Prozessor- und Rechnerarchitekturen (Master) · Athlon 64 X2 4800+ Brisbane AM2″ der es somit immerhin unter 10 Watt schafft ... Minimiere die Clock-Frequenz 26.04.2017 U.G. Schaarschmidt

Prozessor- und Rechnerarchitekturen 26.04.2017

HS Düsseldorf (c) U.Schaarschmidt 1

Prozessor- und Rechnerarchitekturen (Master)

© Ulrich Schaarschmidt

FH Düsseldorf, SS 2017

Green IT, Energiesparen bei Computer-

systemen / eingebetteten Systemen /

Prozessoren / MCUs

Themen am 26.04.17:

26.04.2017 U.G. Schaarschmidt - HS-D 2

Literaturhinweise (die Reihenfolge stellt

KEINE Wertung dar!)

Furber, Steve:

ARM system-on-chip architecture

2nd Edition 2000, Pearson Education

http://apt.cs.man.ac.uk/projects/processors/amulet/

http://www.pc-erfahrung.de/index.php?id=743&HRST_ID=2&RUBRIK_ID=1

http://www.tomshardware.de/AMD-Intel-Stromverbrauch-Leistungsaufnahme,testberichte-239863.html

http://www.pc-max.de/news/hardware/arm-prozessoren-bald-als-ersatz-fuer-x86

































KEINE Wertung dar!)

Oberschelp, W.; Vossen, G.:

Rechneraufbau und Rechnerstrukturen

10., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage 2006,Oldenbourg Verlag München Wien

Patterson, David A.; Hennessy, John L.:

Rechnerorganisation und Rechnerentwurf (Die Hardware/Software-Schnittstelle)

2011, 4. vollständig überarbeitete Auflage, Oldenbourg Verlag München

http://de.wikipedia.org



KEINE Wertung dar!)

Herrmann, Paul:

Rechnerarchitektur (Aufbau, Organisation und Implementierung, inklusive 64-Bit-Technologie und Parallelrechner)

2011, 4. akt. + erw. Auflage Vieweg + Teubner Verlag (www.viewegteubner.de)

Schneider, Uwe; Werner, Dieter (Hrsg.):

Taschenbuch der Informatik

4. Auflage, 2001, Fachbuchverlag Leipzig im Carl Hanser Verlag

http://www.viewegteubner.de/





KEINE Wertung dar!)

Tanenbaum, Andrew S.:

Computerarchitektur (Strukturen-Konzepte-Grundlagen)

2006, 5. Auflage Pearson Studium (www.pearson-studium.de)

www.silica.com (designer’s community)

Hrg.: Matthias Sturm: The embedded word TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2010

Embedded world conference / Weka Fachmedien

www.embedded-world.eu

Werner, H; GH/Uni Kassel, FB 17, Mathematik / Informatik (WS1997/98)

Grundzüge der Informatik §8 Speicherung

War Energie sparen von Anfang an die Devise?

Jein – zuerst war die Maxime:

Schneller machen Kleinere Strukturen

Kleinere Strukturen geringere Spannungen (5,0V 1,1V; Schritte von den „vor-Pentium-Modellen“ zu den CPUs für mobile Geräten), also fast ein Abfallprodukt.

Geringere Ströme geringere Verlustleistung (TDP)


http://www.pearson-studium.de/



http://www.silica.com/

http://www.embedded-world.eu/





Alleine der Stromverbrauch des Prozessors

Ist es nicht… es kommt noch mehr dazu

Der größte Teil wird als Verlustwärme abgegeben..

