BIS2C: Lecture 34 Fungi

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 1

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016

Lecture 34:

BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life

Spring 2016

Prof. Jonathan Eisen

Where we are going and where we have been…

•Previous lecture: •33: Deuterostomes III: Chordates II

•Current Lecture: •34: Fungi

•Next Lecture: •35: Fungi, Wrap Up

Lecture 34 Outline

• Fungal Evolution

• Absorptive heterotrophy

• Diversity of Form

• Reproduction

• Life Styles

• Uses of Fungi

!5Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016

Clicker

• Which of the following groups is least closely related to fungi?

• A: Animals

• B: Choanoflagellates

• C: Protostomes

• D. Oomycetes

• E. Deuterostomes

Clicker

• Which of the following groups is least closely related to fungi?

• A: Animals

• B: Choanoflagellates

• C: Protostomes

• D. Oomycetes

• E. Deuterostomes

Fungi in Evolutionary Context

Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny

Some ambiguity

Absorptive heterotrophy:

• digest food outside bodies by secreting digestive enzymes to break down large food molecules

• then absorb the breakdown products.

• many are saprobic living off dead or decaying organic matter(e.g., leaves, dead organisms)

Fungal Key Feature - Absorptive Heterotrophy

Fungal Decomposition

Fungal Diversity I: Form

Many fungi live as single cells

Yeasts

Microsporidia

Chytrids

Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae

Hyphae

• Hyphae cell walls have chitin. • Some hyphae have incomplete cross walls or septa, and

are called septate. • Hyphae without septa are called coenocytic. • Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in

absorption but susceptible to drying.

Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae

Hyphae

• Hyphae cell walls have chitin. • Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in

absorption but susceptible to drying. • Hyphae with incomplete cross walls are septate. • Hyphae without septa are coenocytic. • Collections of hyphae = mycelia

Multicellular Fungi: Hyphae

Fruiting Body

Vegetative mycelia

Mushroom growth

Convergent Evolution

Phytophthora

Potato Late Blight

21Sudden Oak Death

Stramenopiles: Oomcyetes

Phytophthora

Potato Late Blight

• Non-photosynthetic. • Are absorptive heterotrophs • Once were classed as fungi, but

are unrelated.

22Sudden Oak Death

High-GC Gram Positives (Actinobacteria)

• High G+C/A+T ratio in DNA

• Elaborate branching • Some reproduce by forming chains of spores at tips of filaments

• Most antibiotics are from this group

• Causative agents of many diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy

• Many originally misclassified as fungi

Amoebozoans: Plasmodial Slime Molds

• Individual motile cells can form single, multinucleate cell (plasmodium)

• Ingest food by endocytosis

• Form spores on stalks called fruiting bodies.

• Found in cool, moist habitats

Fungal reproduction

Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus

Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Zygospore Fungi

30Fusion of nuclei

Fusion of cells

Puffballs

Fungal Spores

Fungal Life Styles

Parasitic Fungi

Organism

Class of symbiosis A B

Mutualism + +

Commensalism + 0

Parasitism + -

Parasitic Fungi Example I: Plant Pathogens

Parasitic Fungi Example II: Microsporidia

• Obligate intracellular parasites of animals; 1,500 species.

• Infect many diverse hosts

• Among the smallest eukaryotes known.

• Misclassified as protists for many years.

Parasitic Fungi Example III: Amphibian Die Off from Chytrids

Chytrids: Only Fungi with Swimming Spores

Parasitic Fungi Example IV: Zombie Ants

Clicker

Which of the following best describes ant development?

A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

Clicker

A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

Arthropods

Ecdysozoans

Animals

Diploblasts

Triploblasts

Monoblasts

Predatory Fungi

Clicker

A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

Clicker

A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

Nematodes

Ecdysozoans

Mutualistic Fungi

Organism

Mutualism + +

Commensalism + 0

Parasitism + -

Mutualistic Fungi I - Mycorrhizae

• Fungi associated with the roots of plants • Glucose from plant partner is primary energy source for

fungus. • Provide plants w/ increased water and mineral uptake via

massive increase in surface area

Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic Fungi II - Lichens

• Composed of a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism(s)

• Survive harsh environments • ~ 30,000 species

Lichen Anatomy

Classes of symbiosis

Organism

Mutualism + +

Commensalism + 0

Parasitism + -

Fungal Microbiome

Fungi in Our Homes

Uses of Fungi I: Food

Penicillium camemberti

• Penicillium camemberti

• Used in production of Brie and Camembert cheeses

Penicillium roqueforti

• Penicillium roqueforti

• Used in production of blue cheeses

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Ascomycota

• Grows naturally on many fruits (e.g., grapes)

• Also known as Brewer’s yeast and budding yeast

!62Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 --> Ethanol

Other fungi used in food/ food production?

Figure 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible

Uses of Fungi II: Industry and Society

Composting

Biopulping

Biofuels

Industrial Mycology- enzymes, alcohol, citric acid

UC Davis Phaff Yeast Collection

Kyria Boundy-Mills

Novozymes in Davis

Lichens for dyes

Human uses of lichens: dyes

Uses of Fungi III: Pharmaceuticals

Penicillium

• Ascomycota

• Ubiquitous in soil

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Staphylococcus “lawn”

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Staphylococcus “lawn”

Vacation Time: took off August 1928

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Staphylococcus “lawn” with mold growing on it.

Bacteria around mold dead.

Returned to lab September 3, 1928

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Penicillium notatum

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Mould juice aka

Penicillin

Acremonium strictum: Cephalosporin

Coming Soon …

We’re in deep trouble

BIS2C: Lecture 34 Fungi

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