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THE SECOND REICH - SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT IN GERMANY 1900-1919
The Constitution of the Second Reich
What % of the population of the Second Reich lived in Prussia? 62%
Under the constitution of the Second Reich, which of the following was the responsibility of the Kaiser? Appointing and dismissing the Chancellor, Commander-in-Chief of the army and in charge of foreign policy
Who could vote for members of the Reichstag? All men over 25
Who were the Junkers? Prussian aristocracy
Who was the German army accountable to? The Kaiser
Economic and Social developments
On average, between 1890 and 1914, the German economy expanded by how much each year? 4.5%
By 1913, what percentage of the world’s electrical goods were produced by Germany? 50%
By 1910, what percentage of the German population lived in urban areas? 60%
How many people were members of trade unions by 1913? 3 million
Who were the Mittelstand? The lower middle class
Political developments
What was the name of the main left-wing party in Germany in 1900? SPD
In which year did the SPD become the largest party in the Reichstag? 1912
Which political party represented German Catholics? Centre Party (ZP)
How many people were members of the Navy League? 1 million
Which of the following were aims of right-wing political parties and pressure groups? Promoting Nationalism, protecting the lives of the social elite and military and colonial expansion
The Kaiser and his Chancellors
When did Kaiser Wilhelm II ascend to the Imperial throne? 1888
Historian John Rohl argues that the Kaiser developed a system of ‘autocratic rule’. What is meant by this phrase? A system in which one rule holds total power
When did von Bulow become Chancellor? 1900
What is meant by Sammslungpolitik? Bringing together politics
What name was given to the election called in 1907 in which a major issue was the government’s imperial policy? The Hottentot Election
How did the political system work in practice?
Why did governments often struggle to work with the Reichstag? From 1912 the SPD was the largest party in the Reichstag, but the government was dominated by conservatives
What did the 1907 election reveal about the views of the German public? They supported a bru-tal imperialist agenda
Why did the Kaiser describe the British as being ‘mad as march hares’ in 1908? He thought that they thought Germany posed a threat to peace
What was the name given to the incident in 1913 triggered by a derogatory comment made by a German soldier serving in Alsace about Alsatian locals? The Zabern Affair
Which of the following was demonstrated by the crises of 1906-1913? There were significant ten-sions between the Reichstag and the Kaiser, the Kaiser was too erratic to exercise auto-cratic rule and there were significant tensions between the Reichstag and the army
The Second Reich by 1914
What does Historian John Rohl argue about the political system of the Second Reich? The Kaiser built an autocratic system which sidelined the Reichstag
What does Historian Han-Ulrich Weller argue about the political system of the Second Reich? Ger-many was dominated by powerful conservative forces, such as the army, that were not democratically accountable
What does Historian Christopher Clark argue about the political system of the Second Reich? The Kaiser was too erratic to exercise autocratic rule
What do the historians David Blackburn and Geoff Eley say about the political system of the Sec-ond Reich? The Second Reich was more democratic than is often thought due to the high levels of political participation
The Impact of the First World War on Germany
By how much did the value of the mark decline in the period 1913-1918? 75%
How many German soldiers were killed in the First World War? 2 million
What name was given to the winter of 1917? Turnip Winter
What did the Sparticist League want? Social revolution
What name is given to the government of the period 1916-1918? The Silent Dictatorship
The German Revolution 1918-1919
Following the Revolution, what change was made to the German constitution? The government was made accountable to the Reichstag
During the war ‘soviets’ emerged across Germany. What were ‘soviets’? Workers Councils
When did the Kaiser abdicate? 9th November 1918
When did the new German government sign an armistice agreement with the Allies? 11th Novem-ber 1918
What was united by the Ebert-Groener pact? the new German government and the German army
TO WHAT EXTENT WAS GERMANY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR?