D.h. es muss extra Energie zur Kühlung zugeführt werden (beim PC reicht vielleicht ein Lüfter, aber bei einem Server oder einer Serverfarm…)

Klimaanlage, Wärmetauscher, …

Die Größe und Verlustleistung der Stromversorgung zum Betrieb des Prozessors und des Boards


AMD‘s Cool ‚n‘ Quiet Die Wirksamkeit von AMDs Stromspartechnik

“Cool`n`Quiet” testet z.B. „Tom‘s Hardware“. Dabei wird die Taktfrequenz des Prozessors je nach aktueller Systemlast dynamisch angepasst. In einem Beispiel dient der verwendete “AMD Athlon 64 X2 4800+ Brisbane AM2″ der es somit immerhin unter 10 Watt schafft …das sind immerhin 50 Watt weniger als unter maximaler Last…allein für den Prozessor wohlgemerkt. Wichtig ist dabei jedoch, dass der “Cool`n`Quiet” -Modus auch aktiviert ist. Dies geschieht im Bios.




AMD‘s Cool ‚n‘ Quiet

Je nach Betriebssystem muss man diesen Modus auch noch explizit aktivieren. Unter Windows XP musste man einen zusätzlichen Treiber installieren und in der Systemsteuerung unter Energieoptionen auf “minima-ler Energieverbrauch” umstellen. Um zu überprüfen, ob der Stromsparmodus auch tatsächlich funktioniert, kann man das Tool CPU-Z verwenden. Hier bekommt man außerdem alle wissenswerten Daten über den verwendeten Prozessor angezeigt. Bei aktiviertem Cool`n`Quiet sollte die Core-Spannung bzw. die Taktfrequenz bei geringer Last sinken.


Alte CPUs neuere CPUs

1 Core Intel

Architektur

Mikroarchitektur: P5

Kern: P5

Anzahl Kerne: 1

Sockel: Socket 4

Bauweise: 0,800 µm

Transistoren: 3,2 Mio.

Taktraten

CPU-Takt: 60 MHz

Turbo-Takt: -

FSB-Takt: 60 MHz

FSB-Typ: Normal

Multiplikator: 1,0

Energie

Corespannung: 5,000 Volt

Verlustleistung: 14,6 Watt

Temperatur: 80,0°C


http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool%E2%80%99n%E2%80%99Quiet

http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/utilities/AMD_Processor_Driver_1320053.zip

http://www.cpu-z.de/






1 Core Intel Architektur

Mikroarchitektur: NetBurst Kern: CedarMill Anzahl Kerne: 1 Sockel: Sockel 775 Bauweise: 0,065 µm Transistoren: ?

Taktraten

CPU-Takt: 3600 Mhz Turbo-Takt: --- FSB-Takt: 800 MHz FSB-Typ: Quad Multiplikator: 18,0

Energie

Corespannung: 1,325 Volt Verlustleistung: 86,0 Watt Temperatur: 69,0°C


Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor 661 supporting HT Technology (2M Cache, 3.60 GHz, 800 MHz FSB)

Advanced Technologies

Intel® Turbo Boost Technology No

Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology Yes

Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-x) No

Intel® Trusted Execution Technology No

Intel® 64 Yes

Idle States Yes

Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology Yes

Intel® Demand Based Switching No

Thermal Monitoring Technologies Yes

Execute Disable Bit Yes





1 Core AMD Architektur

Mikroarchitektur: K5 Kern: 5k86 Anzahl Kerne: 1 Sockel: Socket 5 Bauweise: 0,350 µm Transistoren: 4,3 Mio. CPU-DIE: 181,00 mm²

Taktraten

CPU-Takt: 75 Mhz Turbo-Takt: --- FSB-Takt: 50 MHz FSB-Typ: SDR Multiplikator: 1,5

Energie

Corespannung: 3,520 Volt Verlustleistung: 11,6 Watt Temperatur: 70,0°C



1 Core AMD Architektur

Mikroarchitektur: K8 Kern: Sledgehammer

Anzahl Kerne: 1 Sockel: Sockel 940

Bauweise: 0,130 µm Transistoren: 106,0 Mio. CPU-DIE: 193,00 mm²

Taktraten

CPU-Takt: 2400 Mhz Turbo-Takt: ---

FSB-Takt: 200 MHz FSB-Typ: DDR

Multiplikator: 12,0

Energie

Corespannung: 1,550 Volt Verlustleistung: 89,0 Watt

Temperatur: 85,0°C





1 Core AMD mobile Architektur

Mikroarchitektur: K7 (Geode) Kern: GX2

Anzahl Kerne: 1 Sockel: Sockel 7

Bauweise: 0,150 µm Transistoren: ?

