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(
Decker
verschieclene Beweisstränge vorf iegen' erhöht natitrlich die lVahrschein-
lichkeit unserer'These beträchtlich? r '
SAK 5
Wol fgang
Es karn uns darauf an, zu zeigen, daß sich hinter den vordergründigen
sportlichen Sinngehalt der Sfninx-Stele Anenophis' II" der in loser
Forrn mit al-lgerneinen ;tt;'"; zur Qualifikation ihres stifters für
das Königsant uetbu"d"" zu sein schi-en' Elenente verbergen' die als
wesentliche Statlonen in Ritual der Königskrönung (oder des dem Ge-
halte nach gleichen Sedfestes) verankert sind' Die starren Formen
" sportr. icher" ni t'''"r"l ai: o-":"tt: l' -i::r:i:l::t:.:ä:l::i:i:r:Tl;::'.1: i,l'li: :i:"il" ;"iff:":";11'lin'" unseuohnter "ritterrj cher"
Zug das Leben veränderte' den Zeitgeist entsprechend aktualisiert
uorden. In Zuge d"' "t""t Lebensgefühls ist auch das Ritual der Krö-
nung, innerhalb dessen der König seine Legitimation erhielt' unt€r'
Berücksichtigung des überlieferten Kanons nodernisiert worden' Inwre-
ueit die sportlichen Demonstrationen bei den in Verlauf der Königs-
krönung vollzogenen Ritualen .wirklich durchgeführt wurilen' 1äßt sich
natürlich nicht nit Si'ctrertrei-t entscheiden' Von entscheidender Bedeu:
tung ist jedoch der Nach'eis' daß Gedankengut aus dern Unfeld von Krö-
nungsritual und Sedfest den sportlichen Gehalt der Sphinx-Ste1e zu
Grunde liegt'
Mit dieser Feststerlung erhärt das sportliche Elernent, das sich in ver-
schiedener Forrn für dal agyptische Königtun bereits als wesentlich er-
wiesen hatte, erne noch stärkere Akzentuierung. Denn das Ritual der
Königskrönung war die unabdingbare voraussetzung für das Leben und Ge-
deihen der ägyptrschen Gesellschaft und Natur' die nithin von den ath-
letischen Fähigkeiten Pharaos stark abhängig waren'
t::1,::: [lil'5,lll.';'lii"il;"'i]"lliiiifii:ili'il:iiiüi.f;lil :Tffi;li:i;:,:ll;;l;:m:;;"*"'"-'".1-;lilttr:";Läi':ä::':""*:?:'ll'".-stele Thutnosis' Iv' hre
cärs, cort-König-Reden 'l i"'"'i'""a ;iqlntil t3:i:;i::":"irll"'illäli'i'""'Alten und Neuen Testdent 6) Stuttgart/Berlln/Koil""i"ai"-tn..tliche Seite kurz angesProchen ast'
71
THE KHAT HEADDRESS TO THE END OF THE AMAP."'IA PERIOD}
von
Marianne Eaton-Krauß
Inadditiontothetwonasterfullycarvedfragrnentarylinestonetolsoswhich carne to the Metropolitan Museum of Art fron Petrie's excavations
at the Great Ternple of the Aten, Tell el-Amarnal' the Egyptian Depart-
ment also acquired five fragnentary heads of Akhenaten2' Although the
king's face in each case had been severely darnaged' the forns of the
royal headgeat are preserved' Two of the headdresses l''brn by the king
arefamiliarelenentSofroyaliconographyinEgyptianSculptule:thenemes", a pteated (or striped) headcloth with lappets falling forlard
Abbreviations used in this article are lhose adoPted for the Lexikon der Agyp-
tologie: see Bd- I, Lieferung l, 1972' VI - XxvII'I would like to ttant n.ä. iis"i..' r. staehelin, an6 M' Seidel for reading
early drafts of rhis study and offering mny. suggestions for its improvement'
MMA 21.9.3 (Akhenaten) ."ä äi.g'c i*tiättiri)t iltti"*t' in: MMS rrr' l93o' 8l-
99; cf' Cyril Aldred, eti"t"t"t and Nefertiti' Neu York 1973' 93' 106'
Mentioned by Hayes, t""pi"t-ii' ia6' rot addiiional data see cat' No' 36'-
The appended catalogue comprises in chronological order through Dynasty
XVIII extant royal statues (or representations thereof) whose costume includes
rhekhat headdress. eranotgh an eifort has been mde to include all published
examples' it is to l".tp"Iita that sore pieces have been unintentionallyomitted. (Anthropoid .or?it" and shawabty; have been excluded from considera-
tion - see further below, note 59')The reader is referred aä at'" "t"ti"td
discussion of tlr.e nemesz Evers' staat
rr,s30-lol.
(
Marianne Eaton-KraußSAK 5 197 7 The khat headdress
in representations of the bag-like kerchief is either rounded or de-
cidedly skew, forming an acute angle with an irnaginary line drawn
paral1e1 to the chin of the figure'{' Additional differences between
the manner of representing the two headdresses nay be sunmarized as
follows: the nemes i's regularly shown pleated or stripedr5; the bag-
like kerchief, never. The excess naterial of the nenes is bound
tightly together at the back to form a queue while the bag-like ker-
chief has a broad flap. The folds of the flap are sonetines indicated
by vertical or radiating lines'
For nany years the bag-like kerchief has been designated khat [h3'tf
in Egyptological literaturel-' Recently the tern afnet fcln't) ltas
coneintouse,".ThelatterwordoccurssporadicallyfrontheOldKing-dom through the graeco-rornan period, accompanied by a dcterninatve re-
producing in varying foln the appearance of a kerchieft"' In the oldest
textual references the cfnet is worn by the nother goddess: the uord
occurs in the description of the sn3'l cowle and as a part of thc re-
galia of |he Hut.t snake2o. In Paptrus Westcar' the three kings appcar
at birth wearing the afnet made of lapis lazuli2r' During the New King-
dorn, the word occurs in the Book of the Dead where it is perhaps
besttranslated''headcovering''or''veiI''ratherthanspecifically"kerchief."22InatextatDeirel-Bahari,afnetisemployedinjüxt-aposition to the white crownt"' Lt late texts the word occurs in de-
signations of both Isis2u and Hathor2s'
lil
i'l
[,lr
t
over the shoulders and onto the chest with a queue behind' and the
khepresha, the "blue crown" o! "war helnet"' The third headdress is
nuch less frequently encountereil in sculpture in the round' Various-
ly described as ""' " *"'U of hoocl which holds the hair loosely in
a bag,"t, a bag wig,ö a wig cover'" or a soft kerchief'e it seens to
have been favored by Akhenaten in contrast to both his pretlecessors
and successorse ' I
The forn of the headdressro is best seen in the fragnentary granite
statuette frotn the pyranid precinct of Khendjer' Saqqarail' In general'
the headdres, t"'"tbi"' the nenea: both are essentially rectangular
kerchiefs laicl across the forehead' xnade fast by an attached band rhich
passes behind the ears' with the excess rnateriaL gathered together at
the nape of the ""tt' Rt the forehead' both headdresses nornally dis-
play the uraeus as an essential part of the royal regaliar2' The nenes'
howevet, always has lappets; the two corners of the cloth in front
fall forward over the shouldeTs to rest upon the chestlt' ilhen donning
the bag-li'ke kerchief' the wearer threw the forward corners back over
the shoulders and tucked thet[ gp under the tied band' Because of the
presence of the lappets' a profile view of lhe nemea shows a more or
1e5s perpendicular line from the ear to the shoulder; the sane line
ffi.iii
6
a9
see Beckerath, 2' Zuischenzeit' 67-8 an<t Müller' in: ZÄS 80' 1955' 47-50'
icä,,irr,.'"r"1.1::',.".:l:.::'lt;:"I'::'illä",, rreasures or the cairoTerrace, in: Eduard ö' r'
T:::ä.'il:::"?i?: 13 : "la perruque en doubr'e bourse.''
