Shale Gas

Grundlagen, Vorkommen und Produktion

8. Master Class Course Conference "Renewable Energies" Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde (FH)

4. Dezember 2013

Dr. Ingo Kapp

Deutsche GeoForschungsZentrum

GFZ Potsdam

Primärenergierohstoffe

Fossile Rohstoffe

- Steinkohle

- Braunkohle

- Kohlenwasserstoffe

Erdgas Erdöl Gashydrate

Sonnenlicht

- Photovoltaik

- Photothermische Energie

- Bio-Rohstoffe

Wind

Wasser

Erdwärme

Konventionelle Lagestätten

Unkonventionelle Lagerstätten

- Kohleflözgas

- Schiefergas (Shale Gas)

- Tight Gas (in dichtem Sandstein)

Genese und Zersetzung von

Kohlenwasserstoffen-Komponentengruppen

(primäres und sekundäres Gas, leichtes und

schweres Öl) unter experimentellen

Bedingungen

Wichtige Fallentypen von Erdöl- und Erdgaslagerstätten

grün: Erdöl, rot: Erdgas, Salz

(Quelle: WEG)

Kohlenwasserstoff-Muttergestein

Öl l

l

l

l

l

Kohleflözgas

Konventionelles

assoziiertes Gas

Deckschicht

Tight Gas

Erdoberfläche

Gas Shale

Sandstein

Konventionelle

Gaslagerstätte

Nach: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Geological Survey

First productive shale gas well was drilled in 1821 in the

Appalachian Basin, followed by tens of thousands of wells in various

shale formations in US.

First fluids for hydraulic fracturing were nitrogen gas or nitrogen

foams.

Fracturing fluids are used in the fracking process in two ways:

to assist in opening up the fracture and

to transport the proppant (sand) along the length of the

fracture.

Key technology: Hydraulic Fracturing

Injection of a Fluid under high pressure

Generation and stimulation of artificial connections between the

isolated pores and microcracks

Rise of the gas permeability.

History

Starting in the late 1940s in US:

Use of hydraulic fracturing to increase production from conventional

oil and gas wells

Hydraulic fracturing technology is routinely for reservoir stimulation

Combination in connection with innovations in drilling technology:

Controlled horizontal drilling (downhole drilling motors and telemetry

equipment)

Fracking fluid: Slickwater - water with a limited amount of sand,

friction reducers and chemical additives to improve the efficiency of

hydraulic frackturing

Since 2000: Shale Gas Boom in US

History

Konventionelle

Gasbohrung Konventionelle

Gasbohrung

Unkonventionelle

Gasbohrung

im Schiefer werden durch hohe Drücke

künstliche Klüfte erzeugt

Horizontalbohrung

Mischung aus Wasser,

Sand und chemischen

Zusätzen

Gasfluss aus den

künstlichen Klüften

Sandkörner halten

die Klüfte offen

Technologie der Förderung von Schiefergas - Was ist Fracking?

Europäische Sedimentbecken

GASH - Shale Gas in Europa Geologische Forschung zu Schieferlagerstätten Auswertung der US-Erfahrungen

Forschung Institut Français du Pétrole(FR) TNO (NL) GFZ (DE) Universitäten Newcastle (UK) RWTH Aachen University FU Berlin, Clausthal, Leipzig (all DE) VU Amsterdam (NL)

Geologische Dienste

Beteiligt

GASH - Shale Gas in Europa Ziele Wo gibt es in Europa Schieferformationen? Wie haben sie sich gebildet? Welche Eigenschaften besitzen sie?

Ergebnisse neue Erkundungsmethoden Geologische Datenbank

Forschungsprojekte

Geologische/Petrophysikalische Charakterisierung

Organische Bestandteile in Schieferformationen

Reservoire-Eigenschaften der Schieferformationen

Mechanische und hydraulische Eigenschaften

Fluiddurchlässigkeit

Seismische Charakterisierung von Schieferlagerstätten

Fossile Kohlenwasserstoffe aus unkonventionellen Lagerstätten

Die Geoforschung und technische Innovationen der letzten 20 Jahre ermöglichen die weltweite Erschließung neuer, sog. „unkonventioneller“ Erdgasressourcen: z.B. Shale Gas

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Canada

Mexico

US

South America

Europe

Africa

Asia

Australia

bekannte konventionelle Erdgasreserven

Technisch erschließbare Shale Gas Ressourcen (vorl.

