ngz; gps;isfspdJk; Mz; gps;isfspdJk;
cly; uPjpahd khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; <Lglf;$ba
njhopw;Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy; mjPj ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; ngz; gps;isfspdNjh> Mz; gps;is
fspdNjh cstpUj;jpahFk;. ngz; gps;isapd; kdkhdJ>
Mz; gps;isfspd; kdijtpl khWgl;ljhFk;. mJ mtu;fs;
thOk; #oypd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. Mz; gps;isfs;
nghk;ikfSld; tpisahLjy; my;yJ ngz; gps;isfs;
Fj;Jr; rz;il tpisahl;bd; kPJ Mu;tk; fhl;Ljy; vd;gJ
thOk; #oYf;F Vw;g ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
tPl;by; mtu; ngWk; mDgtq;fSf;F gpd;dzpahf mike;jhYk;
ngz; gps;isfSf;F tPl;bypUe;J ngw;W nfhs;Sk; fy;tp
tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;lJ.
,f;FO mwpf;ifapd;gb Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; ,UrhuhUf;Fk;
cly;> cs tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
34
vkJ kdjpy; ,Ug;gJ [dehaf uPjpahd r%fkhFk;.
mjpy; midj;J kdpju;fSk; rkkhdtu;fs; vd
fUjg;gLtu;. vdpDk; vy;yh kdpju;fSk; vy;yh
topfspYk; rkkhdtu;fs; my;y. jpwd;fs;> clypay;
gz;Gfs;> Ez;zwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; xOf;f gz;GfSf;F
Vw;g rkkw;wtu;fs; Mtu;. vdpDk; kdpju;fSf;fpilapy;
rkj;Jtj;ij tplTk; jdpegu;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;
NtWghLfis ngWkjp Fiwe;jitahf fUj
Ntz;Lk;. [dehaf r%fj;jpy; kl;LNk ,j;jifa
rkj;Jtk; Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;
midtiuAk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;Fgw;wr;
nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. Mifahy; [dehaf
r%fk; xd;wpd; gpujhd ,yf;F vy;yh Mz;>
ngz; gps;isfSf;Fk; cly;> cs tpUj;jpapid
cau;j;Jtjw;F cjtp nra;tjhFk;. (11Mk; gf;fk;>
12MtJ ge;jp)
,J rkj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
$w;whFk;.
ngz; gps;isfs; rpwe;j fy;tpawptpid ngw;wpUg;gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahnjdpy; mtu;fs; vjpu;fhy re;jjp
apdupd; jha;khu;fshf ,Ug;gjhFk;. mjw;fhd elj;ij
iaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk;> gz;ghl;bid tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;Fk; ghlrhiyapypUe;Jk;> tPl;bypUe;Jk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;jpr;
nry;y Ntz;Lk;. (13Mk; gf;fk;> 19MtJ ge;jp)
,f;$w;W ,Utopfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. Kjypy;
ngz; gps;isfspd; fy;tpapid cWjpg;gLj;JtjhdJ xg;GuTf;
35
nfhs;ifapid Vw;Wf; nfhz;likahff; fUj KbAk;. mjd;
tpisthfj; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; fy;tpawpT
tpUj;jpapy; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdpDk;
gy;fiyf;fof Nju;thsu;fspd; milTf;F Vw;g KjyhtJ>
,uz;lhtJ juj;jpy; rpj;jpaile;jpUg;gtu;fs; ngz;fshtu;.
rhjhuz rpj;jpapid mjpfkhf ngw;wpUe;jtu;fs; Mz;fshtu;
(cU 19) ,jd; %yk; ntspg;gLtJ xg;GuT ,UrhuhUf;Fk;
,ilapy; epyttpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
cU 19. miltpw;Nfw;g Mz;> ngz; gl;ljhupfspd; rjtPjk;
%yk;:- Ramanayaka et al (2012)
,uz;lhtjhf tPl;Lr; #oYf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid
Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;baJ jw;fhy epiyikfSf;F
Vw;g kpfTk; mtrpakhd tplakhFk;. jw;fhyg; ghlrhiy
fyhrhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w vjpu;kiwahd kdg;ghq;fpw;F
Vw;g tPl;Lr; #oy; gps;isapd; mwpT tpUj;jpf;Fj; jilahf
,Uf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzp mtu;fis kl;le;jl;LtjhFk;. ,J
xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F Neu;khwhd xU tplakhFk;. rpwpa
ghlrhiyfSf;F nry;Yk; khztu;fis ,ayhj khztu;fs;
vd tQ;rpf;Fk; xU Nghf;fpidf; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.
ngw;Nwhu;fs; efu;g;Gw ghlrhiyfis Nehf;fpr; nry;tjw;Fk;
mz;ikapy; nry;te;ju;fshfpa ngw;Nwhu;fs; ru;tNjr
01020304050
Grades
Perc
enta
ge
1stClass
2ndClass
(Upper)
2ndClass
(Lower)
GeneralFemale
Male
36
ghlrhiyfspy; Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; fy;tpapid Nehf;fpr;
nry;tjw;F ,e;epiy fhuzkhfpAs;sJ. Nkw;Fwpj;j fhuzp
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtJ Vnddpy;> mjD}lhf xg;Gutpid
vLj;Jf; fhl;LtNjhL> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xg;GuTf; nfhs;if rhu;e;j
gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glhjthW nfhs;iffis tFf;f Ntz;Lk;
vDk; fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpapUg;gjdhy; MFk;.
Njrj;jpd; jiytpjpapid jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
,yf;fhff; nfhz;l Njrpa fy;tp Kiwnahd;wpidf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtij ehk; Muk;gpg;Nghk;. ehk; ,e;j ehl;by;
xNu Njrpa ,dj;jtu;fshf tho epidf;fpd;Nwhkh?
mg;gbahdhy; mjid ehq;fs; ghlrhiyfspy;
,Ue;Nj Muk;gpg;Nghk;. ehk; Njrpa uPjpahd
fy;tpia cUthf;FNthkhapd; mJ epr;rakhf
rkak; rhu;e;jjhf Ntz;Lk;. mikg;gpy; mJ Njrpak;
rhu;e;jjhf Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd Kd;khjpupapid vkJ
Guhjd fhy tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mJ ePjp kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; vDk;
mbg;gilapid nfhz;lika Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;
mJ Njrpa Ml;rpAld; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bd;
rfy gps;isfSf;Fk; fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk;
fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; (`d;rhl;> 1994> gf;fk; 946).
mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w fy;tp KiwikapYk;
ngz;fs; fy;tp ngWtJ njhlu;gpy; vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mz;fspd; fy;tpf;fhd MuhikfSk;
gpupntdhf;fSk;> ngz;fspd; fy;tpf;fhfg; gpf;Fzp MuhikfSk;
fhzg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;tpia ntt;Ntwhf
gapd;whYk; mtu;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;wj;jho;T fhzg;gltpy;iy
vd;gJ mtu;fs; xd;whf ,Ue;J rka mDl;lhdq;fspy; <Lgl;ljd;
%yk; njupa tUfpwJ (ve;jfk> 1992). vdpDk; fhydpj;Jt
Ml;rpapd; fPo; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfs; cUntLj;jNjhL
37
jha;nkhop ghlrhiyfs; tPo;r;rpaile;J nrd;wikAk;> Fiw
kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gl;lijAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;epiy
ngz;fisg; ngupJk; ghjpj;j tplakhftpUe;jJ. mg;NghJ
ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;w ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpfTk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jJld;> mtu;fspd; vOj;jwpTk; Fiwe;J tpl;lJ. 1901,y;
nkhj;j ngz;fspd; rdj;njhifapy; 8.3% ,w;Nf vOj;jwpT
fhzg;gl;lJ. midj;J kf;fisAk; rkkhff; fUjpa
fd;dq;fu ngz;fis ,d;dy;fSf;Fl;gLj;jpa rkkpd;ikia
,y;yhnjhopg;gJ fl;lhankdf; fUjpdhu;. ngz;fSf;F
,iof;fg;gl;l mePjp njhlu;gpy; fyhepjp fd;dq;fu gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;.