eiäi"a,-;", JEA 39, l9s3' 48'
HaYes, ScePter 11,97'
Tä?:"ill:';,::;"::,::i: il'31'ill; ltl"r$:ri':i"i::::*:?i{:;1,?ll.klnt in relief as weII as in sculptur:'ii il"-I:1lo"iiö tt statues.ofrelativelv frequent occurrence ot-the-kh1l.1l,i";"^;:;;-in'mind that the nur;;;;;;;;;; "" ti"e, cat' Nr' 7 - 20' rt rs werr
ä"ä=.-."äu'-ih't of p'a't'-ber of extant *rrr..a" drii.g to tha. Amarna period exceeds that ot Pra(
"."itt'"""rt'.ther epoch of Egvptian hilltlY:- .^is, LeipziB l9tl, 6-8; r'rin-i"ä"'r-"t".'.n..at, oLt PorträrkoPf der Könrg.rn le
lock, in: BMMA r |, rs'0,'iääliä'i":ä y::n"H'?.Ti,äl%-T, t"'i'o"or'J0""r""", ,"""'
ii"i.i, ll"t York 1916, 42-4): Bonnet' rn: zAJ'"i..".ii;" of the headdress' as
d,objets, 3-g, have oescribed in detail.the.cons
;.ii';" "o*.tua upon its origin and "iglittlil"äives front' side and back-;';;;8-=;;t' nt'-o' Horneßnn' rvPes' No' 'r-
views' . r - r:1,^ u--.hief of the vulture in place of the
For Ehe occurrence uPon the bag:like kerchief o:
*::":;.";:;:'::'.:::;'3:i io tt'" :'I:i'::::,::::'il:'$^"1#iäl!l'är1' "';;;r;i;g the shoulders of the king: see cardln
This basic difference betueen the tvo headdresses is illustrated by a repre-
sentation in relief showing both wom simultaneously - Naville' Deir et-
Bahari, pl. XxI - or is this a drauing error?rf.rairg'tot reproduced in relief repiesentations of the ranas by incised
lines was presumably.."a.."ä-i"-ptitt - tr' Bonnet' in: zÄs 54' 1918' 83'
A1l authors cited above in notes i' O, a and lo used khat' (Bonnet and Bor-
.t.rat r."a Fb.t). Cf., in more recent literature' Geoffrey T- Martin' The
noy"f fo.u.i ät-'e."ttä I, London lg74' ]9 and E' Russmann' The Representa-
tion of the Kiog in tne xXVth Dynasty' Brussels-Brooklyn 1974' 27' 70'
;:;.,-i.;;;.ak.i, i., Rägne du !"l.ii, lol,-gut.conpare Quaegebeur' in the
saä'prrrlicatio., ta8, "io-t""" "afnei (ot ktnl)'" The change in terminology
is to be traced to the usage of afnet by Aldred in his recent publications
concerning the Amarna p.riJd - e'g', Akhenaten and Nefertiti' passin' In an
earlier study involving tt. t..aait"s (in: JEA 39' 1953' 48-9) Aldred had
used khat. ('So also i.i Jse 47, 1961, 43)' No explanation for the substltutlonof afnet for khat i" it"iti"a in the-recent publications' - The following dis-
""""'rrr"ri"in"'rrtt; e'ti.t and !3.t is based primarilv uPon mv research in
the slip files of tft" woit".Utlh der ägyptischen Sprache' housed in the.Aka-
demie der wissenschaften, Berlin rast' i-would like to thank l,,l' F' Reineke
sho pemitted re to consult the files and A' Burkhardt who assisted re during
ry tisits. References obtained from the slip files are desiganted lJbZ'
!6
17
10
12
t3
(
(rauß SAK 5
(
197 7 The khat headdress
The representational evidence indicates that the khat is the pendant
of the nemes. In three of the five exanples known to ne of khats depic'
ted in the frieze of objects, the headdress apPears beside the nemes31.
Two naoi of Anenenhet III support this contention3z. The cornplernenta-
ry relationship of the two heacldresses is evident in the tno statues
of Tutankhamun l'hich stood before the entrance to his sarcophagus
chanber33. The statues differ with respect to the headcovering: one
wears the nenea, the other, the khats). The same situation obtains
for the pair.of sinilar statues recovered frorn the tonb of Ranses I.33
Horenhab too possessed such a pair of wooden "sentinels"3". The betterpreserved statue originalJ'y wore the khat3a '
z5
Marianne Eaton?,4
29
31
2423
7a
U3.t is a nuch raret word' being attested only during the Middle King-
don.6. The l{b Beregsterren give onry two references, both to Middl-e
Kingcton coffins where the word occuts in connection with represen-
tations in the ftieze of objects2T' A third exarnple of a headdress re-
presented in the lrieze of objects and acconpaniecl by the designation
h3.t occurs in the t"'O'"-"i "oi-cnht!'f!'"' rr' "1tn lill-lhe
head-
ät"r, t"pr"sented is clearly analogous to that under discussion2e'
Because the reference khat is so specific' while afnet seems clearly
to be a nuch nore general term, the fo.r"r designation is used here3o'
1S
19
2021
The deteminative shows considerable variation e8en amng the earliest'occuren-
ces, in the Pyranid'"*tt"i"""'i"ither' below)' -fn't nay also occur wrtn
cü , t. mst siqly sithout determinative'
Hbz: Pvramid rexts chptr: ;öil i"i 359-60;-l:pl tr 177-8; chptr' 348: Pepv
l"iitt""ol-ti- xt-t:, chPtr' 42o: Pepv rr-8o2-3'gJbZ: Pyranid Texts-chPLr- 453: Pepy II 1387-8'
des Papyrus Westcar, BerIiniär'g:izl-ii-io. 24-2i' Adorr Eman' Die l{ärchen
I8eo, 62 understood "t'*i"äi" ..ä*ti "-g""'"r :::;::i:i::";"i"$'li ;l);t'
iitiji::iil"t**r-tri:::!.'il';Ki"'ij:,":: fr:i'ijkx ;j*;n: ::*""afnet of laprs lazurr
";;;;"i;"-;;lair of_lapis lazuli"' - rtarly instrucrive in Lhis
ilä:'". ;:; p-tl*'l l:i..:*:.i,1:,;,':;3' .llf il;;i"a o. a rrasnen,aryconnection is rhe conctushasabtv of rhutrcsis 'u'iöä
iäiä"i-- Howard c"titt-l Percv E' Newberrv''rhe
ToBb of rhourmsis ru, r.]iär."i"-.'rsoa,.45 and.pl. xrrr. The wbz suggests:
"Nehnt [eure] nün"t au,=äel"'-iti xo"ig i"t "o"'ä"t'Jt n""' (rhott-addressed
are the glorified aeaa *'J-a'e entitred lo-Y"1' tf "lT;l;."::
H:T:li":|i""
:',^ä;;l::;i:1;;":'i;;,*::'*,i:,1;';'3"1i:'::';'".Ä- (il"'ronp""^bander");
.i. iiu r, r 83 "rnbürlen,-5'lniiit-"i"' *::-":?i:i r:"."t"1:"1;: ilä'l;'*iii."iu,'trt-3. The deteminative is cardrner >r
;::t":::ü3.:l?h "t the kerchier.vi" ä :i"-::i:- see rurther' belos'
*;,'il;;; ; ;::..:l':i;"liil,"iti::;l:F,::t**;::::":: ::: i:1;3'i:" ""u
her attributes or the l
"!"..i".i"" vith the 'fiätr:\::t:":l:i::"ä.utcke, in: z^s 80, ts55' 34,The derivation of the u
i:11"i:i1;.4!,;'"'^zfi:;i;.:;i:::' "".".:i"::-"" nouve'I Empire'':':?,1'?o'
90, fig. 489. Berlin oit"ä"tä'!i"indorff' o"' ä"tg-a"t sett-o' Berlin l9ol'
l;"tl;.1;;.lla - cf. PM rv, 2s6;.mentioned-bv Haves' scePrer r''314-ls"rhis
khab i's illustrated i"-ri"ä l'""i'e b1 M-ace. l11i;:-1.:::lllli;'.ltgi""'i'jät,"r",-eiee ra' rer4, 8s described 'l:-l::::';;; 'i".'" o'"' the broul
:?'."!i*.:: I?ii3l'.?3,:l;":';::l:"i: i:':ii';';; in""""'^'t'' l:ldd'"""was painted ,t'it". so'iil'"'äi'ti':"'-el'.wi"r""t'iiil nwe rr' l?16: 24o' and
with l'lace, senebtisi, ;i;:"'"ä^iä;;ier'(rrises,diobjets' 6) would interpreE
the coloring t" itait"iiii of the mterial of the Prototype: linen' rne
occurrence of a yeltow iär'i"-ir... painted ..f.""!n.".it"s is misleading:
323334
conpare tbe coments of Mace - Winlock, Senebtisi, 43 note 4 with respect tothe "gol<t" nenps. - The reddish color of thie klnt and kilt of cG 42197 does
not räpresent the original.ly intended aPPearance of the statuette' These areas
,"." or." covered vitü gold foil (see Legrain, Statues et statuertes IIl, 6),The alternation of red and yellow for-the kerchiefs (and skirts) wom..by fourgirls in the funerary pro.es"io. of Rc-msi (Lange and Hirer,--Äg5rpten*, P1'IX1X - "u.