CPU-DIE: ?

Taktraten


FSB-Takt: 133 MHz FSB-Typ: Normal Multiplikator: ?

Energie

Corespannung: ? Verlustleistung: 1,1 Watt

Temperatur: ?



1 Core Intel mobile Architektur

Mikroarchitektur: Atom Kern: Silverthorne Anzahl Kerne: 1 Sockel: PBGA441

Bauweise: 0,045 µm Transistoren: 47,0 Mio. CPU-DIE: 25,96 mm²

Taktraten


FSB-Takt: 400 MHz FSB-Typ: Quad

Multiplikator: 8,0

Energie

Corespannung: 1,100 Volt Verlustleistung: 0,7 Watt

Temperatur: 90,0°C




mobile devices

In den letzten 15 – 20 Jahren Entwicklung von zunehmend mehr mobilen Geräte (Mobiltelefon, MP3-Player, tragbare CD-Player, Laptop-Computer, Smartphones, etc. …) für Batterie- und Akku-Betrieb für den „explosionsartig“ wartende Märkte entwickelt. Hier kommt neben einer energieeffizienten Arbeitsweise auch eine gute Rechenleistung zum Tragen.


Welche Methoden fallen uns spontan zum Energiesparen ein?

Taktfrequenz „herunterschalten“

(extrem: ARM hatte als Idee, den Takt jeweils durch die einzelnen Befehle zu aktivieren Amulet 1, 2e, 3, 3i),

Umschalten vom energiefressenden Quartzoszillator auf RC-Oszillator (z.T. auf Uhren-Frequenz, 32kHz),

Abschalten von ungenutzten Modulen auf dem Chip,

Alternativ in den Sleep- o.ä. Energiesparmodus schalten, indem auf Ereignisse reagiert werden kann.




ARM -- die Ur-Ideenschmiede für „Low-Power-Prozessoren“

Überlegung: Wo geht die Leistung hin?

Woraus besteht der Verlust bei CMOS?

Schaltleistung (Verlustleistung jeden Gates, das zum Schaltkreis dazu gehört),

Kurzschluss-Leistung,

Leckstrom,


ARM -- die Ur-Ideenschmiede für „Low-Power-Prozessoren“

Low-Power Circuit Design (nach Steve Furber):

Minimierung der Betriebsspannung,

Minimierung der Schaltkreisaktivitäten,

Minimiere die Anzahl der Gates,

Minimiere die Clock-Frequenz




picoPower — best MCU power budget

Atmel’s picoPower technology reduces power consumption in both sleep and active mode. With picoPower technology the embedded designer can reduce the applications power consumption while maintaining performance.


True 1.6 Volt Operation

AVR XMEGA offers true 1.6 Volt operation. All functions including ADC, DAC, Flash- and EEPROM memories are all operating down to 1.6V. This allows safe operation directly from a 1.8V ±10% power supply. It also enables deeper battery discharge to increase battery life.




Minimized Leakage Current Ultra Low Power 32 kHz Crystal Oscillator

AVR XMEGA leakage current is only 100 nA while still maintaining full RAM and register retention. This reduces power consumption for applications spending most time in sleep mode.

AVR XMEGA’s Real Time Counter consumes only 500 nA while running from a 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillator.


Sleep modes XMEGA has five different sleep modes to turn off unused modules and reduce the power consumption in the application. Many sleep modes makes it easy to find the perfect fit for the application. The granularity is further enhanced by the innovative Power Reduction Register technology.

In idle sleep mode all peripherals operate while the CPU is sleeping to reduce the power consumption. With up to 50%, while event handling, communication and data input/output still run.

In power-save mode, XMEGA uses 650nA to run the Real Time Counter and have full SRAM and register retention offering industry leading low power numbers. Enabling Watchdog and Brown Out adds only 1uA.

In power-down mode, XMEGA uses only 100nA with SRAM and register retention, and 5us wake-up time from pin change on any I/O pin and TWI address match.