,e;j ehl;Lg; ngz;fis mbikfshfTk;> rlq;
fshfTk; fzpf;fg;gl;lik ahtUk; mwpe;j tplak;.
,e;j [dehaf Afj;jpy; fhy Xl;lj;Jld; Kd;nry;y
Ntz;ba Njit vkf;Fs;sJ. ngz;fSf;Fr;
rkkhd epiyapy; ,Ue;Jk; Nghl;bapl mtu;fis
mbikg;gLj;jpdhy;> cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ik vt;thwhf
mikaf;$Lk;? vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdiu fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
midtiuAk; rkkhff; fUjp nraw;gLtjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; (`d;rhl;
1947> gf;fk; 4244).
~~rkkpd;ikia ePf;Ftjw;fhf ngz;fis tYT+l;LtJ
(Empowerment) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;|| vd 2015,y; ];nuhk;fpA];l;
(Stromquist) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL Ra cjtpf; FOf;fis (Self help groups) gad;gLj;jpajpdhy; vOj;jwptpid mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Nfh]; (Ghosh) 2015,y; ntspapl;lhu;.
UNESCO - UIS epWtdj;jpy; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtkpd;ik
(Gender inequality)iaf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,yj;jpudpay; Mtzk;
xd;iwj; jahupj;jhu;. ,J ngz; gps;isfSk; ngz;fSk;
38
tsu;r;rpAWk; tpjj;jpidf; fhl;Lk; mNj Neuk; fw;wypy;
vjpu;Nehf;Fk; jilfisAk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ. fle;j ,uz;L
Mz;Lfspy; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp> Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpapd;
mbg;gilapy; Mz;fis tpl mjpfkhd ngz;fs; ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpia tpl;L tpyfpAs;sdu;. UNESCO - UIS juTfspd;gb> 6 - 10 taJf;Fl;gl;l gj;J kpy;ypad; msthd ngz; gps;isfs;
ghlrhiy tFg;giwnahd;wpw;F nrd;wjpy;iy. vdpDk; ghlrhiy
apy; NrUk; midj;J khztu;fSk; gy;NtW jilfSf;F
kj;jpapYk; jkJ fy;tpia epiwT nra;fpd;wdu;. Ngz;jF
mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspy; 4.5 rjtPjkhdit Mz;- ngz;
Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ,y;yhnjhopf;fpd;w fy;tpapd; gy;NtW gjtp
epiyfSf;F nry;tjw;fhd rktha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtijNa
Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gy;NtW mtyq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J nfhz;bUe;j
ngz;fSf;F fd;dq;fu rPu;j;jpUj;jjpD}lhf ed;ikfs;
fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. 1931,y; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;w ngz;fs;
36.4 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;epiy gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rpaile;j
tPjk; fPo;tUk; ml;ltiz 2,y; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;Nghija
epiyik ,ijtplTk; khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
ml;ltiz 2 : ghlrhiy nrd;w ngz; gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;
rjtPjk;
tUlk; 1931 1947 1963 1970 1979 1983ngz;fs;
rjtPjk; 36.4 43 46 48 49.26 49.68
,ytrf; fy;tp mwpKfj;Jld; fpuhkg;Gwj;jpYs;s ngz;fs;
khj;jpukpd;wp vy;yh ngz; gps;isfSf;Fk; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd
re;ju;g;gq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ngz;fSf;fhd tUlkhd 1975
,y; ngz;fSf;F Vw;gl;l Vw;wj;jho;tpid ed;F tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
39
ngz;fSf;fhd njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Mz;fis tpl
,U klq;fhFk;. cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L njhopw; re;ijfspy;
ngz;fSf;F Fiwe;jsthd rk;gsNk toq;fg;gl;lJ. njhopy;fis
njupT nra;Ak; NghJ Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
Ntw;Wik epytf; fhuzk; rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jp tUfpd;w Vw;wj; jho;thFk; vDk; fUj;jpid fu;]p
kw;Wk; FOtpdu; (Kersey atalog, 2018) 507 gps;isfisf; nfhz;L
(256 ngz; gps;isfs;> 251 Mz; gps;isfs;) Nkw;nfhz;l
Ma;tpD}lhf vLj;Jf; fhl;bdu;. gy;NtW Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy;
ngz;fis <u;j;Jf; nfhz;ljpy; fy;tpj;JiwAk;> ghlrhiyAk;
fzprkhd msT nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. MfNt rkkhd
tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtjpYk;> jukhd STEM fy;tpapid
toq;FtjD}lhfTk; ngz;fis tYT+l;l KbAk; (UNESCO, 2017).
cyfpw;F KjyhtJ ngz; gpujkiu mspj;j ,yq;ifapy;
,d;Wk; Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtkpd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
([atu;jd> 2015> kJuhty> 2015). xU ngz;iz> xU jhia
tPl;by; rkhjhdj;ij Ngzpf; nfhz;L ehshe;jk; nraw;ghLfis
ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;WtJ mtUila flikahFk; vd;gij
vkJ r%fk; ,d;Wk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. jkf;F mePjp
,lk; ngWfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhd
tplakhFk;. gy;fiyf;fof ngz;fSf;fhd mnkupf;fr; rq;fk;
(American Association of University women, AAUW) mnkupf;ff;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gl;lg;gpd; fy;tpia njhlUk; ngz;fSf;F
tUle;NjhWk; fy;tpf;fhd rpwg;G tpUjpid AAUW toq;fp
tUfpwJ. me;j tpUjpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf 1990 ,y;
thrpq;lDf;F nrd;wNghJ mq;F ciuahw;wpa Vidatu;fspd;
ciuia Nfl;lJk; vd;Ds; Njhd;wpaJ ,yq;ifapy; vkf;F
fpilf;fNtz;ba rYiffs; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;gJjhd;.
vdpDk; Mz;fs; ghlrhiyahd fhyp k`pe;j fy;Y}upapy;
khztp vd;w tifapy; ehd; ghFghl;Lf;F cl;gltpy;iy
ngz;fSf;fhd rk cupikapid toq;FtJ nghWg;Gs;s
gzpahFk;.
40
tpQ;Qhdf;fy;tp
,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija #o;epiyapy; fzpj kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fis ikag;gLj;jpa ghlj;jpl;lKk; guPl;ir
KiwAk; gpur;rpidahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; $l;Lf; FOtpd;
mwpf;ifapy; fy;tpapd; cs;slf;fk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;
ghl cs;slf;fj;jpd; gpupTfs; (Section) xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
tpjj;jpw;F Vw;g> fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhspid gue;j Nfhzj;jpy;
Muha;Js;sik njspthfpd;wJ.
² jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; nghJr; Rfhjhuk;
² iftpidg; gapw;rp
² ,ir kw;Wk; fiy
² nkhopAk; fiyAk;
² fzpjk;
² ,aw;ifrhu; fw;ifAk; ,aw;if tpQ;QhdKk;
² tuyhW kw;Wk; Gtpapay;
² FbAupik
fiyj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkhdJ mwpit kl;Lk; ikakhff;
nfhs;shJ nraw;ghL kw;Wk; mDgtq;fspd; Clhf tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd $l;L mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; guPl;irapid ikakhff; nfhs;sf; $lhJ (47Mk;
gf;fk;> 13Mk; ge;jp) vd;fpwJ. me;je;j #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g
,r;nraw;ghLfs; khztu;fspd; mDgtq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lk;
tifapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl Ntz;baNjhL ,J xg;GuTf;
nfhs;iff;F Vw;GilajhFk;. 1948,y; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp fl;likg;gpy; gy;NtW
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapd; ifj;njhopy;
kw;Wk; tptrha tpUj;jpf;fhf tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gj; jpwdpd;
Njit Fwpj;J gy;NtW epWtdq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ (Wanasinghe, 1981). ,jd;gb cau;fy;tpapy; khj;jpukd;wp ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpapYk; ,j;jpwd;fspd; tpUj;jp mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vd;gJ
njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
41
Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd Jizg; gs;spfspNyNa tpQ;Qhd
fy;tpahdJ Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yrtf; fy;tp cUthf;fg;gl;ljd;
gpd;du; kj;jpa fy;Y}upfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likahy; fpuhk
kl;lj;jpy; cs;s tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd khztu;
fSf;F tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G
fpl;baJ. ,f;nfhs;isahdJ rkj;Jtj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l
xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifahFk;.
ehd; rhjhuzju tFg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ vy;yh
ghlrhiyfspYk; tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; rhjhuzj; juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;jpidf;
fw;gjw;fhd jifikapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jtizg;
guPl;irfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf 8Me; juj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; guPl;ir
nahd;Wk; eilngWk;. ehDk; ghlrhiyapy; eilngw;w
,t;thwhdnjhU guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;J rhjhuz juj;jpy;
tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;Nwd;. mg;NghJ cau;juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;
Jiwapidf; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;G kpfr; rpy ghlrhiyfspy;
khj;jpuNk fpilj;jJ. ngz;fs; ghlrhiyapy; fw;w khztu;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; Mz;fs; ghlrhiyf;F my;yJ kj;jpa
fy;Y}upfSf;Fr; nrd;Nw tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapidf; fw;wdu;.
,jd; %yk; ngz; gps;isfSf;F fw;gjpy; fhzg;gl;l
rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1956,y; fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l nfhs;isj;
jPu;khdq;fs; gpw;fhy tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff;
fhuzkhfpaJ. mf;nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdq;fs; tUkhW:
² 11 - 14 taJ khztu;fSf;F nghJ tpQ;Qhdk;
Nghjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
² f.ngh.j. rhjhuz ju kl;lj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;ijf;
fw;gpf;Fk; ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;jy;.
² Fiwe;j nghUshjhu kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; khztu;fspd;
tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Gyikg;
guprpy; Kiw xd;wpid Muk;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
42
cyf tq;fpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;nthd;wpd;
ngWNgwhf 1957Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,yq;ifapy; tpQ;Qhdf;
fy;tpapd; tpUj;jpf;fhf And];Nfh cjtp fpilj;jjd; gpd;du;
gp. N[. gP. my]pd; jiyikapyhd FOnthd;W murpdhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. lg;s;A. Mu;. fpshu;f; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb
gad;kpf;f r%fj;jpw;F rpwe;j njhopy;El;g mbj;jsk; xd;wpw;fhf
tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpia gue;j Nehf;fj;Jld; mgptpUj;jpr; nra;tjw;F
gpujhd fhuzpfs; ,uz;L ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1. tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; gue;j Nehf;fk; njhlu;ghd
mwpT> njspT kw;Wk; czu;T Fiwe;jgl;rk;
Mrpupauplk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
2. tpQ;Qhdj;ij Nghjpf;Fk; rupahd Kiwapid
guPl;irapd; %yk; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gdNt
mitahFk;.
,r;nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g 6> 7 kw;Wk; 8Me; juq;fspy;
nghJ tpQ;QhdKk; 9> 10 kw;Wk; 11Me; juq;fspy; capupay;>
,urhadtpay; kw;Wk; ngsjpftpay; 12 kw;Wk; 13Me; juq;fspy;
(cau;juk;) jhtutpay;> ,urhadtpay;> tpyq;fpay; kw;Wk;
ngsjpftpay; Nghd;wd fw;gpf;fj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;
mjw;Fj; Njitahd MNyhrid nraw;ghL kw;Wk; guPl;irfs;
jpl;lkplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghuk;gupa tpQ;Qhd fw;wy; kw;Wk;
Nrhjid Kiwfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy
ikaf; fzpg;gPl;bid rupahd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhz;L
khztu;fspd; gytPdq;fSf;F mt;tr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gupfhuk;
toq;Fjy; %yk; mtw;iw gyq;fshf khw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk;
(Sedere et al, 2014; Karunaratne, 2012).
1950 jrhg;jq;fspy; gPdghy my]; mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;
NghL ghlrhiy tpQ;Qhdf; $lq;fSf;fhf tsq;fs; gfpu;e;
jspf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,yq;ifapd; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp Kiwahf
43
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;NghJ 158 ghlrhiyfSf;F ~~,U js
Ma;T $lq;fSk;|| NkYk; 158 ghlrhiyfSf;F ~~xU js Ma;T
$lKk;|| epu;khzpf;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ. 1972 ,y; ghupa
fy;tp kWrPuikg;nghd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; tpQ;Qhdf;
fy;tpapy; ghupa khw;wnkhd;W Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
~~midtUf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd mwptpid toq;Fjy;|| fhzg;gl;lJ.
,d;W 6 - 11Mk; juq;fs; tiu rfy khztu;fSk; tpQ;Qhdk;
fw;fpd;wdu;. ,J kfpo;r;rpfukhd tplankhd;whtNjhL ,J
rkj;Jtj;jpid mz;kpj;jJs;sikiaAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb
mLj;j re;jjpapdu; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;
rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;fhd mDgtq;
fis toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf fdp\;l ,ilepiy
kl;lj; juq;fSf;Fk; ,ize;j ghlkhf tpQ;Qhdk; mwpKfg;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;Nghija epiyapy; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp
trjpfs; rhu;e;J gpuNjr ,ilntsp fhzg;gl;lg;NghJk;
fiy kw;Wk; tzpfg; gpupTfspy; fy;tpapidj; njhlUk;
khztu;fisg; Nghd;Nw mJ fpilf;fhj ngUk;ghyhd
khztu;fSf;F ehshe;j tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd tpQ;Qhdf;
fy;tp fpilf;ftpy;iy. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhifapdUf;Nf
fpilj;j tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp cau; fy;tprhu; ,ay;gpidf;
nfhz;lNjhL jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jpw;F ,J
kpfTk; Fiwe;jstpNyNa gq;fspj;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; tpQ;Qhdg;
ghlnewp kPs kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb Muk;gg; gpupTfspy;
,ize;j ghlkhf msj;jy; kw;Wk; mtjhdpf;Fk; jpwd;fis
tsu;g;gjw;Fk; fdp\;l ,ilepiyg; gpupTfspy; ,ize;j
tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fk; rpNu\;l ,ilepiyj; juq;fspy;
capupay;> ,urhadtpay; kw;Wk; ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdj;ijf;
fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;
1972,y; ,Ue;J xt;nthU tUlKk; Kiwahf Nky;Nehf;fp
nraw;gl;lJ.