further bllc) proUatly exerylifies "dissioilation". ?or this con-cept see Fiseher, in: JARCE 2, 1963, 20 note 28. - One of the rePresentationsof Neferriti wearing tt.te klnt is patterned like a wig (see coA III: 2, Pl.L)o(: t2). !,Jigs strowing such patterning are frequently painted ble duringthe Amama periotl. Schäfer, in: zÄS 70' 1934, l8' bas discussed tbe inplica-tions of sr.h patt"-itg in connection with the blre crom of Nefertiti and
xbe neres.In contrast, the one represqntation in the frieze of objects of a headdressaccoupanied by the writing "1r.ü k.o* to m (out€r coffin of Spi f.roa Bersheh,
in the Louvre) shovs a kerchief-like head covering trith lappet-Libe tabs infroor. A second headdress of similar appearance is labelled nnS {ct. J6quier,Frises il'objets, 3 note l)! A second coffin from Bersheh (the outer coffinof Gu3, gu io3:g) also has a plain headdress with lappets labelled ms besidethe red and white croms in the frieze of objects. A third Bersheh coffin(outer, belongi-tg to Sni, BM 30842) displays an unmistakable representationof a striped nenes vi-th appropriate label, in the sare series'This hypolhesis will be seen ro differ eith J6quier's suggestion .p'a. afnethave a specific reference to the kerchief worn by women (see further below)
vhile klzat refer to the kerchief peculiar to the regalia of the king' His
thesis is refuted by the use of afnet in Papyrus l|'eslcar and the inscriptioncited above, note 23. Cf. Goedicke, in: IIZKM 63' 4, 4 note 22'MMA l2.l83.lla, Berlin 45 and the coffin of S-H3dfy?).t: Riqqeh md Memphis
Vf,24, pl. XXIII. The reuining rePresentations of khats in the frieze ofobjects - MMA 12.'182'132 and CG 28034 - occur alone'JE 43289 and Copenhagen AXIN 1482 - see below, and Cat. Nos' 2-3'JE 60707-8: Pl{ 12, 57o. For the statue wearing the khat see Cat' No' 37'The inscription upon the kilt panel of ttle khat-vearing statue apParently iden-tifies the Osiris Neb-khepero-re with the royal ka of Harakhty' ?his desig-nation is lacking in the analogous inscription upon the kilt of the statuevith nemes: see Desroches-Noblecourt, in: Toutankhamn et son terys' Paris1967, Cat. No, 28. E.Staehelin drew my attention to this inscriptiou'Witll Watz BM 883; uitb neresz Bl'{ 854. These statues are over life-size'
(
Eaton-KraußSAK 5
Lö Marianne
The earliest certaln occurrence of the !g.'t in royal iconography dates
to the reign of Cheops3"' Although relatively rare in the Old Kingdon'
it is by no Ineans absent frorn the preserved royal reliefs' "Die kleine
Fe stdars tel L" g" r'o'-'t'e sun. t""1:. ::-i::::T"T:;r'.:;:: i rl'""u'-tion cerenony sequence' For these solennr ':ularcror.nr(s) to don t're khat for at least two episodes - in partrt
for the kneeling presentation of two zLt pots at the foundation de-
posit pi.t3e. A sirnirar context has been postulated for a fragnentary
rel-ief fron the ]arge llb-sd series which shows the king wearing the
,40kha.c
The earliest extant representation of the khat in the round rnay al'so
date fTom the Old Kingdon"'' As the appended catalogue 'locunents'
re-
presentations of the khat it t::tnt"::]n the round are not nunerous'
but neither are they rare' Vandier attributed the relatively infrequent
depiction of the khat in royal statuary to its iconographic refetence:
,,Il semble que le khat ait 6te plutdt une coiffure 'd'int€rieur' qu'
une coiffur" oftlti"ff"' ce qui expliquerait sa raret6 dans la sta-
tuaire, les statues royales €tant' au noins jusqu'au r€gne d'An6nopis
III, rev6tues, 1e pLus souvent' dtun caractäre officiel"'42
la
3A
Contra Edwards, in: The Treasures of Tutankhmn' London 1972' No' l ' The
statues in question "'" j;";;;ä;"'"i.+og+a' -Y. i"'irlur"i'l["::'5'"t"ä::"
i"."o"i'-}La oI 'l:'1":"ä';:::*,;:"1:'::i;':::'il"i;-iii.-"i'.. ':_"::..of Tutankharun, Ramses Ixbe flemes. cc 245ga' "ttullil""i"tli"'pt"tti"L-oi'i""i"ai"g
such- large-scale
wooden statues of the t";:;';"-;;" tovtl f""t"ry.:i:ltT::.':i o""llä!'1"31'"
;;;".;';;; teign of-llatshePsut: frasmen.srot-rii" ääiti. o; 1t"1 lqpr-(kv zvrr
:ili:"i:i:t:l :T:: n:x,":;',::;ä:::":'i:J;; fiii' ao; uil I ian c' Haves'
il;";-;;;.;p;"gi, irinceton 1935' 20' atankhuanou, London 1912'
Ini Davis, et.al" rhe rombs of Hamhabi'49,I:X;;ä";l h.ädd'"tt "" tt''iäi-;-i;;: oi' r-xxrxl, Daressv incorrectlv rdenE
;;;;.'Ä; "t.t'".i" ""il,llli;ät?'.o, *,"op", runerary rerple- rhe rlaP or the
il;'iyllä3':::'::.";iti": ilrtir;-'li-;l;:"; ;]i";l ll äl "ln;,1"ä,:' u"
rarcon. see Laur, in: ä;'4;,";;;ö,Pt'3 "11.;;i"1"' ci" rr' ris' 6a' I
m indebred to E.R. Russmann 'l' 9::"91' :*"'ll;i.i:#ri'iiiiäi';";tt'nä"'u"Maccregor Ill'I 1:91"9::::'il"'1"'l;.",i.i;;;: of ,'iti.g .l^::"Y,:lt':'"'"'rs:o'.is:' fig' 154) sh
kerchief vhich Bonner, in: z^s 54' l9l8' 8l-2' con-
The king wears a sirnple-kercnrtt-:'l':'l^:";^;il*i- oior"r also vears a ker-;ä";;;'"";;;.otvpic;1 l<hat' rl.'h:. "-: l'lliTii""äi"ii" '.ri'r doe.s not Per-
ili:i.i*:ii"::i:l,l:.tl;"';,'l;."lLll":::li:,kiixi :1w iilx:ä;r:";;;^ü'l i' "o-
bY Areneuhec Irr as he
;i;;t: AgvPtena, Pl' Xrv' below'
27
&G.,*i
G:w'#r'..tl'
'ir.