Standby and extended standby sleep modes are identical to power-down and power-save, except the external oscillator is kept running to reduce wake-up time.




picoPower Technology - Reducing power consumption—maintaining performance


[Atmel: AVR Xmega.pdf]

Atmel‘s 2nd generation „pico power“

True 1.6V operation

Flash, Analog, EEPROM, Oscillators down to 1.6V

Enable 1.8V +/-10% power supply

Lowest power 32 kHz Crystal Oscillator

650nA RTC

Low leakage Process Technology

100nA

1 μA Watchdog and Brown-Out




XMEGA A3B

Include all XMEGA A3 features, plus:

32-bit Real Time Counter with Battery Backup System

Targets low power applications that require battery backup for the clock

Real Time Counter keeps running when main power is lost

Automatic power switching

Only 500 nA to power:

32-bit Real Time Counter

32.768 kHz Crystal

Backup register

32.768 kHz XTAL oscillator failure detection


Auch andere Hersteller haben ähnlich hübsche „Töchter“

Microchip PIC MCUs

Extreme low power (XLP)

Lowest power sleep modes with flexible wake-up sources

Sleep currents as low as 20 nA

Wake-up sources in every sleep mode

Special low power BOR, WDT, RTC




Vergleich aus Sicht von Microchip


Auch andere Hersteller haben ähnlich hübsche „Töchter“

TI TMS 430 - Familie

6 Low Power Modes

Standby Mode at 3V operation with self wakeup, BOR, RAM retention < 0.6µA

Instant Wakeup @ <1µs

Entire MSP430 portfolio is Ultra-Low Power by design Featuring 200+ devices




Hey – dieses Mal kommt der Vergleich von TI – und sieht anders aus…


MSP430 Offers the Lowest Power Active Mode and Sleep Modes

The lowest power active and sleep modes with Brown Out Reset (BOR).

<1µs wakeup from sleep mode (Our Low Power Mode 3 includes RAM retention, self wakeup, and BOR at 0.7µA @ 3V)

Device Active @ 3V w/BOR (µA) Standby w/Self wakeup and BOR (µA)

Device active@3,0V w/BOR Standby w/self- WakeUp and BOR

MSP430F2001 300 µA 0.6 µA

MSP430F2619 515 µA 0.6 µA

STM8L151G4 702.8 µA 5.8 µA

PIC24F16KA102 1110 µA 0.85 µA


http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/msp430f2001.html

http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/msp430f2619.html



MSP430 16-bit ultra-low power microcontrollers (MCUs) - F5xx series

Ultra-low power Active mode: 165uA/MHz

Introducing new Low Power Modes for added flexibility and power optimization

LPM3.5 and LPM4.5: down to 100nA

Increased performance Up to 25 MHz; 12 MHz at 1.8 V

Up to 256KB Flash; Up to 16KB RAM

ISP Flash at 1.8 V

Read during erase operation

Increased functionality Improved 16-bit MSP430CPUX architecture featuring 20-bit addressing modes

More connectivity options: USB, Encrypted RF, Universal Serial Communication Interface (USCI)

DMA, ADC, DAC, LCD, enhanced 32x32 multiplier

Unique and robust Power Management Module (PMM) includes:

Integrated LDO

Supply voltage management and supervision

Adjustable core voltages

Dual power control for V-core and V-system

Fail-safe and flexible Clocking system (0, 1 or 2 external clock sources)


Silicon Labs // Energy Micro

2013 im Juni hat Silicon Labs die norwegische Firma Energy Micro aufgekauft.

Diese Firma hatte schon einige Entwickler der AVR-Familie „übernommen“, resp. nach dem Verkauf der AVR-Familie an Atmel haben die Entwickler eine neue Firma namens Energy Micro aufgemacht.




ENERGY micro EFM32 the worlds most energy friendly mcus

10 factors that make the 32-bit EFM32 the world's most energy friendly microcontroller

In ultra low-power microcontroller applications the power consumption over time in both active and sleep periods combine to make up the total energy consumption (Energy = Power ∙ Time).