The Historical Debate
Which document signed after the First World War forced Germany to accept responsibility for start-ing the war? The Treaty of Versailles
Following the Second World War what was the historical consensus regarding the causes of the First World War? No single country could be blamed for starting the war
In 1961, which historian argued that Germany’s aggressive foreign policy was responsible for the outbreak of the First World War? Fritz Fischer
What is meant by hegemony? Having dominant power in an area
Which of the following arguments can be used to support the theory that Germany was not entirely responsible for the outbreak of the First World War? Germany were not the only ones contribut-ing to the build up of weapons before the First World War- Britain, France and Russia were also doing this. All European Great Powers were part of an alliance system which created tensions between nations in Europe before the war. Other European countries participated in events that caused conflict before the war.
Did Germany have a long term plan for European hegemony?
What is meant by Weltpolitik? World politics
When did the War Council meet? 1912
How does Fischer use the War Council meeting to argue that Germany was responsible for the war? He argues that it shows the Kaiser was planning for war in the east from 1912
What name is given to the document produced by Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg in 1914 which outlined Germany’s war aims? The September Programme
Why can Bethann Hollweg’s war aims not be taken as an indication that Germany planned the out-break of the First World War? They were written after the war has started
Did Germany destabilise peace in Europe before 1914?
When was the Bosnian Crisis? 1908
Which country was particularly antagonised by the Bosnian Crisis? Russia
Which country did Germany support during the Bosnian Crisis? Austria
Which event precipitated the Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911? The Kaiser ordered a gunboat to be moored close to Morocco
Which country was particularly antagonised by German Naval expansion? Britain
Did German actions in the summer of 1914 cause war in Europe?
What was the name of the terrorist group responsible for the murder of the Arch Duke Franz Ferdi-nand? The Black Hand organisation
Which country did Austria hold responsible for the murder of Franz Ferdinand? Serbia
What was meant by the ‘blank cheque’ granted by Germany to Austria in July 1914? An offer of unconditional support
Why did Germany declare war on Russia in July 1914? Germany wanted to gain land in the East
What was the Schlieffen Plan designed to prevent? Germany engaging in a war on two fronts
The actions of others and the European system
When did Britain launch the Dreadnaught class of warship? 1906
When did Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy form the Triple Alliance? 1882
When did Britain and France sign the Anglo-French agreement? 1904
When did Britain and Russia sign the Anglo-Russia Entente? 1907
The Army Bills of 1912 and 1913 increased the size of the German army by what percentage? 20%
Possible Interpretations
Which interpretation of reasons for the outbreak of war claims that German politicians sought a war in order to resolve domestic political difficulties? Escape forwards
Which interpretation of reasons for the outbreak of war claims that European countries ‘slithered’ accidentally towards war? European instability
Which interpretation of the reasons for the outbreak of war claims that Germany entered the war as they believed it was better to have a war sooner rather than later? Calculated risk
Which interpretation of the reasons for the outbreak of war claims that Germany pursued a war in order to become the dominant power in Europe? German desire for European hegemony
Which interpretation of the reasons for the outbreak of war claims that German actions at the start of the war were defensive rather than aggressive? German fear of encirclement
THE DEMOCRATIC EXPERIMENT 1919-1929
The Weimar Constitution
Why is the regime in Germany 1919-1933 called the Weimar Republic? The new Republican constitution was drawn up in the city of Weimar
Under the Weimar Constitution, how often was a Presidential Election held? Every 7 years
What electoral system was used to elect the German parliament during the Weimar Republic? Pro-portional representation
Which of the following were guaranteed under the Weimar Republic’s Bill of Rights? Freedom of speech, the right to work and the right to own property
Which article of the Constitution gave the President the power to rule by decree in an emergency? Article 48
The nature of the Weimar Republic’s constitution