w
197 7 The khat heacldress
ofthestatuescataloguedherewhichpreserveadiStinctiveposture'13sholrtherulerinattitudesofhurnilityappropriatetoaworshipPer:he nay present a table of offerings*t, kneel to proffer a ritual ves-
sel or vessels+*, or nay even lie prostrateas' If the khat wete
associated with the role of the king as priest, it night explain its
conspicuousabsence fron the attire of gods on the one hand and' on
the other, for its frequent appearance in Anarna iconographyao' How-
ever, a survey of Dynasty XVIII pre-Arnarna relief representations
showing the king wearing tine khat does not suPport this explanation'
39
to
42
t2 - r9, 31, 34-5.rees, ii: ni"ting, Re-Eeiligtm rII, 45, pL' 27: 425'See Cat. No. I.v""ai"i, Manuel III, 3lo- For the occurrence of dorestic theres and rePresetr-
tatims of the royal r.tiry;' ;;ftit"t" life" during the Anama-peri"1' ::';il;;ä, i",'ä*ä-isis'-sali; ia';', Akhenaten and Neiertiti' 68-e' Good "lT1:"showing Akbenaten wearing tÄe klni in such 1.:"1t"*t are illustrated by Davres'
Anaroa III, Pls. IV t a fif. it is highly unlikely that Akhenatenrs conteqro-
raries considered these i";"i; ;t";;; ;tot-ortiti"iii - ""u Aldred' Akhenaten and
Nefertiti, lo2, 134. - In ttris connection my be noted the conspicuous absence
of tne klut from the tist of royal headgear asswed by AtrEnhotep lI at his
accession: Gardiner, in: JEA 39' 1953, ?7' That thekint was very closely
associated vith the king' perhaps more than any other headdress' is shm by
its regular appearance ii it't itooogtaphy of the deteminative Gardiner Sign-
lisr A 4l; see Davies, *i.i"r. writile in Ancient EgyPt'London' t??8',!l..-t'I for a detailed "ofot
r..,lt;'fe of ti" fom' The usage is admirably docwn-
ted in the writing ot e*tt'ottp IIl's prenoren amons the iar and docwnt
sealings recovered r-t ll"iqti"i see.Hayes, in: JNES lo' tiSt' IOO-Z' iigs'
3l-2. For the use of A zri ir er"-" instriptions, see westendorf in: UDAIR
Cf. Kaiser, in: Beitr. Rf. 12, 1971, 92 note 23
above. An iconographic relationship betseen the
ttre khat is also docurented in extant statues -
and the folding Plate 4'oresentation of vessels and
see be1ow, and Cat' Nos' I'
Akhenaten ProskyneseAgyptischer Kunst-'
25, t969, 202-tt.43 cat. Nos. 3l-33.os cat. Nos. I, l2-19.{5 Cat. Nos. 2i'23- conpare the relief rePresentation of
.e"ritg tine khat: Munich AS 5338, Staatliche Samlung
!'tunieh 1976 , 92.46 For the prevalence in Anarna iconography of che theme of Akhenaten acting as
priest, see Aldred,'Athenaren ana ieteriiti' 70' An early relief showing Akhen-
aten wearing th" kh;;;;; ""."i.g the Aten is iconographicallv typical: Cyril
Aldred, Akhenaten' ii"t""rt of Eglpt, A New Studv' Ländon 1968"?1:r1l'tn'king in his role as priest night appear in the tourse of rhe offering ritual
vearing ottrer heaaarls"t", ttät th; b1ue.c!om: see the exhibition catalogue'
Nofretete - Echnaton' Berlin 1976, No' l2/t3'
(
Marianne Eaton-KraußSAK 5
28
The reliefs of Hatshepsut's Deir eL-Bahari tenple provide nunerous
representations of the ruler r'iearing tne khat' While Hatshepsut nay
don the khat to '"it'itp""-ti" god'u; '
she nay wear the' ""':u^"''in the
sane context' In conpletely different clrcumstances' Thutnosis I wears
the khat for the coronation of his daughteras' Thutnosis II appears in
the khat, seated before an offering table and attended by his son
Thutnosis III4e' The specific reference of the khat renains unclear'
Three of the representations of the khat irr sculpture in the Tound
(Cat. Nos. 2-4) have been described as statues of gods' Because during
the period under discussion' exatnples of nale divinities wearing the
khat are lacking both in relief and sculpture in the roundso' another
identification for these figures nust be sought' With respect to the
two groups of Anenemhet III' Evers tentatively suggested that the king
(wearing nemes) is offered the ankh not by a deity' but rather by his
ka (which wears the';;"';:'' l::-:::":]ll","illlil,:l 1;:::::;.;,l'..advocated here' The third problematrc pl
No. 4), also dates to the reign of Anenenhet III' WilCung first sug-
gested that the "ut'"
atpictea the deified Sneferu' In the light of the
preceding discussion, his alternative explanati'on seems the likelier:
4a Naville, Deir el-Bahari' pls' rx' xI' xxlv' etc'48 tbid. pl. LXr'ce rbid' pr' cH{: -- -^,,, ,drt L ate 22- has observed that a god is associated50 ;;;;i.i.' in: l'tzKM 63164' ts72' 4 to-re'22' h
with the afnet inr;l;i; i6ssi *urr' ?:u: l::"l"lltl.H:: iii":l.tä?li::' -
i.-it" .ooitt belonging to three sons-and "'1:?:'i";'";;"itt r"t a kerchief:fiq.ure of " gt"taiut"ät-ittt tta"ruotra-is^deoicted nude but for a ke'
see Bruväre, it: cai Ii"iss'?l-ii-02' n' stalhelin kindlv supplied thrs re-
ference' - o-^-i rr 6 95: scharff in: studi Rosellini r' 1949'5r see cat. Nos. 2-3. Evers, staat,ll;."u"ltt'31,* 5r) thar rhe group oePicts co-
iög-io. Roeder's ""1':il;:1,::l: i^i.l'i,ri;:"::;i':*.;x;.fl::_;::"?:::'..."1eeen91.h1s l":"1^:-0" v"nai"r (Manuer nr, iro-r)-."i-|]:::'i;ffi:"iu, o".,,""identified as a god(catalogue o'" """11
:;":;";;;;;; äevpti"""'' copenhagen re50' I
he orrers rhe siBn or r;i"' Holdins '"0,o""'"lii :iL 'f"\!,*,'^ li:'üä:o'i]r'Fischer' it' ll"t'opoili"t Mtsett Journal 5' 1972' l2-14 and rn zAJ I
23-4,52 Rolle äg. Könige l, 135 note J'
(
ß
Tt^e khat headdress Z9197 7
the statue depicts Anenernhet III in the role of interrnediary between
the petitioner and the divinities of Serabit e1-Khadin' Hathor and
the cleified Sneferus3.
The juxtaposition of the afnet and a goddess in the Pyrarnid Texts
has alreaily been nentioned abovesa' Isis may bear the epithet "Mistress
of the afnet"'3. This goddess and hel sister Nephthys are quite often
depicted in a funerary context wearing a kerchief whose appearance is
iclentical with the toya1 khats'' The origin of this usage is obscute5T'
In the decoration of New Kingdon royal sarcophagi, the figure of Nut
nay be shown wearing the headdress' When the tutelary goddesses Isis'
Nephthys, Neith and Selket appear at the corners of the canopic shrine
or sarcophagus, they nay don the kerchief as an alternative to the
tripartite rigt"'When worn by these goddesses' the headdress has a
specificfuneraryreference'aconnotationlackingihroyaliconography.The wearing of the khat was restricted to these goddesses among di-
vinities and to the king anong tnortalst"' This convention was broken
onl-y during late Dynasty XVIII uhen the khat kerchief was worn by
queens Tiye and Nefertiti.
535455
5637
Ibid. 135 note 8.i"-ii. Cofti" Texts (CT v' 32i), Neith Possesses, at afnet' ..!tbZ, D. Morgan' Cat. des Mon. 1I, 21, fig' 16' The representatlon accoryanylng
the text dePicts the goddess tttiing the wlture headdress plus cow horns and
sudisk.la i"""a since the Middle Kingdon: Mace - I.Iinlock, senebtisi, 44.