uztPu (1976) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb ,g;Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;ij
#oNyhL njhlu;GgLj;jTk; ehshe;j tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sNjhL ,jpy; ,ize;j
44
jd;ik ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;whu;. mg;Nghija epiyapy; 600
ghlrhiyfs; tiu tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$l trjpfs; fhzg;gl;lNjhL
NkYk; 5 000 ghlrhiyfSf;F ,t;trjpfis toq;f Ntz;b
apUe;jJ. 1971 kw;Wk; 1972 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; 3 766 ghlrhiyfSf;F
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd cgfuzj; njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
NjhL 1 500 ghlrhiyfSf;F VNjDk; cgfuzq;fs; toq;fg;gl
Kbe;jJ. tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp mt;NtisapYk; rkj;Jtkw;w
epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lik ,jd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ. 1985Mk;
Mz;L Kjy; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F ,ytr ghlE}y;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;likAk; tpQ;Qhd fy;tpf;Fj; Jizahf
mike;jJ. ,JnthU rkj;Jtf; nfhs;ifahFk;.
1990 jrhg;gjq;fspd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; tpQ;Qhdj;ij
Nghjpf;Fk; mZFKiwapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rp
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb tFg;giw fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw
ghuk;gupa Mrpupau; ika mZFKiwfs; khztu; ika
mZFKiwahf khw;wkile;jJ (ngNuuh> 2010). tpQ;Qhdf;
fy;tpapid tpupTgLj;Jk; Njitapid tpsq;fpf; nfhz;ljd;
gpd;du; 2003 Mk; Mz;L Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; cau;ju
tFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; vy;yh ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd
kw;Wk; fzpjg; ghlj;Jiwfis Mug;gpg;gjw;fhd gupe;Jiu
nra;ag;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; 2003-2013 Mfpa fhyq;fspy;
262 ghlrhiyfspy; khj;jpuNk cau;ju tpQ;Qhdg;gpupTfs;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it ngUk;ghYk; efuq;fspNyNa
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; 1/5 gq;fpw;F Nky; khfhzj;jpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2018 Mk; Mz;lhFk;NghJ 10 194 ghlrhiy
fspy; 1 017 ghlrhiyfspy; khj;jpuNk tpQ;Qhdg; gpuT fhzg;gL
fpd;wJ. fiyj;Jiw khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; ,U klq;fhFk;.
45
mz;ikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;gg; ghlq;fisf;
fw;gJk; tpthjj;jpw;Fupa gpur;rpidfSld; $ba epiyapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cU 21,y; ,yq;ifapd; khtl;lq;fspd;
jukhd fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ khdpl kw;Wk;
ngsjpf tsq;fspd; fhzg;gLk; Vw;wj;jho;T fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhopy;El;g Ma;T$lk; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;g Mrpupau;fs;
tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g gpupf;fg;gltpy;iy.
Arts
Commerce
3504
3730
1910
868
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
School with classes uptograde 5
School with classes uptoO-Level
School with A-LevelArts/Commerce Streams
School with A LeelScience Stream. Science
0 100,000 200,000 300,000
A-Level StudentsNumber of Schools
cU 20. f.ngh.j cau;ju tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fSk; khztu; vz;zpf;ifAk;
%yk;:- Jayawardena (2015). Constructed using Sri Lanka Education, 2013.
cU 21. ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspd; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lq;fSk;
jfty; njhopy;El;g ghlj;Jf;fhd Mrpupau;fSk;
%yk;:- Madurawela (2015). Constructed using ministry of Education School census data, 2011.
46
fzpdpfis toq;FtjpYk; Vw;wj;jho;T fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Cth> fpof;F> tlkj;jpa khfhzq;fspy; fzpdpfs; cs;s
ghlrhiyfs; 50% tiu fhzg;gLtNjhL Nky;khfzj;jpy;
70% ghlrhiyfs; fzpdp trjpfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j
,ilntspfis Fiwg;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
vt;tifahd kWrPuikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; ,d;wstpYk; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fzpj fw;gpj;jy;>
fw;wy; kw;Wk; fzpg;gPL vd;gtw;wpy; Gjpa fw;wy; kw;Wk; fzpg;gPl;L
Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. 2030 epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp
,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;s 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jpwd;fis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp ,d;Ws;s khztu;fSf;F fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fzpjj;ij fw;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs;
tpQ;Qhd> fzpjj;ij fbdkhd ghlnkhd;whff; fUjf; fhuzk;
,t;ntz;zf;fUf;fs; md;whl tho;f;ifNahL ,ize;j
tifapy; njhlu;GgLj;jg;glhikapdhNyNa MFk;. jhk; fw;Fk;
tplak; jkJ tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GgLk; tpjj;ij mwpe;J
nfhs;tjd; %yk; khztu;fSf;F G+uzkhd mu;j;jKs;s
0
Western
Percentage
Computer Available Computer Not Available
Prov
ince
Central
Northern
Eastern
North Western
North Central
Uva
Sabaragamuwa
Southern
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
cU 22. khfhzq;fSf;Nfw;g fzpdp trjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s> nfhz;buhj rjtPjk;
%yk;:- MoE (2018). Annual Census Report - 2017, Policy Planning and Perfermance Review Division
47
fw;wiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. khztu;fSf;F rthyhd
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tha;g;G toq;fp Mf;fG+u;t jpwd;
kw;Wk; ju;f;f rpe;jidia cUthf;f KbAk; (Karunaratne et ai. 2009 a). Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjpy; FOthf nraw;gLk;NghJ
,j;jpwd; NkYk; tpUj;jpailAk; (Karunaratne et al., 2009 b).
tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;fhf STEM fy;tp Kiw cyfpy;
ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ
tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gtpay;> nghwpapay; kw;Wk; fzpjk;
vd;gtw;iw ,ize;j ghlq;fshf khw;wp khztu;fspd;
vz;zf;fU tYg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; mu;j;jKs;s
fw;wy; xd;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk; (cU 23). ,e;j ,izg;G
ghlrhiy> r%fk;> Njrk; kw;Wk; cyf fpuhkk; tiu gue;J
nry;tjhy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; khztu;fs; jkJ jpwikfis
ntspf;fhl;b ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;ifapid nfhz;L nry;y
KbAk;.
