Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 1 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Part 1
Introduction
Computer Architecture
Slide Sets
WS 2012/2013
Prof. Dr. Uwe BrinkschulteM.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
M. Sc. Benjamin Betting, room 212
Chair for Embedded Systems
Robert-Mayer-Straße 11-15
Secretary: Linda Stapleton, room 211a
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 2 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Lecture Canon
Hardware-Architektur & Rechnersysteme SS
Computer Architecture WS
Rechnertechnologie SS
Eingebettete Systeme WS
Ausgewählte Themen bei Eingebetteten Systemen - Organic Computing SS/WS
Praktikum Grundlagen Hardwaresysteme WS/SS
Praktikum Mikrocontroller & Eingebettete Systeme WS
Seminar Robuste Systemarchitekturen – Organic Computing SS
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 3 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Research Area:
Hard- and Software for Embedded SystemsHard- and Software for Embedded Systems
Especially:
• Microcontroller & Microprocessors• Embedded Real-time Systems• Distributed Embedded Systems• Real-time Middleware• Organic Computing• Self-Organization and Real-time• Dependable Embedded Systems
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 4 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Some Projects
Middlewarekern OSA+
Anwen-dungs-dienst
Anwen-dungs-dienst
…
Basis-dienste
Erwei-terungs-dienste
Body / Emotions
Sinus Node
Myocardial Cell
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Low
Pow
er –
Fai
l Saf
e –
Rea
l Tim
e Mod. 1 Mod. 2
Learning/ Adaptation
?
Algo- rithm
?
?
Organic Manager
Control Loop
Environment / Task
Bra
in L
evel
O
rgan
Lev
el
Cel
l Lev
el PC
Processing Cells
PC PC
PC PC PC
PC
Atrioventricular Node
Control Loop
KomodoCAR-SoC CARISMA
DODOrg
OSA+REMIS
MixedCoreSoC
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 5 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Computer Architecture3 L + 1 E
Lecture:Time and place: Wednesday, 12:15 - 14:45, break at 13:30 - 13:45, SR 11, RM 11-15
Exercise: Time and place: Thursday, 12:00 - 13:00, SR 307, RM 11-15 will be announced in lecture
Courses:Bachelor, Diplom, Bioinformatik, L3, (CSC Master auslaufend)
ECTS-Credits: 6
Language: German/English
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 6 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
People / Office Hours
Lecture
M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Institut für Informatik
Eingebettete Systeme
Robert-Mayer-Str. 11-15
60325 Frankfurt
Room 210
Phone 069/[email protected]
Office Hour: on appointment
Exercise
M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Institut für Informatik
Eingebettete Systeme
Robert-Mayer-Str. 11-15
60325 Frankfurt
Room 212
Phone 069/[email protected]
Office Hour: We. 11:00-12:00 and on
appointment
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 7 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Slides available at:
http://www.es.cs.uni-frankfurt.de
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 8 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Computer Architecture
Literature:
• David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy: Computer Organization and Design – The Hardware/Software Interface, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
• Jurij Silc, Borut Robic, Theo Ungerer: Processor Architecture, Springer Verlag
• Uwe Brinkschulte, Theo Ungerer: Mikrocontroller & Mikroprcessoren, Springer Verlag (German)
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 9 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Computer Architecture
Content:
Fundamentals01. Introduction 02. Microprocessor Development03. Fundamentals in Computer Architecture 04. Fundamentals in Computer Technology05. Fundamentals in Computer Design06. Fundamentals in Performance Evaluation
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 10 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Computer Architecture
Content (cont.):
Current Microprocessor-Architectures07. Instruction Set Architecture 08. Instruction Level Parallelism - Pipelining09. Instruction Level Parallelism - Concurrency10. Thread and Task Level Parallelism
Memory-Systems11. Memory Management 12. Memory Hierarchy and Caches
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 11 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Architecture …
„The types of architecture are established not by architects but by society, according to the needs of the differentinstitutions. Society sets the goals and assigns to the architect the job of finding the means of achieving them.“
(Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 12 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Architecture in general follows one or more different goals (functionalities).
These functionalities can be specified by types
Architecture (construction)
Example:
• architecture type 1 (private goals):
{home building, factory, ...}
• architecture type 2 (public goals):
{sports arena, hospital, railway station, airport, ...}
.
.
.