Borchardt, Teje 6' would assoliate the headdress with the goddesses in theirrole as ooumers for the l""a ö"iti"' Mace and t'Iinlock' senebtisi' 43' and
iäq"i".,-f.i*s d'objets, 5, have pointed out the resemblance betreen the
"iäi.-t"..r,i"f tom-sinie it'e ota'xitgaom by female retainers of the deceased
""grg.a in occupations associated with grain' especially winnowing - see e'g'
the winnowing ,."t" tto.-tt'" Dynasty v ionb of -IVfrs{n-Pth
and.Slm'L1:ü' .Pro-ovläen Kunstgeschichte fSt''AgyPtt",'nerlin 1975' pl' XXI' In the tonb of I'hni
iit ;i ;ä;;-;;"-"ii"."i"g giii" tttti"g a kerchief are accorspanied bv tvo la-
borers uho also oear t"tlt'i"f"; so "1sJ in the sinilar scene in the tomb of
äh:"-a"l"tü-it ;äö. i" other representations of the occupations of hunble
i;tnl ;.lti"*-tt"-t...itl.r is apparently restricted to femles - see Davies'
Nakht,62 p1. Xx; ideo, iwo nau;ssiae Tonbs' 60' pl' XXxvII' - Threshing in
ö"1.iä" w'atr was equated ri.h att. murder of the god; vinnowing,^vith-his traos-
forutioo - Henry Frankfort' Kingship and the Gods' Chicago 1948' 186-7' The
;;;;i"; ot . t...ti.t ttt"t-"itt"ilng and the association of winnowing vith the
cult of Osiris may "".otta for the ädoption of the headdress by Isis and Neph-
itys, en additionäl parallel between representations of Isis and Nephthys
r.äti"e the khat ".a-ti.iotitg girls is that both may wear a simple.kilt or
"r.ita-iit" gament ti"a't.a"i"tüt bosom, leaving the breasts exposed' Sore of
the earliest ..p.""..a"aiots of rsis anä Nephthys as Q:'tg (to be,discussed by
Il.G. Fischer i. "
fottf,"oüng article) show a simple iibbon or fillet,bindingiii rttit, the sare as is wom by yoren grinding^erain and bakrnS bread (e'g''
represented in the toub ot-ilit#oi|t Jinker' öiza rv' p1' vlrr)' The siople
--:_- (
Marianne Eaton-Krauß SAK 51n
The representations in rel'ief of Nefertiti wearing th.e khat are
nunerous"o. Al.dred has suggested (with reference to another headilress'
the flat-topped crown with horns and double plunes) that the represen-
tation of Nefertitj. uearing the sane headgear as her husband inplies
".,. that the two are to be considered equal' even if they are often
depicted on differing scales"61 ' Elsewhere the sane author has drarv.n
atteirtion to the "u'it't"
of the traditional Egyptian goddesses in the
Anarna theology, suggesting that perhapstt"' the r*onen of the royaL
fanily.'. were t"rutd"d as natural substitutes for such deities"62'
The latter explanation in a noilifieci fonn {raf accoull for Ne.fertitirs
assunption of the khat. rt is in the.rp".{ of a goddess rather than
as queen and "equal" of her husband that Nefertiti wears the khat'
The veneration of Nefertiti went well beyond that nornally rendered
the royal consort. Evidence for the worship of the queen has been
assenbled by Wilson63 and Tawfik6a' The official policy is reflected
It
lüID*F
ljrir
tfi
tIt1
il
IrL
tflii{[
tl
fillet aPPearsgoddes ses .
38 The assuPtion ofin all likelihood
often later in conbination'with the khat id depictions of the
ttrekhatbyNut,selketandNeithissecondary'resultingfrom their association """;;t;;t
goddesses with rsis and
NephthYs.5e This stale'ent does Dot take into cqnsideration aothropoid coffins or shawabtys
of private persons' iit t"ttt'i"t in these ";;;*;;-;;1i" into the category of
attributes or trt" grl;iri"ä a""a (see above' note 22)' - Royal shasabtys
showing t,"e khat "t;";;;;-"; lta"t frm th" ;;i; oi rntt*"i" rv: MFA 03'lloo'
For the shaeabtys t; il;;;t;;" and Tutankhamrrn' lee notes 88 and 96' below'
60 First remrked uy u"t"i"tät' Teje' 7; tr"o-toi"a by willians' in MMS lrr'
l93o' 90 note 54' d;t;;t ;i'i"a.iv both authors' rhe balustrade frasnent
cairo 3ollol?6112, is from Tell el-AMma-' "" "t" "il other dePictions of
Nefertiti rearing ';;
k;; tto* to re' Tle Theban iconography of the queen'
according.o tn" "tiittä-t;';;; published talatat' does not include the'
kerchief. - loo .*."ii=i;;t; i;; ?ttg*tt thereof) depicting a khattearrts
figure can u. ia"ttliiti tith'"ttt"itty as reDresenting Lhe queen (but see
cat. No. 30). There is, however' to tpp"t"tt-"t"tot to-atty the possibility
that such a statue t"tl ""ittta'(tottra lfat"i'-ettt""aten and Nefertiti' 90)'
61 Aldred, Akhenaten md Nefertiti' l16'62 rbid. l3l. tt," arrgti.rl^li'euiä""..n and Nefertiti do not ever seeo to have
enjoyeil the same "t""iita;-*"tus as their tothet: Tavfik' in: MDAIK 29'
I973,86.63 rn: JNES i2, 1973, 236-41'64 In: MDAIK 29, 1973, 82-6.
()l
197 7 The khat headdress
in the iconography of Akhenatenrs sarcophagus: protective figures of
Nefertiti occupy the position at the corners of the sarcophagus re-
served for the tutelary godtlesses6s'
The khat headdress was chosen to express Nefertiti's divine aspect
not because of its specific relationship to the funerary goddesses'
but rather because it l'tas the one attTibute of fenale divinity whose
reference was at once distinctive and unnistakable'
The nother of Akhenaten, Queen Tiye, was represented wearing the k'14ü
at least twice. In the tonb of Ht'u'f' the queen acconpanies Anenhotep
III for an episode of the kingrs first hb-sd'g"' The regalia of the
iirrg-it.tra"''t projecting apron of fatcän feathers worn beneath the
traditional sed-fest mant1e67' This garment is one of the visible signs
of the king's divinlty and expresses his close relationship to the
god Horusu". Arnenhotep III is folloued by Tiye who uears the khatct'
The first version of the head fron a conposite statue (Berlin l{est
21834 = Cat. No. 27) also depicted Queen Tiye wearing the kerchief'
If the suggestion proposed above as an explanation for Nefertitirs
donning of the khat is applicable in Tiye's case as well' then the
Berlin head in its original version represented the queen in the
guise of a goddess.