How was the Chancellor selected during the years of the Weimar Republic? He was elected by the PresidentThe President was unable to pass laws without which institution? Reichstag
Which of the following are criticisms of proportional representation? It creates a fragmented party system, it necessitates coalition governments and extremist parties can easily gain repre-sentation in parliament
Why did many industrialists oppose the Weimar constitution? They felt it gave the workTing class too many rights
Which of the following political parties initially opposed the Weimar constitution? DNVP
The problems of Weimar Germany 1919-1922The legacy of the Second Reich and the First World War
What name was given to the German politicians who signed the armistice at the end of the First World War? The November Criminals
Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German Army was restricted to what size? 100,000 men
Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forbidden from uniting with which coun-try? Austria
Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay reparations totalling how much? 269 billion gold marks
By 1920, what percentage of the popular vote were pro-Weimar political parties receiving in elec-tions? 45%
The problems of Weimar 1919-1922 Political Extremists
Who were the Friekorps? Paramilitary groups of volunteer soldiers
Which political group did Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht lead? The Spartacists
When was the Kapp Putsch? 1920
During the Kapp Putsch a group of right wing politicians and soldiers seized control of which Ger-man city? Berlin
Between January 1919 and June 1922, 354 murders were committed by sympathisers of the right. How many of these went unpunished? 326
1923 - The year of crisis
How was most of the cost of the First World War met by the German government? They printed more money
How did the new constitution contribute to economic inflation in Germany? It committed the gov-ernment to providing support to the unemployed
When did the German government try to suspend their reparation payments? 1922
When was the Ruhr crisis? 1923
During the Ruhr crisis how did workers in the Ruhr respond to the invasion of the region by French and Belgian troops? Passive resistance
How did the Weimar Republic survive its early problems?
Which of the following were reasons for the weakness of Weimar’s opponents? They had differ-ent political goals, they were badly organised and they lacked widespread support
In 1922 how many people demonstrated in Berlin against political voilence? 700,000
What name was given to the new German currency introduced in 1923? Rentenmark
When was the Dawes Plan introduced? 1924
Under the Dawes Plan, Germany’s annual reparations payment was reduced to what? 1 million gold marks
1924-1929: ‘Golden Years’ - politics and economics
In the 1928 election what percentage of people supported pro Weimar parties? 76%
In the 1928 election what percentage of people voted for the Nazis? 2.6%
Over what issue did Luther’s 1926 administration collapse? The appearance of the German flag
By which year did economic production equal that achieved in 1913? 1928
Between 1923 and 1929 how many governments were formed in Germany? 7
1924-1929: ‘Golden Years’ - foreign policy and culture
When did France and Belgium leave the Ruhr? 1925
When was the Locarno Pact signed? 1925
When was Germany admitted to the League of Nations? 1926
What name is given to the modern school of design founded in Germany 1919? Bauhaus
Of which art form is Fritz Lang’s Metropolis an example? Cinema
THE RISE OF THE NAZIS
The origins and ideas of the Nazi party
Who founded the Nazi Party? Anton Drexler
When did Hitler become leader of the Nazi Party? 1921
What name was given to the Nazi Party manifesto drawn up in 1920? The 25 Points
Which of the following was not a key part of Hitler’s ideology? Rationalism
What was meant by ‘Lebensraum’? Living space
The early years of the party
When was the Munich Putsch? 1923
What name was given to the armed wing of the Nazi Party? SA
What name was given to Hitler’s bodyguard? SS
Who were the Gauleiters? Regional Nazi Party bosses
What was the Fuhrerprinzip? The principle that, within the Nazi Party, Hitler possessed all power and authority
Economic and political crisis in Germany, 1929-1933
When was the Wall Street Crash? October 1929
Between 1929 and 1932 German National Income shrunk by what percentage? 39%
In 1931 how many emergency decrees were issued under article 48? 44
Why, in July 1932, did Von Papen and Hindenburg use Article 48 to seize power in Prussia? Be-cause they objected to the SPD-led government