,r;nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ jpwd;fs; ehd;F (4Cs) tpUj;jpailtJ
mjhtJ ju;f;f rpe;jid (Critical thinking), njhlu;ghly; jpwd; (Communication Skill)> xj;Jiof;Fk; jpwd; (Collaborative Skills) kw;Wk; Mf;fj;jpwd; (Creativity Skills) vd;gd ,q;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jdhy; STEM fy;tpapidg; ngw;wtu;
cU 23. vz;zf;fUNthU ,ize;j ghlq;fs;
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS ENGINEERING
STEM
48
Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;ftuhf ,Ug;gNjhL nghJtpy; vy;yh tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghfTk; mwptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;. ,jdhy; mtu; / mts; gy;NtW njhopy; Jiwfspy; <Lgl KbAk;.
ePu; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpy; mjd; ngsjpf kw;Wk;
,urhadg; gz;Gfisf; fw;gNjhL kl;Lg;gLj;jhky; tpQ;Qhd>
njhopy;El;gtpay;> nghwpapay; kw;Wk; fzpj tplaq;fSld;
njhlu;GgLj;jp kpfTk; gaDs;s tifapy; fw;ff;$ba
Kiwapid cU 24 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. STEM fy;tpahdJ ehd;F
ghlq;fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhky; eldk;> ghly;> ,ir>
fiyapid Nru;j;J ePu; njhlu;gpy; mu;j;jKs;s fw;wy; xd;iw
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;fpwJ. ,jdhy; STEM mZFKiwia
rpyu; STEAM vd milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. STEM fy;tpapid
ngWk;NghJ tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp mwpT kl;Lkd;wp rthy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLj;J Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; kw;Wk; jPu;khdk;
vLj;jy; njhlu;gpYk;> cyfk; njhlu;gpy; njspTld; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; gz;nghd;whf khwptpLk;.
cU 24. STEM fw;iff;F Vw;g ePu; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU
49
epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp
And];Nfh epWtdj;jpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
kpy;Nydpa mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; (Millenium Development Goals, MDG) 2015 cld; epiwtile;jJld; epiyNgz;
mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; (Sustainable Development Goals. SDG) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; 17
,y; ehd;fhtJ ,yf;fhdJ jukhd fy;tpapid toq;Ftjpy;
fupridf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. G+uzj;Jtkpf;f kdpjd; vd;gJ
epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspd; capu; Nghd;wnjhU
vz;zf;fUthFk;. epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;fpd; 4.5,y;
Mz; - ngz; rkepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ,y;yh
njhopj;J fy;tpapd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; Eiotjw;fhd
rkkhd tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;JtNj vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jNdhbize;j tifapy; tpNrl Njitapd; fhuzkhfNth
my;yJ goq;Fbapdu; vd;gjhNyh (cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapd;
NtLt kf;fs;) ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shff; $batu;fs;> Mgj;jhd
epiyapy; cs;s rpwhu;fs; gj;jhapuk; NgUf;fhd njhopw;fy;tp
njhlu;gpYk; ,jd;NghJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
rkj;Jtk; vDk; vz;zf;fU cs;slf;fy; (Inclusive) vDk; vz;zf;fUtpid ikakhff; nfhz;L gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. cyf Nghf;fpw;F Vw;g tpspk;gpYs;s kf;fs;
FOf;fspd; (Marginalized Groups) fy;tp njhlu;gpy; cyfk;
kw;Wk; Njrpa jfty; fl;likg;gpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;glhj
re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L. tpNrl NjitAila KjpNahu;>
Kuz;ghLfshy; mdhjuthf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> ,uhZt rpg;gha;fs;>
rpWtu; njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngaUk; kf;fs; FO
vd;gd tpspk;gpYs;s kf;fs; FOtpy; mlq;Fk;. ,yq;ifapd;
#o;epiyf;F Vw;g Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;Gila
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; jPu;f;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; (rpy K];ypk;
kf;fs; gpuptpdiuj; jtpu;j;J) nghJthd FiwghLfs; NghyNt
50
Kg;gjhz;L fhy Aj;jj;jpdhy; mq;ftPdu;fshd rpg;gha;fs;>
rpWtu; gilapduhf gzpahw;wpa jkpo; rpWtu;fSk;> murpay;
rjpf;fhf mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; rpWtu;fSk;> ,lk;ngaUk;
kf;fs; FOtpd; gps;isfs; njhlu;gpy; Kiwahd jfty;
Mtzq;fs;> fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ClhfTk;> fy;tpapy;
xg;Guit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
eltbf;iffis tpsq;fp nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; mikatpy;iy
(Karunaratne, 2014). ,jdhy; 2030 Mk; Mz;L MFk;NghJ
epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;s
xj;Jiog;G toq;Fk; tifapy; And];Nfhtpd; Gs;sptpgu
epWtdk; (UNESCO Institute of Statistics: UIS) khjpupf;F Vw;g
,yq;ifapYk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; fy;tp xg;GuTf;Fk;
Njitahd Gs;sptpguq;fisj; jpul;LjYk; mtw;iw fy;tpf;
nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJk; Fwpg;gpl;l khw;W
nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
And];Nfhtpd; Gs;sptpgu epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fKk; ,yq;ifapd;
#o;epiyf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g fy;tp
mikr;Rk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; nraw;glNtz;baJ
mtrpakhFk;. mtw;wpy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
² tho;ehs; KOtJk; mt;tt; egu;fspd; epahaj;jd;ik
apid ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; topfhl;ly; xd;iw
cUthf;Fjy;.
² fy;tpapd; epahaj;jd;ikia mstpLtjw;F nghUj;jkhd
fl;likg;nghd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Ma;nthd;wpy;
<Lgly;.
² Ma;T kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F
tYthdJk;> Fwpj;j jfty;fis Njrpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpw;F gutr; nra;jy;.
51
vy;yh gps;isfSf;Fk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpapid
mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;
fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijNa epiyNgz;
mgptpUj;jpapd; 4.7 vDk; Nehf;fj;jpD}L vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
mjhtJ epiyahd mgptpUj;jp> epiyahd tho;f;iff;
Nfhyk;> Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtk;> kdpj cupikfs;> rkhjhdk;
kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfs; mw;w fyhrhuk;> g+Nfhs gpuir kw;Wk;
gy;tifikia Nghw;Wjy; vd;gdNt mitahFk;.
rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd
kfhj;kh fhe;jp epWtdk; (MGIEP) epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp
,yf;Fj; njhlu;gpy; Mrpa ehLfs; 22,y; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy;
14 tiffspd; fPo; fy;tpf; nfhs;if> Njrpa ghlj;jpl;l fl;likg;G
kw;Wk; fiyj;jpl;lk; njhlu;gpy; jfty;fis Nrfupj;jJ. fy;tpf;
nfhs;ifj; njhlu;ghd tifg;ghLfisNa 26Mk; tiuglk;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. (1997Mk; Mz;L fy;tp kWrPuikg;G kw;Wk; 2013
Mk; Mz;L fy;tp kWrPuikg;G vd;gd fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy;
ftdk; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ)
cU 25. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l tiffs;
vdpDk; Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lf; fl;likg;gpidg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ
VO tiffs; kl;LNk ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
52
cU 26. Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ntspj;njupe;j tiffs;
Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if> Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lf; fl;likg;G>
tplak; njhlu;gpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty; #oy;> nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; r%fk; njhlu;ghd epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w
gpujhd jiyg;Gf;fs; %d;wpd; fPo; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
Kiwikia cU 27 fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 27. gpujhd jiyg;Gfs; %d;wpy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if> ghlj;jpl;lf; fl;likT kw;Wk; tpla cs;slf;fk; mlq;fpAs;s tpjk;
,j;jiyg;Gfs; %d;wpYk; r%fk; njhlu;ghd jiyg;Gfs;
njhlu;ghf $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sikNa njspth
53
fpd;wJ (cU 27). mj;jiyg;Gfspy; Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lkply;
tiuapy; fy;tpf; nfhs;iff;Fk; tplaj;jpw;Fk; mg;ghy;
Fiwe;j mtjhdNk nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid #oy; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; fhzf; fplf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd;
fiyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ghlE}y;fspYk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp
njhlu;ghd mtjhdk; kw;Wk; cyfyhtpa gpuir vd;gd kpfTk;
Fiwe;j mstpNyNa Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (Karunaratne, 2017). Njrpa ghlj;jpl;l rl;lfj;ij tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; tiffs;
14,y; ngUk;ghyhdit Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gpDk; (cU 25) Njrpa
fiyj;jpl;l rl;lfj;jpYk; (cU 26) fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk; mit
xt;nthd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;glhikf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; Njbawpjy;
Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpf; nfhs;if Nghd;Nw fiyj;jpl;l rl;lfk;> tpla
cs;slf;fk; Nghd;w vy;yh mq;fq;fspYk; mgptpUj;jpnahd;W
Vw;glhky; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;fpid mile;J
nfhs;tJ fbdkhFk;. mf;fy;tpapd; juTg; gFg;gha;T gy;NtW
fz;Lgpbg;Gfis ntspf;nfhz;L te;Js;sNjhL ,e;ehLfspd;
fiyj;jpl;lk; rkhjhdk;> epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
cyfshtpa gpuir vd;gd njhlu;gpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;jstpNyNa
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ gpujhd fz;Lgpbg;ghf mike;Js;sJ
(UNESCO – MGIEP, 2017).
21Mk; E}w;whz;by; epiyahd ,Ug;gpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tNj ,d;W vkJ ehl;bd; NjitahFk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij
jahupf;Fk;NghJ ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l fw;ww;NgWfs;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; rpwe;j gpuirahf ehl;Lf;Fk; cyfpw;Fk; Nrit
nra;Ak; ,yf;fpid itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W cyfpy;
mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfs; gy 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fw;wy;
rl;lfj;jpw;F Vw;g fy;tp fl;likg;gpid mwpTf;F mg;ghy; jpwd;
tpUj;jpapy; cs;s gyd;fSf;F Vw;gNt xOq;fikj;Js;sd.
fyhepjp Nrju 2016Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w fd;dq;fu epidTg;
NgUiuapy; ,jid kpfTk; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;.
54
Nguhrpupau; fhNyh nghd;Nrfh (2009) kw;Wk; fyhepjp [P. gp.
Fztu;jd (2012) fd;dq;futpd; rPuikg;Gfisg; nghopg;ghf;fp
kWrPuikg;Gfis ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehq;fs;
Njhy;tpaile;Js;Nshk; vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ehDk; mjid
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwd;.
,t;Tiuf;fhf mioj;jikapl;L ehd; kPz;LnkhU Kiw
jw;Nghija gzpg;ghsu; ehafkhf flikahw;Wk; fyhepjp
[ae;jp FzNrfu mtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;Tiuf;Fj; Njitahd
jfty;fis toq;fpa Ma;Tg; gpuptpd; Xa;Tepiy gzpg;ghsUk;>
Ma;T kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; gPlj;jpd; cjtp gzpg;ghsu; ehafKkhf
flik Gupe;j fyhepjp nfhl;tpd; nfhbJtf;F mtu;fSf;Fk;
vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. Ma;T
kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwapd; jw;Nghija gzpg;ghsu; fyhepjp.
b. nfg;gl;bnfhl kw;Wk; mjd; FOtpdUf;Fk; ,izg;ghf;fk;
nra;j rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; rpuhdp G];gkhyh mtu;fSf;Fk;
rpq;fs nkhopapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifapid Mq;fpy
nkhopf;F nkhopngau;g;gjpy; xj;Jiog;G toq;fpa Ma;T
kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwapd; Xa;Tepiy gpujhd nraw;wpl;l
mjpfhup vk;. V. gP. Kdrpq;` mtu;fSf;Fk; mjidj; jkpopy;
nkhopngau;j;j Mrpupau; Nritapy; cs;s gP. v];. Nkhfd;
mtu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w
mNjNtis ,t;tpupTiuia ntspaPnlhd;whfg; ngw;Wj;
jUtjw;fhf cjtpGupe;j mr;rf ntspaPl;Lj; Jiwapd; gjpw;
gzpg;ghsu; lg;spA. vk;. A. tpN[#upa mtu;fSf;Fk; fzpdp
kag;gLj;jpa nry;tp. fkyNtzp fe;ijahTf;Fk; jpUkjp.
V. b. mD\h juq;fzpf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
55
crhj;JizE}y;fs;
we|.u" tï' ^1992&' ksoyia wOHdmkh iy ldka;dj' iS' ví' ví'
lkakka.r ksoyia wOHdmkfha jxY l;dj' ms' 31-32' fld<U(
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
iqu;smd," fla' tÉ' tï' ^1969&' Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydih
1796-1965' fld<U( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
De Silva, S. F. (1969). Dr. C W W Kannangara- His contribution to the education of the people. In Education in Ceylon – A centenary volume, Part II, Chapter 54, p.621-628. Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, Colombo: Government Press.
Embuldeniya, C. (2018). Education budget forum 2019. Paper presented at the National Human Resources Development Council. Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs.
Fonseka, C. (2009). Reforming Education: Finishing the Unfinished Task. Kannangara Memorial Lecture, 20. Maharagama: National Institute of Education.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences.
Ghosh, R. (2015). Women’s empowerment and education: Panchayats and women’s self-help groups in India. Policy Futures in Education, 13(3).
Government of Ceylon (1943). Sessional paper xxiv. Report of the special committee on education. Colombo: Government Press.
Gunawardena, G. B. (2012). Kannangara vision: Challenge in Reforming Education. Kannangara Memorial Lecture, 23. Maharagama: National Institute of Education.
Hansard (1944). Parliament of Sri Lanka. Retived from http://www.parliament.lk/business of parliament/hansards
Institute of Policy Studies (2017). Providing quality teachers for all classrooms in Sri Lanka, Policy Insights, 30 November, Colombo: IPS.
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Jacob, W. J. and Hoisinger, D. B. (2008). “Inequality in education: A critical analysis” In D. B. Hoisinger and W.J. Jacob (eds.) Inequality in education: Comparative and international perspectives, pp. 1-34, Hong Kong: Springer. Retrieved from http://sociologia.davidjustino.com/content/2012/05/HOLSINGER2008 inequality-in-education-pdf
Jayawardena, P. (2015). Sri Lanka needs equal access to science education. Retrieved from www.ips.lk/talking economics/2012/13
Karunaratne, S. (2017). Human Rights : Enhancing Equal Citizenship Rights in Education (Sri Lanka). Paper presented at Palai des Nations Geneva Centre for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue, Switzerland
Karunaratne, S. (2014). Implementation of learning to live together in Sri Lanka. In UNESCO (2014) Learning to live together: Education policies and realities in the Asia-Pacific. (Contribution of Sri Lanka) UNESCO Bangkok Office. ISBN 978-92-9223-472-0
Karunaratne, S. (2012). Implementation of school-based assessment (SBA) in grades 7-11 science classrooms. Research Series 2011, Sri Lanka, Colombo: National Education Commission.