6667
6e69
See Martin, Royal Tonb l, 15' 27' lO4; p1s' 6-7'.20' The motif is first docu-
mented in the decoration'oi-it. .".opic box of AmnhoteD 1r and may have
been adopted for the enbellistment of the lost sat"oohaeus box of AmenhoteP
III(see schäfer, lo, zes i:' iSl8, 4 note,l)' In- this cäntext' the goddesses
mav wear the kerchief tt'g.'""ttopt'"gus of Tutekheun: Carter' Tut-ankh-
turen lr, pls. LXIV, Lxv):; ittt-t"ioltirt" wig (e'e' sarcophagus of Horenhab:
Erik Homung, Das Grab a.i ntt"tt'tu, Bem l97l' pi!' äc-il' "I do"" Nefertiti
on the sarcophagus of n"t-tt""it"a' I A ftag*tt bearing the Protecting fiSure
of Nefertiti ascribed bv'r;;i;;-i"t loaß"zs' tsii'-ä[' ro the "ttcoph"9l" of
Maketaren belongs to Akhenarent; sarcophagus: "..'il.iit' Royal Tomb l' l5-16'
PU r2, 298 (5) rCf. the gaments wom by the king in TT 48: Torgny Säve-Söderbergh' Four
rigni"""lr' Dynastv Tonbi, oxford 1.957' 38;^pr' /'rJr'ii] wira""",-"Falienk1eid", in: LA rr' 97-9' . ^ r^;^il ^r the drc.F. Nins senerouslv *a! ittirture for studv a copv of ^ 9"t9-t'1.:f-:T^1:t""*which is to appear ""
pr:;;-i;-;it p'ulicttion of-ihe tonb' (l'Jith resPect to
the queen's headdress, ait lt"ti"g pttti"t'td-by-rakhry' in: AsAx 42' 1943'
pf. if, ls to be corrected: cf' Uni-Dia No' 39065)'
Marianne Eaton
(
Krauß SAK 5
32
Acceptance of this interpretation leads to a plausible suggestion
to account for the subsequent alteration of the coiffure ftoar khat
to blue-beadecl wigTo' The "return to orthodoxy" at the end of the
Amarna period meant a return to pre-Amarna iconographic conventionsTl'
Because the kh/.t was not considered appropriate attire for a queen'
the headgear of the statue was altered to a nore suitable regal wig7z'
70 As has long been recognizetl' che coiffure of the statre sas altered in antr-
lir li, äiiir; ;; 11 :i : I #i,;i*:ii.*i::,;*i I ":"::;;' ::i, :'!{i:li::l:'*:;':i:'"fi:":::":':;'i;:":"::"il";:il;;-;ffi:::'1:o:::'::"::';:i:ä: :'schäfer, in: zÄs oa' rslzl-äi-i' The double-uraeus' in anv case' belongs to
the first, and not to tnt"iittta version of the siatue' Aldred's descrrptron
of the origi.nal "ppttttott-li-üt" ttt"a (artto"t"t"Li t'tefertiti' lo5) should
n ;:fi':: il"li3'."""tJ"tonal Ethods or producing relier anil statury - see
+i:;:rl*:::';:,'i:J'i::i'll;.ll; 9"Ti."e-'l:. ::'n."1.*'?lulää";""1iactivity of his court tt'i!är"ti"ä"t"i (rtät"t'iti-li" t'ead is said to come)
is docwnted (cf . PM 'u,'\iä-ial"
it "t"t" to ttti" i"t" tttt conscious policv
of the reign to deenpnasi'ze'i"i"itr"n"*i'" relationship to his imediate Pre-
ä... " "o,"
In ravor " ""lli'ü'i"ä iil-'"""i': t:Iäll.S;.::"S:':*:''**-
;;;;;-rii' exenplified bv vork on the Luxor'"' :?i':";f,ää-iy-w"".., i"'evidence of rutankhmn: äi]t;;"-;; L"ohottp rrr corpiled bv wente' ln'
JNES 28, 1969, 278-9' tt"ly'i"ii'""i Le-accialntal thal the only mnußat
docrmnting the existenceTi ;;;;"i;i;"rs.. funerary teryle belongs to-an
official vho sas "i*rt"itlt"iy active in the-nliesthood of Amenhotep'lrr -
Helck, Materialien, l02' $ t8 -=
Hayes' s""pttt.ril-ile' rgr' (Evaluation-of
this text must await tnt o"iiit"tiäi-är tr'L sviss Instituters excavattons
in Kön er-rrita.; ".".ni.r!l'i",-äI'ir"".i y:'.ft:i"T.lllffi:""1?llr'l:-?:l'i" ii"-"-"rii .ttis pori"y' a statue of the king'sappropriate headdress "t'iä ""i'il"I-u""i
ai"ättala' uut could have been' care-
fully altereat tta"t toyti-ltlpit""' --This suggestion does not exclude'tne
possibilitv that tbe "t"i"I-tlv-ttttg-been a1::r:ä-"tä ti*r'^"eouslv adapted
lor the use of another t"vtr räay' (The second ult"io"' as reconstructed by
schärer, in: z^s,68, ,r3;i';:-ää: i:::t-t: j":..'illilliln":t "l?:'.:;::tJ:t::i.:::::.:*:"o:fi ;"';".::":r:i.':fi .::T':lJ":il;i;'Jlo'-r""'tnä'"'' "ro;b; chrisriao" o""ro"ilil*.ii.."".i, r.ta.tt,"rinl"i""ä"" rgOr, 3t. llt-o)'The unaltered t"ti"r r""iotts votld have been to-iitatttt" to such a rededi-
cation. other instance" of "rt"red headgear a" "r,i.t-il."tity
are koom from the
ü"-. p".loa: R. Hanke, in: SAK 2' 1975' 8o-3'
71
ß
The khat headdress
Location unknown ht' ca' 1'5 cn
king kneels to present tr4o nD pots'
JJ197 7
73CATALOGUE
I Pepy II (?)74
DescriPtion: TheMaterial: GoldProvenance: "Found at Dendara"'
Bibliography: Russmann' Representation of the King' 7O-l '
2 - 3 Anenernhet III75
Anenernhet I I I
pillar.i"laterial: Red sandstoneProvenance: Serabit e1-Xhadim'
Bibl iography: vandier, Manue IKönige I, | 35 - Pl . IX' I '
Cairo JE 43289Copenhagen AE IN 1482
ht. 2.2 n2.6 n
Description: Two standing. figures, both with left leg slightly;ä;;;;ä;; iarved in one i;.ttt"th" surrounding naos;-to the right';;;-i;i;;: *""ti"g tn."n"i)"; to the left' the toval ka r'rearing the
äät;e"frhaing ofi" ont<h-by ih" roop in his left hand' and of ferinsr-sÄ.o"a to tf,e king rrith his right'Material: Rose graniteProvenance: LabYrinth, Hawara
Bibliography: Petrie et' a1', The Labyrinth' Gerzeh and llazghuneh'
London lgl2, ?g-31; Evers, Staat I, fig' 27 atd' Staat II' l7; Van-
li.i, u""""i rrr' 196-7. pl' Lxrv; Hornemann' Tvpes No' lloo'
Description: Seated figure wearing a -khat whose flap is detailed;;;;';:;ii;"riv-i'.ii"ä lines; iniended to reproduce the appearan-
ä!-är-roras in'tne cioirr. The flap rests upon the top of the back
Edinburgh 1gO5 -284.24' ht. 51 cn
Sinai1II,2lf.2l6; Wildung' Rolle äg'
73 Only a minimu of iconographic infonation is included under the heading;il".tipii"";. ror detaiteä description of each piece' the reader is referredto the 'individual bibliographies. in turn' the bibliography accorpanying each
entry is by no *to" .oörltt but conprises only the more recent' basic and/or
""."i"iif. iublications- - with th" exceptions of Cat' Nos' 5 and 29' all itens
listed have been at least mentioned in print' shen not thoroughly pubLished and
il.Iustrated, - The uraeus is Present in every case; specific rerorks are re-
"tit.a o.ly for those instancls in vhich it displays unusual features' - The
head of an al.abaster statuette representing AmenhoteP I (?) MMA- lo'l30'2593
i;;;."; i".pi.t rr,49) is not included in the catalogue' as evidence for the
i..".... of'the khat is inconclusive' For the same reasoo' BM 13366 has also
been omitted. The wood statuette Univ. College London 8828 (see Page, Egyptian
Sculpture, Archaic to Saite from the Petrie Collection' Warminster 1976' 78)
does not üelong to the period covered by the catalogue'ii.-pit."t"". ir tni" pi".. tt the besinnins of the catalos:: i: :*t:::d"ätbased upon very tenuous evidence: the reading of the prenoren as flJr(J-trand the reported Provenance.For the attribution of these anepigraphic rcnuments to Anenenhet III' see