Prognose)

in tcf

Die globale Bedeutung von Shale Gas

Dipl.-Ing. Helmut Schneble; M.Eng. LA Katja Weinem Dipl.-Geograph Ingo Niethammer

aus InfoDialog Fracking – Themenkreis Landschaft – Berlin, 06./07. März 2012 Umweltplanung Bullemann Schnebele GmbH

Dipl.-Ing. Helmut Schneble; M.Eng. LA Katja Weinem Dipl.-Geograph Ingo Niethammer

aus InfoDialog Fracking – Themenkreis Landschaft – Berlin, 06./07. März 2012 Umweltplanung Bullemann Schnebele GmbH

Dipl.-Ing. Helmut Schneble; M.Eng. LA Katja Weinem Dipl.-Geograph Ingo Niethammer

aus InfoDialog Fracking – Themenkreis Landschaft – Berlin, 06./07. März 2012 Umweltplanung Bullemann Schnebele GMBH

Zulassung von Erkundungs- und Förderaktiviäten: Betriebsplan - Besorgnisgrundsatz!!

Grundwasserschutz

Bodenschutz

Landschaftsschutz, Stadtentwicklung

Ökologie, Artenschutz

Schallschutz, Emissionsschutz

Wasserverfügbarkeit

Abwassermanagement

… und weitere jeweils spezifische Anliegen

Zur Zeit kein hydraulic fracturing (aber hydraulic fracturing schon über 300 x seit

1961 Jahren in Kohle, tight gas und Schiefergaslagerstätten)

Umfassende Prüfung:

Deutschland

UBA: Stellungnahme (u.a. rechtl. Rahmenbedingungen, Forschungsbedarf, Dez.

2011)

Exxon Dialog-Prozess (wiss. Risiko-Bewertung, April 2012)

BMU: „Umweltauswirkungen von Fracking bei der Aufsuchung und Gewinnung

von Erdgas aus unkonventionellen Lagerstätten“ (Mai 2012)

NRW: „Gutachten mit Risikostudie zur Exploration und Gewinnung von Erdgas

aus unkonventionellen Lagerstätten in Nordrhein-Westfalen und deren

Auswirkungen auf den Naturhaushalt insbesondere die öffentliche

Trinkwasserversorgung“ (Juni 2012)

http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/

Bisherige Einschätzungen des Expertenkreises:

• Mit Fracking sind Risiken und Umweltbeeinträchtigungen verbunden […].

• Viele dieser Risiken bestehen auch bei einer Erdgasgewinnung aus

konventionellen Lagerstätten.

• v.a. die (technischen) Risiken bei Transport, Lagerung sowie im Bohrloch können das

Grundwasser kontaminieren;

• aus tiefen geologischen Schichten können nur in bestimmten ungünstigen Situationen

Schadstoffe aufsteigen;

• über den Aufstieg von Methan weiß man zu wenig: brennende Wasserhähne gibt es

auch ohne Fracking, aber ob und in welchem Maße dieses Phänomen verstärkt wird,

ist unbekannt.

• es werden zunehmend weniger umweltgefährdende Fracking-Fluide eingesetzt

• die Belastung des Lagerstättenwassers kann erheblich sein und ist zu beachten;

Environmental aspects of shale gas production

Natural Gas: Important feedstock for energy production

is the cleanest burning fossil fuel (in comparison to hard coal, lignite, oil)

but: All fossils produce CO2!!

Replacing all fossils by renewable techniques (Time horizon: 30/40 years)

Two types of natural gas resources

Conventional - Most of actual gas production

- Spacious sandstone deposits

Unconventional - Gas Shales, Tight Gas, Gas Hydrates

- Deposits in other regions

- Concentrated in a few regions

- Foreseeable depletion of deposits

- Difficult to developed

+

-

-

Assessment of unconventional gas exploitation

Economy Climate

Public

Acceptance

Environ-ment

• Temporal changes of framework conditions

(politics, technology etc.)