Karunaratne, S., Parker, J., Lundeberg, M., Eberhardt, J., & Koehler, M. (2009a). Multiple paths chosen by teachers in a Professional Development (PD) project based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and teacher research. Proceedings of the Intercultural Education (IAIE) conference held in Athens, Greece.
Karunaratne, S., Vitharana, P., Mahagamage, P, Irani, U. & Yatigammana, S. (2009b) Knit together for a better service; Towards a culture of collegiality in teaching science in Sri Lanka. In M. T. Tatto (Ed.) Reforming teaching and learning: Comparative perspectives in a global era. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. ISBN 978-94-6091-033-3
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Karunaratne, S. (2008). Capacity building through activity-based workshops (pages 153-166) In F. Adly (Ed.) Community participation, decentralization and education to democracy in the Mediterranean area/countries ISBN 977-438-557 Alexandria: The Modern University Office.
Kersey, A. J., Braham, E. J., Csumitta, K.D., Libertus, M. E., & Cantion, J. F. (2018). No intrinsic gender differences in children’s earliest numerical abilities. Science of Learning, 12, p. 1-10.
Madurawela, S. (2015). Economically empowering Sri Lankan women: One strategy does not fit all. Retrieved from www.ips.lk/talking economics/2012/13.
Malalasekera, G. P. (1969 ). Expansion of university education. In Education in Ceylon – A centenary volume, Part III, Chapter 74, p.886. Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, Colombo: Government Press
Ministry of Education (2018). Annual census report-2017. Isurupaya, Battaramulla: Policy Planning and Performance Review Division.
Perera, D. A. (Ed.) (2010). Reforms in science education in the Sri Lankan school system. 1st Ed., Maharagama : National Institute of Education.
Ramanayake, A., Jayamanne, I., Dewapriya, R. Y., & Perera, K. L. R. H. (2013) Graduands employment census, 2012. HETC. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net.
Ranaweera, A. M. (1976). Integrated science in junior secondary schools in Sri Lanka. Experiments and innovations in education, No. 27, IBE, Paris: UNESCO.
Sedere, U. M. (2016). Educational Reforms Beyond Kannangara for the 21st Century. Kannangara Memorial Lecture, 27. Maharagama: National Institute of Education.
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Sedere, M.U., Karunaratne, S., Karunanithy, M., and Jayasinghe-Mudalige, U.K. 2014. Study on evaluation and the assessment system in general education in Sri Lanka. Research Series No. 3. Colombo: National Education Commission
Stromquist, N. P. (2015). Women’s empowerment and education: Linking knowledge to transformative action. European Journal of Education, 50 (3)
University Grants Commission (2013). UGC university admission 2012/2013. www.ugc.ac.lk.../admissions/2012/2013.
UNESCO-MGIEP (2017). Rethinking schooling for the 21st century. The state of education for peace, sustainable development and global citizenship in Asia. UNESCO, New Delhi: Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP).
UNESCO-UIS (2018). Handbook on measuring equity in education. . Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS).
UNESCO (2017a). Cracking the code: Girls’ and women’s education in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2017b). UNESCO moving forward the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Paris: UNESCO Task Force on the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. http://en.unesco.org/sdgs.
Wanasinghe, J. (1981). Science education in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Institute of Fundamental Studies.
59
NgUiuahsu; njhlu;ghf...
tpj;jpayq;fhu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; capupay; njhlu;ghd
tpQ;Qhdkhzp gl;lj;ijg; ngw;w RNdj;uh fUzhuj;d> vy;gpba
Mde;j kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; cjtp Mrpupauhf jdJ jdpg;gl;l
njhopy; tho;f;ifapid Muk;gpj;jhu;. gpd;du; fhyp k`pe;j
tpj;jpahyaj;jpYk; cau;ju ,urhadtpay; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpay;
ghlj;jpd; ghl Mrpupauhf Nritahw;wpdhu;. Nguhjidg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fy;tpf;fhd gl;lg; gpd;gbg;ig gapd;w mtu;>
ghlnewpapy; mjpjpwik rpj;jpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L mjpjpwd;
rhjidf;fhd fhd; (Kahn) jq;fg; gjf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu;. gj;jynfju fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}upapy; tpupTiuahsuhf
Nritahw;wpa mtu;> tpQ;Qhdkhzp gl;lj;jpid ntw;wpfukhf
epiwT nra;jjd; gpd;du; fy;tpaikr;rpd; njhiyepiyf;
fy;tpg; gpuptpy; Nrit nra;jhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; gpupl;b\;
fTd;rpypd; Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;W If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
gpup];ly; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;J tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp
njhlu;ghd KJkhzp gl;lj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. mtu;
kPz;Lk; ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gp fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp kj;jpa
epiyaj;jpYk; fy;tp mikr;rpd; Ma;Tg; gpuptpYk; fy;tp epUthf
Nritapd; juk; %d;W mjpfhupahf flikahw;wpdhu;.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du;> mjd;
Ma;Tg; gpuptpy; ,ize;J nfhz;l mtu; If;fpa mnkupf;f
Fbaurpd; kpr;rpfd; gpuhe;jpa gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; fyhepjpg;
gl;lj;jpidg; G+u;j;jp nra;jhu;. fw;wy; jpwikapd; fhuzkhf
mtu; Phi beta Delta Honor Society Mrpupau; xd;wpaj;jpYk;
mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; Njrpa fy;tp
epWtfj;jpd; Ma;Tg; gpupTf;F tUif je;j mtu; Gtprhu;
Nfhl;ghl;bid ikag;gLj;jpg; gz;Gj;jukpf;f Ma;Tfs;
60
njhlu;ghd Ma;Tj; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;
gq;fspg;G toq;fpdhu;. ~~r%f fl;likTthjk;|| njhlu;ghd
mtupd; khehl;L tpupTiufs; kpfTk; gpurpj;jpg; ngw;wit.
ehl;Lf;fhf kpfTk; rpwg;ghd Nritapid Mw;Wtjw;fhfg;
Nguhjidg; gy;fiyfofj;jpd; tpQ;Qhd gPlj;jpy; rpNu\;l
tpupTiuahsuhf ,ize;J nfhz;l mtu;> tpQ;Qhd fy;tp
njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ fyhepjpahf gy;fiyf;foff; fl;likg;gpy;
Eioe;J> Kjd; Kiwahf tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd fyhepjp
kw;Wk; gl;lg;gpd; fy;tpg; ghlnewpfis Muk;gpj;jhu;. tpQ;Qhdk;
njhlu;ghd gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp epWtdk; (PGIS) gl;lg;gpd; gbg;G ghlnewpfs; ,uz;bid (tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd gl;lg;gpd;
gbg;G bg;Nshkh kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdkhzp) Muk;gpj;j mtu;
tpQ;Qhdkhzp kw;Wk; jj;Jtkhzp fw;iff;fhd khztu;fspd;
MNyhridahsuhfTk; flikahw;wpdhu;.