Which Chancellor was labeled the ‘hunger Chancellor’ because it was felt that he did not do enough to deal with the depression? Bruning
The growth of Nazi support
How many people were members of the Nazi party by early 1933? 2 million
Following which election did the Nazi Party become the largest party in the Reichstag? July 1932
What percentage of the vote did the Nazis gain in the July 1932 election? 37.3%
What was the name of Hitler’s campaign during the Presidential Election of 1932? Hitler over Ger-many
How did Nazi propaganda portray Hitler? As Germany’s heroic saviour
Support from the conservative elite
Why did many influential industrialists and bankers put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor? They feared a Communist takeover
Why did army leaders put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor? They believed Hitler was the only person who could control the SA
Why did Von Papen put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler and Chancellor? He assumed they would be able to control Hitler
What happened to the Nazi’s share of the vote between July and November 1932? It decreased by 5%
When was Hitler appointed Chancellor? 30th January 1933
Nazi consolidation of power
When was the Reichstag Fire? 27th February 1933
What percentage of the vote did the Nazis get in the Reichstag elections of March 1933? 45.3%
When did the Nazis open Dachau, their first concentration camp? 20th March 1933
What name was given to the law that enabled Hitler to issue laws without the approval of the Re-ichstag and President? The Enabling Act
Which of the following were methods used by the Nazis to ensure the passage of the Enabling Act? They persuaded the Centre Party to back the Act, the used the SA to intimidate SPD members and members of the KPD were banned from voting
Factors enabling Nazi consolidation of power
How many political opponents did the Nazi party imprison in 1933? 150,000-200,000
When id the Nazis order all other political parties to disband? July 1933
What name is given to the occasion on 30th June when Hitler attacked the SA? Night of the Long Knives
The Concordat was an agreement between the Nazi Party and which institution? The Catholic Church
What is meant by Gleichschaltung? Co ordination
HOW POPULAR AND EFFICIENT WAS THE NAZI REGIME IN THE YEARS 1933-1939?
A consensus dictatorship? Part 1
What is a plebiscite? A democratic vote on a single issue
What does the historian Ian Kershaw mean by the term ‘plebiscitary acclamation’? Using plebiscites to give the impression that the regime was popular
In the 1934 plebiscite, what percentage of those who voted agreed that Hitler should take over Hin-denburgs remaining powers on Hindenburg’s death? 90%
In the 1938 plebiscite what percentage of those who voted supported the union of Germany and Austria? 99%
What does the historian Robert Gellately mean by the phrase ‘consensus dictatorship’? A dicta-torship that relies heavily on the collaboration of ordinary people
A consensus dictatorship? Part 2
By January 1935, how many people were unemployed in Germany? 1 million
What was SOPADE? The SPD in exile
When was the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda established? 1933
Where did the Nazi party hold their annual rallies? Nuremberg
What is meant by Volksgemeinschaft? A people’s community
A consensus dictatorship? Part 3
What does the historian Timothy Mason argue was the impact of working class discontent on the regime? It pushed Hitler into war earlier than he had planned
What does the historian Richard J Evans argue about the strength of the regime’s terror appara-tus? It made it impossible for Germans to express discontent
What was the name of the encyclical from the Pope published in 1937 which condemned some as-pects of Nazism? With Burning Concern
The historian Detlev Peukert identifies categories of opposition. Which does he argue was most significant? Non-Conformity
The role of terror and repression
During 1933, what was the main focus of Nazi terror? Left-wing groups
In 1935, how many people were convicted of high treason? 5,000
By 1939, how many prisoners were detained in concentration camps? 21,000
By 1939, how were the majority of concentration camp inmates classified? A-Social
What were Block Wardens? People responsible for the political supervision of a local area
An efficient state? Part 1
What name is given to historians who view the Nazi state as totalitarian? Intentionalist
What name is given to historians who believe that Hitler was a weak dictator? Structuralist
What is meant by polycratic? Many centres of power
Prior to announcing the Nuremberg Laws, what had Hitler planned to discuss in his Nuremberg Speech of 1935? Foreign policy