Architecture (construction)vs. Computer architecture
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 13 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Computer Architecture
computer architecture type 1:{universal computer}
computer architecture type 2:{special computer}
computer architecture type special computer:{signal processing computer, simulation computer, graphics computer, …}
summary:The increasing importance of embedded and networked systems in future will create further types in computer architecture concerning their functionality.
Architecture (construction)vs. Computer architecture
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 14 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Note:The term “architecture” is also frequently used in other context as e.g.:
• system architecture• software architecture• chip architecture
Architecture (construction)vs. Computer architecture
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 15 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Beside the most important functional
concept of the architecture, several
nonfunctional constraints has to be
considered for the design.
Some of these nonfunctional
constraints are:
• speed
• performance
• security
• safety
• scalability
• power awareness etc.
The design process of computer
architectures is controlled and
directed by these nonfunctional
constraints.
Nonfunctional constraints
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 16 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Parallel Computing
Superscalar
VLIW
Multi-threaded
SMP
Multi-core FPGA
Microgrid
Parallel embedded system (MPSoC)
Cluster of workstations
Grid computing
Public resource computing
network
Multi-Processing
High Performance Computing
Instruction-level Parallelism
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 17 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Topics
© C. Müller-Schloer 2003
The Information Technology (IT) is
based more and more on
completely networked systems, so
called
ubiquitous computing systems
with
• adaptive, flexible and biologically
inspired cooperative system
behavior
• a comfortable user interface
Systems with these features are called
„Organic“
which refers to the biological inspiration.
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 18 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Computing Trends
SizeNumber
1 computermany people
1 computermany people
1 computerper person
1 computerper person
many computersper person
many computersper person
© C. Müller-Schloer 2003
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 19 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Scenarios First of all:
Many computers per person means
There is great potential for parallel processing!
But:
Highly heterogeneous devices
No stable networks, very dynamic
Spontaneous entry and exit of devices
Therefore:
Very different from classical parallel computing!
Consider the following scenarios for innovative application of parallel computing:
many computersper person
many computersper person
© Hartmut Schmeck
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 20 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Smart house
Intelligent control of house functions
Knows what you need when you get home
Smart car
Adapts to different drivers, road conditions
Gives advice on currently best routes
Communicates with other cars on special events
Integrates your personal devices into its network
Smart factory
Intelligent control of production (federations of robots,…)
Integrates supply chain management
Reacts to unexpected disturbances
Maintains predetermined quality levels
many computersper person
many computersper person
Scenarios
© Hartmut Schmeck
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 21 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Smart office Takes care of your time-table, projects, events,… Provides all the office resources you need Takes care of travel arrangements …
Smart shop / smart warehouse
Monitors current supply levels and takes appropriate actions Knows your shopping preferences Observes your shopping habits …
Smart clothes / Wearable devices
Check your “personal parameters” Adapt their properties / behaviour to current personal data Give proactive advice on fitness / wellness actions Enabling technology for e-health / e-care …
many computersper person
many computersper person
Scenarios
© Hartmut Schmeck
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 22 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Emergence
Emergent creation of a snow flake
Emergence in perception
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 23 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Emergence
Local actions/behaviour of the members of a self-organizing system
may lead to observable, emergent global patterns, structure, or
behaviour.
This global behaviour is of a different kind than the behaviour of its
components (in particular, not a linear combination of the individual
actions).
The removal of (single) components does not lead to a failure of the
global functions of the system.
The global behaviour is completely new compared to that of the
existing components, i.e. the emergent behaviour seems to be
unpredictable and not deducible from the individual components of the
system, and it cannot be reduced on these.
(cf: Emergence, a Journal of Complexity Issues in Organisation and Management)Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 24 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Vision
Organic computer systemsare biological or life inspired
Organic computer systems consist of autonomous system parts (autonomous agents)
and behave selforganizing.
self organisation means: self-configuring self optimizing self healing
© Hartmut Schmeck
They are called in general self-X features
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 25 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
Organic Computing
It is not the question,
whether adaptive and self-organising systems
will emerge,
but how they will be designed
© Hartmut Schmeck
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 26 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting
Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit
High performance computing
Beside modern trends as e.g. embedded systems, ubiquitous computing, organic computing, pervasive systems etc. exists still classical parallel computing for high performance application
- Parallel High performance computing (vector machines)
- Computer cluster
- Grid computing systems
- Public resource computing (Internet)
- Multi processor systems (SMP) (Multi and many core processors)
High performance computing
Computer Architecture – Part 1 – page 27 of 27 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, M.Sc. Benjamin Betting