NARST, CIES, IOCES, CESA, MESCE, AERA and SLAAS Nghd;w nraw;wpl;l epWtdq;fspy; mq;fj;jtuhfTk;
,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; tpQ;Qhdg; gPl rigapd;
mq;fj;jtuhfTk; 10 tUlq;fs; gzpahw;wpdhu;. Njrpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr khehLfspy; Ma;T mwpf;iffis Kd;itj;j fyhepjp
fUzhuj;d> tpQ;Qhdg; ghlE}y;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ mjd;
MNyhridahsuhfTk; nraw;gl;L ghlE}y;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW
ntspaPLfspy; fl;Liufis vOjpAk; gq;fspj;Js;shu;. kpr;rpfd;
gpuhe;jpa gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tUifjU MNyhridahs
uhfTk;> If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; Njrpa tpQ;Qhd
kd;wj;jpd; mDruizAld; eilngw;w gpur;rpidrhu; fw;wy;
nraw;wpl;lj;jpYk; gq;fspg;G toq;fpdhu;. gpur;rpidfs;rhu;
fw;wy; njhlu;ghd MNyhrfuhf kNyrpahtpd; <Ngh
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd;
xg;gPl;L fy;tpr; r%fj;ijf; (IOCES) fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;
Kd;epd;w mtu;> mjd; KjyhtJ jiytuhf ,yq;ifapy;
mjd; khehl;il elj;jpdhu;. tpQ;Qhdk; njhlu;ghd gl;lg;gpd;
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gbg;G epWtdk; kw;Wk; Nrgpy;l; `yhk; (Sheffield Hallam) gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;fpilapy; cau; fy;tp ,izg;ghsuhf
,Ue;J tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp nraw;ghLfis gutyilar;
nra;jhu;. Science and Mathematics Centre of Curtin University of Technology, School of Education of Edith Cowen University, Perth, Western Australia kw;Wk; MA in Iternational Education programme of the University of Sussex, U.K. Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; tpQ;Qhdk;
kw;Wk; fzpjk; njhlu;ghd Ma;thsuhf jkJ Ra mwptpidg;
gfpu;e;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 2009,y; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd
G+uzj;Jtkpf;f Nguhrpupau; gjtp ngw;w mtu; mj;Jiwapy;
Nguhrpupau; gjtpapidg; ngw;w Kjyhk; egu; vd;w ngUikiag;
ngw;whu;.
rkhjhdk;> epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; G+Nfhs gpuir
njhlu;ghd fy;tp “The State of Education for Peace, Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship (EPSG) njhlu;ghd UNESCO/MGIEP nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; MNyhridahsuhf Ngq;nfhf;
And];Nfhtpd; ~~,ize;J tho;tjw;fhd fw;wy; njhlu;ghd
gd;dhl;L tiugl nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; (Involvement of Sri Lanka in a multi – country mapping of learning to live together) Nritahw;wpdhu;.
“Human Rights: Enhancing Equal Citizenship Rights in Education” vDk; njhdpg;nghUspd; fPo; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F
n[dpth efupd; Centre for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue epWtdj;jpw;Fk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. fy;tp fl;likg;gpw;F
mtu; nra;j Nritapid ikag;gLj;jp cyfpd; HRA fhq;fpu]; mtUf;F 2016,y; South Asian Partnership Summit and Business Awards tpUJ tpohtpy; ~~fy;tp jiyikj;Jtk;||
vDk; tpUjpid toq;fpaJ. Xa;T ngw;whYk; mtu; gy;NtW
epWtdq;fspd; MNyhridahsuhf nraw;gLfpd;whu;. Mrpupau;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd njw;fhrpa epiyaj;jpd; jpl;lkply; FOtpd;
mq;fj;jtuhf nraw;gLk; mtu; ,yq;ifapd; ];nlk; (STEM) fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L cWg;gpdUkhthu;.
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C. W. W. Kannangara Memorial Lectures in the Series
01. Prof. J. E. Jayasooriya (1988). Democratization of Education:ContributionofDr.C.W.W.Kannangara
02. Prof. Swarna Suraweera (1989). Extension of EducationalOpportunity–TheUnfinishedTask.
03. Prof. K. W. Gunawardena (1990). Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara’sVisionofthePast-Education,Religion,CultureandSocietyunderColonialRule
04. Deshabandu Bogoda Premaratne (1991). Free EducationRedefined:EducationinDefenseofFreedom
05. Dr. Ananda W. P. Guruge (1992). Control of Education:ImplicationsforQualityandRelevance
06. Prof.G.L.Peiris(1993).TheKannangaraReforms:AFoundation forNationalDevelopment
07. Prof. Lakshman Jayathillake (1994). Education for Freedom –IssuesofDevelopment,IndividualGoalsandSocialPriorities
08. Prof.W. Ariyadasa de Silva (1995). The Concept of NationalSystemofEducation.
09. Prof.ChandraGunawardena(1996).EducationinSriLanka:AToolforEmpowermentoranInstrumentofSocietyMobility
10. Mr.D.A.perera(1997).TheFreedomtoTeachandtheFreedomtoLearn
11. Ms. Sivanandiri Duraiswamy (1998). Hindu Perspectives onEducationandDr.Kannangara’sEducationalPhilosophy
12. Dr.PremadasaUdagama(2001).Colonialism,GlobalizationandEducation
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13. Prof. J. B.Dissanayake (2002). A Languageat theCrossroads:TheCaseofSinhala
14. Prof.A.V.D.DeS.Indraratna(2003).EducationandDevelopmentRoleofC.W.W.Kannangara
15. SusilSiriwardana(2004).TheKannangaraLegacy-AsSourceTextforRe-ConstructingSriLankaSocietyandState
16. Mr. M. C. Pant (2005). Open Schooling Concept, EvolutionApplication(IndianPerspective)
17. Deshamanya H. L. de Silva (2006). Envisioning a Sri LankanIdentityinaMulticulturalSociety
18. Dr.A.G.HussainIsmail(2007).EqualOpportunityinEducationbetween Communities A Vision Of Kannangara. SomeReflections on the Education of the Muslim Community in SriLanka
19. Prof. NaradaWarnasuriya (2008). The Kannangara Legacy inToday’sContext:TheRoleoftheStateinHigherEducation
20. Prof.CarloFonseka(2009).ReformingEducation:FinishingtheUnfinishedTask
21. Prof.GaminiSamaranayake(2010).ProblemsandChallengesinUniversityEducationinSriLanka:AnOverview
22. Prof. A.V. Suraweera (2011). Dr. Kannangara’s Fee EducationProposalsinrelationtothesubsequentexpansionoftheTuitionIndustry
23. Dr.G.B.Gunawardena(2012).Kannangaravision:ChallengeinReformingEducation
24. Prof.A.K.W.Jayawardane(2013).TowardsknowledgeHubandCitizenAttributesAimedEducationthroughEducationReforms
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25. Mr.R.S.Medagama(2014).AReviewofEducationalReformsinthepostKannangaraEra
26. Mr. S. Sandarasegaram (2015). Dr. Kannangara’s Reforms andEmergingKnowledgeEconomyinSriLanka
27. Dr. Upali M. Sedere (2016). Educational Reforms BeyondKannangaraforthe21stCentury
28. Prof. Sujeewa Amarasena (2017). Medical Education andKannangaraPhilosophy