Which senior Nazi orchestrated the Kristallnacht attacks of 1938? Goebbels
An efficient state? Part 2
Which decision of 1936 did Hitler take against the advice of his generals? Remilitarising the Rhineland
Which historian describes Hitler’s leadership style as ‘working towards the Fuhrer’? Ian Kershaw
What is meant by the phrase ‘working towards the Fuhrer’? Anticipating what Hitler would want and formulating policy on that basis
Why was Schact side-lined in 1936? He wanted to devote fewer resources to rearmament than senior Nazis
Why, prior to Kristallnacht, had Goebbels fallen out of favour with Hitler? He had an affair with a Czech actress
An efficient state? Part 3
Which of the following explains why German officials worked towards the Fuhrer? They believed Hitler was a messianic figure who could save Germany, they wanted to advance their own careers and they believed that all power and authority rested with Hitler
Which aspect of Hitler’s ideology most strongly influenced his style of government? Social Darwin-ism
What is meant by ‘cumulative radicalistation’? The process by which policies became ever more extreme
Which institution increasingly dominated the Nazi state? SS
In which aspect of policy making was Hitler most involved? Foreign policy
LIFE IN WARTIME GERMANY 1939-1945
An overview of the Second World War
When did the Second World War begin? 3rd September 1939
Which of the following were reasons for the weak international system in the 1930s? Britain fol-lowed a policy of appeasement, the USA and USSR were isolationist and the Depression
When did Hitler invade the Soviet Union? June 1941
In which Russian city did the Germans sixth army surrender in January 1943? Stalingrad
Which event signalled the end of the war in Europe? Hitler’s suicide
Civilian morale during the war
Which event during World War II led to a significant decline of morale in Germany? Battle of Stal-ingrad
Until April 1942, what ration of meat was allocated per family? 500g
From 1943 who was the public face of the Nazi regime? Goebbels
How many homes were destroyed by allied bombing? 2 million
When did Goebbels call upon the German population to support ‘total war’? February 1943
Opposition during the war
Which Nazi order did the Catholic Church campaign successfully to revoke? The order to remove crucifixes from Bavarian schools
When was the White Rose Student Movement formed? 1942
By the summer of 1941 how many factory resistance cells were there in Berlin? 89
Who were the Rote Kappelle? Communist resistance networks
When did an army group seek to assassinate Hitler and seize power? 1944
How efficient was the Nazi war economy?
By 1941 what percentage of the workforce was involved in war related projects? 55%
Who became Minister of Munitions February 1942? Albert Speer
Which of the following were actions taken by Speer in his role as Minister for Armaments and Pro-cution? Encouraging the employment of women, using concentration camp prisoners as labour and excluding the military from economic planning
What happened to German war production between 1942 and 1944? It trebled
The failures of the war economy
By 1942 how many foreign workers were being employed in Germany? 6.4 million
How much lower was the productivity of foreign workers than that of the average German worker? 60-80%
Which of Stalin’s policies hindered the Nazi war economy? His scorched earth policy
Which of the following were reasons for Nazi economic failure during the war? Women were not fully mobilised, there were shortages of raw materials and allied bombing destroyed indus-try
What percentage of German women were in paid employment at the outbreak of war? 52%
The persecution of the Jews
What fraction of the Jewish population of Europe were victims of the Nazi holocaust? 2/3
When were Jews stripped of German citizenship? 1935
In 1936, how many German homosexuals were arrested and persecuted by the Nazis? 15,000
When did the policy of Aryanisation begin? 1938
What was the name of the conference at which the ‘Final Solution’ was agreed? The Wannsee conference
The causes of the Final Solution
When does Himmler’s diary suggest Hitler ordered Jews should be ‘exterminated as partisans’? December 1941
What do most historians believe concerning the evolution of the Holocaust? Hitler had no clear plan for the holocaust before the outbreak of war
How did the German invasion of Poland accelerate Nazi anti-Semitic policy? The Jewish popula-tion of Poland was large
How did the German invasion of the Soviet Union accelerate Nazi antisemitic policy? It put strains on German war economy, extermination was considered more ‘efficient’ than feeding
Who were the Einsatzgruppen? SS Death Squads