The EFM32 Gecko MCUs ensure designers can achieve the lowest possible total energy consumption for their applications. Typical applications experience 4x longer operation when running off a single coin cell battery when using an EFM32 Gecko microcontroller.



[www.energymicro.com/technology]

The energy friendly EFM32 microcontrollers have been designed to significantly reduce active mode power consumption. At 32 MHz and 3V the MCU only consumes 150 μA/MHz while running real life code.



2. Reduced processing time

Energy Micro has built the EFM32 Gecko microcontroller around the 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 processor core. The Cortex-M3 architecture was developed for response and power sensitive applications and is much more processing efficient than 8- and 16-bit CPUs. Tasks are therefore executed with fewer clock cycles which dramatically reduces the active period.


Cortex M3 – industry leading 32-bit ARM

ARM®'s 32-bit Cortex™-M3 processor offers superior efficiency and flexibility and was specifically developed for response and power sensitive applications. EFM32 uses the Cortex-M3's low power and high performance abilities in combination with unique low power peripherals to create the best low power embedded systems platform ever.


http://www.energymicro.com/technology/arm-cortex-m3








Low Power

32-bit Cortex-M3 designed for low power operation

High power efficiency with Thumb-2 instruction set

Small core footprint with integrated power mode support



High Performance

Cortex-M3 delivering 1.25 DMIPS/MHz

Separate data- and instruction bus

High code density and performance with Thumb-2 instruction set

Excellent clock per instruction ratio

Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller for outstanding interrupt handling

Superior Math Capability





3. Very fast wake-up time

EFM32 MCUs minimize the inefficient wake-up period between deep sleep modes and active mode. This period simply cannot be neglected since low power systems continually switch between active- and sleep modes. EFM32 microcontrollers have reduced the wake-up time from deep sleep to 2 μs, ensuring as little energy as possible is used before the CPU starts processing its tasks.


http://www.energymicro.com/technology/efm32-energy-modes






4. Ultra Low standby current

EFM32 microcontrollers combine ultra low power technology with clever power management to reduce energy usage in standby modes while still performing basic operations. The Deep Sleep mode includes RAM and CPU retention, Power-on Reset and Brown-out Detection safety features, and a Real Time Counter while only using 900 nA. In Shutoff mode the consumption is only 20 nA.


http://www.energymicro.com/technology/memory-system

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/memory-system

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/power-on-reset



http://www.energymicro.com/technology/brown-out-detector




http://www.energymicro.com/technology/real-time-counter

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/real-time-counter





5. Autonomous peripheral operation

In addition to lowest active and sleep mode energy consumption, the EFM32 peripherals can operate in low energy modes without using the CPU. Using autonomous peripherals, an application can reduce power consumption while still performing very advanced tasks.


http://www.energymicro.com/technology/efm32-peripherals

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/efm32-peripherals





6.PRS – Peripheral Reflex System

The Peripheral Reflex System in the EFM32 microcontrollers makes it possible to directly connect one peripheral to another peripheral without involving the CPU. With this system a peripheral can produce signals which other peripherals can consume and instantly react to while the CPU remains asleep.


http://www.energymicro.com/technology/peripheral-reflex-system



PRS – Peripheral Reflex System

What?

The PRS is available in Energy Mode 0 and Energy Mode 1 and allows configurable, fast, and autonomous connections between the peripherals.

Why?

Events and signals from one peripheral can be used as input signals or triggers by other peripherals and ensure timing-critical operation and reduced software overhead.


PRS – Peripheral Reflex System


How?

Without CPU intervention the peripherals interconnect via the PRS and signal events/states or even transfer data autonomously in single- or chained steps. This results in improved system performance and reduced energy consumption. The Peripheral Reflex System (PRS) system is a configurable network which lets the different peripheral modules communicate directly with each other without involving the CPU. Peripherals sending out Reflex signals are called producers. The PRS routes these reflex signals to consumer peripherals, which act on the received data.





7. Well architected Energy Modes

EFM32 microcontrollers have 5 efficient energy modes which give system designers the flexibility to optimize their application for highest performance and longest battery life.