• Special regional features

(history of oil and gas production, prior experience

with industrial projects)

• Transparency of decision making processes

• Scientifically well-founded risk assessment

Surface and groundwater pollution

Water demand for fracking

Application of water additives (Slickwater Fracking)

(insufficient) waste water treatment / handling

Land use and traffic (tracks), extensive seismic studies

Air pollution

Main Reasons

Lack of experiences with the widespread use of this technology,

Inadequate governmental inspections and supervision of the

management of these projects

Insufficient state regulations for environmental and health safety.

Environmental Problems

Minimization of environmental impact of shale gas projects

The main environmental issues under investigations are:

Risk for Shallow Groundwater

Potential Soil and/or Groundwater Impacts

Surface Impacts /Footprint

Water Management

Public Acceptance of Operations

Traffic Risks / Health and Safety

Emissions

Waste Management

Induced Seismicity

Environmental permitting

Overall Environmental Management

Environmental Management System for Shale Gas Projects

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Risk for Shallow

Groundwater

detailed studies of groundwater risks on the basis of US-experiences -

actual studies in Germany (BMU, NRW), Poland, EU …

Disclosure of fracking fluid composition

Detailed geotechnical and hydrological studies of subsurface structures

Integrity testing of wells

Monitoring of groundwater quality in the vicinity of fracking operations

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Potential Soil and/or

Groundwater Impacts

detailed monitoring - Baseline investigation prior to starting the operation,

during and after operations

monitoring parameter should include:

soil,

groundwater,

methane emission from the groundwater (that may be naturally

occurring)

air, noise

wastewater, waste

Application of prudent containments and spill prevention procedures

Environmental management plan including detailed documentation and

sharing data with steakholders

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Surface Impacts /Footprint

Reduction of the number of well pads by installing multiple wells on a single

well pad

Reduction of visual impacts by strategically operations with respect to

natural barriers

Reduction of Flaring Operations

Land use reduction efforts

Land reclamation programs (reseeding and erosion control)

Shale Gas Plays in Texas (Google Map) Flow Back Dishes in Texas Multiple well on a single well pad

Image of a completed well pad with 10 wells (computer generated)

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Water Management Carefully manage existing fresh water resources and try to avoid water

resource competition with the local community

Develop a water management plan

Detailed quantity monitoring and full documentation prior to starting the

operation (baseline investigation), during and after active exploitation

Shale gas water management schematic: Schlumberger

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Public Acceptance of

Operations!!

This is also called:

The Risk of Losing Social

License to operate

Proactively provide detailed information to the public and stakeholders who

are directly involved

Proactive engagement of NGO`s

Information sharing of operators

Develop a community engagement plan, a community investment plan and a

community health, safety, and security management plan

Transparency of all activities!!

Gasland: Burning Water Tap Gas flame from natural gas seep at Chestnut Ridge

County Park, Eternal Flame Falls, Erie County, New York.

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Traffic Risks / Health and Safety

Implement and monitor a detailed health and safety program for all operations

Work with the local communities regarding traffic activities to reduce impact

Frackwater truck accident Franciscan University of Steubenville

Workers siphon water from a Steubenville city reservoir

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Emissions Implement detailed monitoring program for emission control

air, wastewater, waste, noise, greenhouse gas

Sharing monitoring data with agencies and stakeholders involved

Thermal mass flowmeter is used for off-gas monitoring in a

wastewater treatment facility

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Waste Management Develop a detailed Waste Management Plan (WMP) for all wastes streams and

all fields of activities

Carefully select and audit contractors to avoid waste issues

Monitoring compliance with the WMP

Work with local communities regarding storage and transport of waste to offsite

facilities

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Environmental permitting Try to exceed the minimum requirements of existing environmental regulations

and be prepared for regulatory changes

for example – perform Environmental Impact Assessment even if there are not

legally required

Actively help the regulators get access to background information

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs

Overall Environmental

Management

Implementation of a detailed Environmental Plan based on environmental

regulatory reviews, baseline data, and environmental impact assessment

Compliance Monitoring including documentation

Gas Production and the Environment:

The Process is

'Challenging but Manageable'

SHIP a balanced perspective of science

Shale Gas Information Platform environmental aspects of shale gas exploration and production

Platform for experts and discussion - Basic Information - Knowledge Base - Discussion - News from Science SHIP will contribute to a matter-of-fact based discussion on potential environmental risks related to shale gas exploration and production and will identify research and development directions to follow in order to secure environment-friendly operating practices BLOG; eBook-Publication

http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/

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