Petrie, Labyrinth' 31.Described bv vandier' Manuel lII, 196-7, as ""'une curieuse Perrul@' s'arron-ai""t"a-1.-'.,ttrq"" .öia au-dessus des 6paules' et orn6e au milieu du front de
l'uraeus". The wig tyPe to which Van<tier refers is indeed sinilar in appearance
Late Middle Kingdon Abvdos' T"tll: :l' ht' ca' 'l'9 n
ii;;';^---- " setY I, second court
Descript ion i l:31:: Iti:l; i:ll;:. tln!'i,äilnni.ä"!3'lli"il:ä;:
is enväloped withrn " lolg^*:i::'-i' *""rr-ii ttte nanner of contempo-
:::"i:it, ll':tiä't:l:::.'H"'l: ::a':l!n' l'^'ä;;"ää'iää "' de sc r i^bed
above, Cat. Nos' l-5Material: LimestoneProvenance: Abydos
BibliograPhY: None'
KhencljerTe Cairo JE 53668 ht' 11 cn
Description: upper half of -" :""1:1,.(:]'?:?:":; :::"li:ä'":llli"tlrilt-"L;'.n restäd on top of the bacK-Prlral;";;";-ü;;aing ribbonboth folds of the t'oii""iä iirä singrä horiiontal binding rro
"i-itt" naPe of the neck'
Material: Granite. -Provenance: Pyranld precinct of Khendjer' Saqqara'
Bibliography:'l6quier' Deux pyramidt";-Lt-t9' p1' Vb-c; Vandier'
Manuel rlr' 2 t6' 25r' 3o2' pl' Lxxr ' t'oi;;;":;u""' Tvpes No' 733'
Hatshepsutso cairo JE 56263 iitlnoiirtät".'Description: Head of a colossal :plll*.::o*':;"li:"ä^lllrf iiä
.""-
;;;;'if,;^k;at' rhe flap lies uPon tne o'i^o?'.iä"uänä"'ä.'o" tt'"uraeus sprlngs "",n'iittt'äüäu"'l-rt"
bottom of the band across
filiiliSi; sandstone' preserving white paintProvenance: Deir "r-säh"ii "'S6nnut
quarry"'
Bibliography: PM rrz, 37Oi IJinlock' in: Bt'tltA
fig. 5 (below)'
;; *"t ""." "i'eved from the front- (cf '-Manuel IrI' 251)' but side and back
views are quire distincti;; ;; tn" khot "rt"y" itt-"'rlap tcontrast the back
or cG 4zo4I = Homemanl:'iri"""n""'ili :t::.::":'?;::t"rt'.u,3t";.tllilä'l; l#"i"."iläi. t..tt"" the figures of the Amenemn"t-'i'" 'iiJättiit.-i" detemine vithround, but in one with ti'^i"n-"i.the naos'-it,t'"lg:';::l:"1!"uii"illl!*n"
"i""ii..-""t.aintv that dne khat is-representec;";';;'.";;;;; Petrie, Labv-
iii't.".f"g une khat are.knom:.see^l"l;Jl' 1'.1".o..r of Queen l'lerereE' NolII wearing tt,e khat are.rinth, pl. xxrx. upper "!'iil""'""-t" .'1*t'":"f*l;ll i:.S":: :::";:';"::"'",'i"ä I'r a king-vearingr:":iiri:::,::'lr'ln!"rlä"."^. iloi ts.'"t Ir, r7) istherefore' that Evers's l
(
Marianne Eaton-(raußSAK 5
ot the khat.
paEt 2, March 1932'
Bothmer furnishedAbydos was able to
the naos frame
iltüll;a generouslv furnisbed Photosraphs of the statue used in the Pre-
B:';:i::":tt::ll.i"lfl; statue to nv attention' and B'v'
:.:lili.::.i:li:k':ti;"0j,':il"l:-::.ä l:::l:,;":i":'A+ä1trace offaced.
rhereby conf iming,ll,'lt'lnlniiil':;""i"::'";"1;:':l:i::"1;.^::-a uraeus was obliterateo
For the Position and dating51, The attribution of theof excavation.
7g
of Khendje r, :?. B:"k:I-::h ;,3; ixl"ilil"ill;"i31statue to Khendjer derrve
1 1 Hatshepsut
The khat headdress
Luxor Magazine (?)
Description: Fragnentary sphinx heads of typeMaterial: SandstoneProvenance: Deir e1-Bahari, "Senrnut quarry".Bibliography: As Cat. No. 7.
19 Hatshepsut MMA 23.3.1z5.J.L31.3.16031.3.16131.3.16?.
Cairo JE 4770247703
: Berlin East 22883
Description: The queen-kneels to proffer a lustration vase ornanen-ted with a djed pilLar"t. The flap of the khat tests upon the topof back pil1ar; it is detailed in the two Cairo statues and MMA
31.3.162.Material: GraniteProvenance: Ileir eL-Bahari, "found in a hole, llonthuhotep causeway"'
Bibliography: PM Il2, 374; Hayes, Scepter IT, 97 '
35
average width offace plus fttraü8O cn
Cat. No. 7.
ht. 86 ctl69 cn87 cn86.5 cnr88.5 cn78 cn80 crn9O cn
Hatshepsut MMA 30.5.3Description: The queen seated. The flaptop of the back pillar.Material: Black dioriteProvenance: Deir el-Bahari'Bibliography: PM II2 374; Hayes, ScePter
Ht. 1.5 m
of the khat Tests upon the
rr, loo.
C. Lilyquist generously pemitted me to use the Winlock notebooks in che pre-paration of this and the following twelve catalogue entries- - In the note-books, Winlock estinated that there were originally lO2 - lO8 sphinges in thisseries, wearing ttle khat and the nemes (those wearing t}jle nemes being generallysnaller). Placed l2 - 14 feet apart, they forred an avenue from the front gateof the precinct to the foot of the first rarp - cf. iden, in: BMMA Part 2'March 1932, lO. - The klnt-wearing sphinx occurs in another mediun at leastas early as the beginninB of the Nev Kingdom: CG 52645, vernier,Bijoq et or-fävreries, Cai.ro 1927, 205-7' pl' )G,III.Ilayes, scepter lI,97t "There were at least a dozen of these small statues'and they seem to have stood around the upper court of the temple, perhaps inthe spaces between the col|ms of its peristyle" '
JO Marianne Eaton-Krauß
v 4rrurE t t .-_- -a;;;i;;, Rekh-mi-Rä', 37'
?il'ii; "l"llJ';:'d ili:1.':l^"t:^:li":';x,"::1'?;' il"J:rhe piece cane Eo * j";;;,-iie Brooklyn !.Iuseum. I! rs no
Egyptian and-classic, -^^ N--i^nala cätärogues ghere it isisvptian and ulasutLil;'N;ri;;a1e cat.alogues phere rEt.üL- .r"tions NaPle-s 14
SAK 5
the DePartmenr of
2.1 Thutnosis III Warsaw 141267a2 ht' 52 cn
Description: The king in the^forn of a sphlnx; undetailed flap of
the khat lies äu"i-tfi" back of the aninal'Material: SandstoneProvenance: Edfu'Bibliography: Michalowski' Sytuka S!arozytna' 1'larsaw 1955' 134'
fie. 80. ht.B"
ZZ Thutnosis II1 In situ
Descriptron: A scene depicting the products-of the ternple work-
:l :l ; "
l^ ; i:"i ;'i:: ffi l!; ::! illi ":
?' :ä;;iil " ;' :'Yi I i "läi'l
*
"
l;T ":lt,.'H"-*""it the khati'iätätiur, rl:.,::p:?'"rtii:"gB .is
painted blue-green ' perhaps repro-
ducing tn"'ii:;"i""ro-iö0.:::;:::::inr, ," ,", 20ei Vandiet' Manuel rr11 376' rie' r5'
23 rhr.rtnosis III ' In situ ll: ii' cat '
Description: Variation of Cat' No' ZZ' the king's hands being emp-
tu.-P^\ms downward'üäi";'i;i ' As cat' No.', 22
" 'Provenance r As Cat ' No ' LL '
BibliograPhY I As Cac ' No ' 22 '
24 Thutrnoside kingE6 Naples 1o7z llü,l"t avai-
Description:Headandtorsoofaseated(?)statueofakingwear-inq the khat 't'ta?eriar: Basalt
:::::*,0,1,,, "l:irii:l, t,,tllli,' i,,il",): "'o"' Archae' 1' g i ca1
üt""u*-of NaPles" Cava oe:
B.V. Bochner advised.me ::-::: :T::::"i:.::.tlärezi;fi '
ä"';"lill}";,ii":iliJ: ?i:i!:"i::::: i? ;lt.:|.:äiil;f oil"iü!,1'ä-pr'bablv
::.::iilä; ":' :' ;iii'ii,:ä!ü ":l:i: " i iiii;i:iäi" u ;'::*"t
l;"' ??l' u -'
i:*:li:t;:"l,"Tiii i;;:':l;'::?','"1'1il"^;;i;; ää tonaa'cion (?)"'s263
84€586 illustrated in..
t'niformlY descrroeo
as of Saite manufaccure'
I
) of
t,
1977 The khat headdress
Anenhotep II, Cairo CG 4207 7 ht. 57 crn
Description: Striding statue of the king, The undetailed flapof the khat rests atop the back pillar.Material: BasaltProvenance: Karnak, cachette.Bibliography: PM II2, l39i Terrace, in: Terrace and Fischer,Treasures of the Cairo Museum, London 1970, 109 - I l2 and accom-panying p1-ates.