Ultra efficient Energy Modes

With a high performance 32-bit Cortex-M3 processor, high code density and autonomous peripherals, the EFM32 microcontroller executes application code faster than 8-, 16-, and even 32-bit solutions. Because of this the EFM32 can spend most of its time in some of the ultra efficient energy saving modes that it features. Several ultra low Energy Modes are available for tuning the energy budget and significantly reducing the power consumption.




The EFM32 is designed to achieve a high degree of autonomous operation in the low energy modes. An intelligent combination of peripherals, low leakage RAM with data retention, DMA and interconnection ability, low-power oscillators, and very short wake-up times makes it very attractive to remain in the low energy modes for long periods and thus reducing the energy consumption.





Energy Mode 0 (EM0): Active Mode with Cortex-M3 system active and all peripherals software selectable

Energy Mode 1 (EM1): High speed autonomous operation with Cortex-M3 disabled. All peripherals software selectable

Energy Mode 2 (EM2): Low speed autonomous operation with 32 kHz oscillator and low energy peripherals active

Energy Mode 3 (EM3): Low speed autonomous operation with selected peripherals active and full RAM retention

Energy Mode 4 (EM4): Standby mode



http://www.energymicro.com/technology/efm32-microcontrollers-energy-mode-0





































































































8. Energy efficient peripherals

EFM32 microcontrollers are packed with peripherals designed for low energy operation which increase the battery life 4 times compared to other low power 8-, 16-, and 32-bit solutions. Peripherals include:

LCD controller driving 4x40 segments at only 0.55 uA

Low Energy UART, full communication at 32 kHz while consuming only 100 nA

12-bit ADC performing 1 million samples/s at only 350uA

Analog Comparator using as little as 150 nA

Hardware accelerator for 128/256-bit AES encryption and decryption in only 54/75 cycles


High Performace Peripherals

Operating without CPU intervention

EFM32 is packed with peripherals built for low energy operation. Without sacrificing performance, the low power peripherals deliver high throughput and performance. This is possible with the use of innovative control techniques and peripheral reflex system (PRS). Peripherals can react and respond to input from external or internal triggers without any CPU intervention. In combination with the DMA controller the PRS enabled EFM32 systems benefit from an autonomous behavior resulting in reduced latency and energy consumption.


http://www.energymicro.com/technology/lcd-driver

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/lcd-driver

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/low-energy-uart



http://www.energymicro.com/technology/analog-to-digital-converter





http://www.energymicro.com/technology/analog-comparator

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/analog-comparator

http://www.energymicro.com/technology/advanced-encryption-standard








9. LESENSE – Low Energy Sensor Interface

LESENSE provides a configurable and energy efficient way of controlling up to 16 external analog sensors without involving the Cortex CPU. This generic low energy sensor interface works in the 900 nA Deep Sleep mode and enables autonomous monitoring of virtually any type of analog sensor control scheme, including capacitive, inductive and resistive types. For example, LESENSE can be setup to intelligently monitor sensor values and take action via the peripheral reflex system (PRS) to wake up the CPU only if programmable thresholds are exceeded - recurring, energy wasting CPU wake-ups are not necessary.






10. Simplicity Studio and Advanced Energy Monitoring

Cuts design cycles in half: Simplicity Studio is a free and complete tools suite providing instant and "one-click" updated access to the latest datasheets, application notes, software tools, 3rd party IDE, code examples, demos and other EFM32 Gecko and EFR4D Draco resources. The Simplicity Studio console auto-configures in response to user preferences, and includes access to the unique energyAware Profiler and Advanced Energy Monitoring (AEM) data for creation of energy friendly software and real time energy debugging that works in conjunction with all Energy Micro starter and development KITs.










Energy Mode Transitions


Documents

Prozessor- und Rechnerarchitekturen (Master) · Athlon 64 X2 4800+ Brisbane AM2″ der es somit immerhin unter 10 Watt schafft ... Minimiere die Clock-Frequenz 26.04.2017 U.G. Schaarschmidt