Amenhotep II (?) Edinburgh 1951.346 ht. 11 cm
Description: Head of a statue of a king wearing the.khat. Theuraeus springs fron slightly above the botton of the band acrossthe foreheadEt. The ffa[ is Iost.Material: BasaltProvenance: Not known
Bibliography: Aldred, in: JEA 39,1953,48-9, p1. III; Vandier'Manuel III, 307. 310.
Queen Ti.ye Ber1in West 2'l 834 ht. 9.5 cn
Description: The head (from a composite statue) in its fj-rst ver-sj.on wore a khat with double uraeus. The flap was broken off inpreparation for the alterations of the second version.Material: Boxwood (?) with accessories in other rnaterials.Provenance : Sai.d to cone fron Medinet Ghurab.
Bibliography: Aldred, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, lO5.
AkhenatensB Cairo JE 49528 original ht. ca. 4 nDescription: Colossal statue of the king wearing the khat sur-mounted by the double crownse.Material: SandstoneProvenance : Karnak.Bi.b I iography: PM II2 , 253.
z9 Akhe na ten Karnak, in karakole ca. life-slzeDescripti.on: A much damaged head of Akhenaten wearing the khat.The inscrlption on the back pi11ar preserves the earlier formof the name of the Aten. The plece is particularly interestingas the relation of the flap to the back pillar is unusual. Theback pillar reaches alrnost to the height of the headcovering; in
J/
[-one
^-+84gL u
; ',"r
aval -
we ar-
ogical
robably
nt ofincribed
z5
z6
z7
section, it has the form glven in the adjacent drawing.The flap is "sp1it." and represented on either side ofthe negative space between the figure and the back pil-lar oröoer"o.
ga
Material: Sandstone (?) .
Provenance : Karnak.Bibliography r None.
Unusual for the series of statues assignable to Amenhotep II; cf. Terrace, inTerrace-Fischer, Treasures, I 12.For the royal shawabtys depicting Akhenaten wearing the khat, see I'tartin,Royal Tonb l, 39.The combination of khat and double crown is known in relief at l-east as earlyas the reign of Hatshepsutr MFA 75.12, the fragment. of one of the queents Kar-nak obelisks, cf. Smith, Ancient Egypt, Boston 1961, fi.g,61.
38 Marianne Eaton-Krau'ß
50 Akhenaten Hanburg 1 966 .96e 1
Akhenaten BrooklYn 58.2
Description: The- headlet: t31:: ::il1 t:::"ly:tä;;;ii5ä^;i;p';r ü"-in"t which rests üpon the
Descrj.ption: Severely damaged headAmarna stYle. The khat originallYMaterial: LinestoneFrou"tt"tt.", Presurnably Te11 e1-Amarna'
Bibliography: Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe' Hamburg
3, Hamburg 1972, Cat. No' 2'
JI
oillar. When complete, the stattle representedine "n offering table or altar'- 'Maierial: Indurated limestonepto"Än"n.e : Te11 e1-Amarna, Great Temple '
Bibliography: Aldred' Akhenaten and Nefeltiti
32 - 33 Akhenaten l''tFA 63.961
Description: Two statues of Akhenaten are;;i; uitut in the sanctuary of the Great-;;;;";; ä-picted are identical: the king'ä-i'"äit ofiering table against his chest'
90 A similar "splitcing" is found in representations of the nemes qveue ln s!a-
tuary, but the arrangement is not known-lo me from any other represenlation
of the khat '.n.",.,fpfuru in the round. The headts existence disproves rhe
,a"r"*"rra of Williams, inl MMS III' 193O, 90, that Ehe flap always rests on
top of uhe back Pil1ar.H.Altenmüllerprov!dedbibliographicalinformationforthepreparationof
Material (of the slab) : Lines-toneP;;;;;;n.e: Telt Ät-lm"rna, found at Hernopolis'
Bibliography: Atdred, Akhenaten and Nefertiti' 155
indeed depJ.cu Neferciti).
chis catalogue entry.With the exception oi.h" Dynasty XXV kings' those Persons ("*:tt-1::l:1:]^-entitled uo,""r the double uraeus lrere queens (see Russmann, Represenfa!lon
of the King 37-40). Thus the double.,'."', may identify che person.represented
in this fragmentary head as Nefertiti rather tiran Akhenaten' Relief represen-
larions of a royal fi;;;" weari.g rhe doub1e uraeus have been regularlyidentified as Akhenatän because the CyplcaLly distorted -facial characteristicslrere assumed to refer to the king. Aldred, Alhenaten and Nefertiti, 109' lll'has dernonstrated the uniuii^Ui.fiiy of this criterior. We now know tha. Ne-
ferriti, unaccompäri";--;;-;;;-rpo,rr", mighr offer to- rhe Aren (Redford, in:JARSE 12,1975, ql. ihus'anorhe; criteriän for attributing to Akhenaten the
figure with double uraeus which elevates an offering to the Aten (e'g" Nof-
rerere_Echn"aon, u"rii"-igto, No. lg) musr be discarded. If the double uraeus
beacceptedaSthe"*"lu"i.,"prerogativeoffernaleroyalty,notonlytheHan-burg head, buE also cG 42ogg, the iragmenE of a colossal sratue from the ca-
chetEe usually associated vtith the Akhenaten colossi excavated by chevrier
9't
ö;"i;";";;ä:äll"'iä;iÄlu" ia"ntiried as a lepresen;ation or Nererciti' (rhrough
the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, I irave been advised that' following
rhe same reasoning, J. R. Harris is of tüe opinion that Hamburg 1966'96 may
in the earlY "exPressionistdisplayed a double uraeus-''
5AI\ J
ht. 27 cm
Bildführer
ht. 55.1 cln
the broad un-r +ha heck
thetop ot tne DacKhe king Present-
92
ht. of slab)) 1 cm
reDreserlted flanking theTem'p1e of the Aten. Theweäring t\e khat, holds
197 7 The khat headdress
34-35 Akhenatenea MFA64.1944 ht.of slab51 crnCollection Koutoulakis 58.5 cm
Description: The king as a hunan-handed sphinx proffers a vessel.The flap of the khat is represented as lying flat on tlre back ofthe animal.Material: LimestoneProvenance : Presunably Tel1 e1-Amarna.Bibliography: Aldred, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, 99.
Akhenateneu MMA 21.9.2 ht. 26.5 crn
Description: The severely danaged head (the face is almost en-tirely obliterated) preserves the rounded forn of the khat withthe beginning of the flap.Material: LimestoneProvenance: Te11 e1-Amarna, Great Tenple.Bibliographyr Hayes, Scepter lIr 28:.
Tutankhamunes cairo JE 60707 ht' 1 '73 nDescription: "Ka" statue of the kitg, wearing the khat'Materiä1: Wood, gilded and PaintedProvenance: Tornb"of Tutankhämun, KV 62, Thebes'
Bibiiography: PM I2, 570 i Desroches-Nobleeourt ' in Toutankhamon
et son tenps, Cat' No' 28'
JY
37
re
Aft.er John D' cooney' Amarna Reliefs from llermopolla in Amer:
Brooklyn 1965',102' ö.p in boLh teliefs indicates..::?ilr::"::"J;'1!i* ;.94 ii:':l'": . :ä' :,'
u"' ;., u,',i,:äf:'_1"*lxl|
iiir .::lkm i: ä,: i' :.:1' - " " "
lT{.iTihqt ä'J:1't,-];#i'lij.., }le'! r o p o'1 i r an Mu s eum o r Ar " s up p 1 i e d
',*ttig*J:**Üti,üi:*ff ***"i***i1*,T**R'**"
ä::#i;'i' rie' 'ro'
95
96
tgtt
