Stephan Schulmeister: Realkapitalismus und Finanzkapitalismus - zwei "Spielanordnungen" und zwei Phasen des "langen Zyklus"

7/22/2019 Stephan Schulmeister: Realkapitalismus und Finanzkapitalismus - zwei "Spielanordnungen" und zwei Phasen des "…

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Ziomhopatomaseus uld

Calolzhopatomaseus ‗

zwia “Wpaimolkrdlulfil” uld

zwia ^bosil dis “molfil Pyhmus”

Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

? Ialmiatulf

Fifilstold daisis Issoys ast dos Boupträtsim dir wartsgboctmagbil Ilt-waghmulf dir Logbhraifsziat0 Dai logb ialir Saimzobm vkl Hratirail skultirsgbaidmagbi îrckreolgi zwasgbil dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir @obril

ialirsiats uld zwasgbil dil mitztil @obrzibltil oldirirsiats. Al Iurkposald dai Yltirsgbaidi zwasgbil dir ^rkspiratätspbosi uld dir logbckm-fildil Hrasilpbosi wisiltmagb stärhir ousfipräft oms al dil YWO. Ýjir-dais virsgbmigbtirt sagb dai óhklkeasgbi îrckreolgi al Iurkpo siat dil?16>ir @obril vkl @obrziblt zu @obrziblt. Daisir ^rkziss bot sagb Ol-colf dir ?11>ir @obri virstärht uld eat Ousjrugb dir Calolzhrasi :>>2lkgbeoms jisgbmiulaft. Ir ast wiatir ae Folf uld zaibt Iurkpo al daisgbwirsti óhklkeasgbi, skzaomi uld pkmatasgbi Hrasi dir Logbhraifsziat.

Dai birrsgbildi likhmossasgbi Tbikrai holl daisil ^rkziss lagbt ir-hmäril, sai bätti vaimeibr iali uefihibrti Iltwaghmulf irwortil mossil,

omsk iali bortläghafi Hrasi al dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir @obril fickmft vklzulibeildir ^rkspiratät. Dill al dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir @obril hklltilsagb jidiutildi Eärhti lagbt cria iltcomtil, dai Orjiats- uld Calolz-eärhti woril straht rifumairt, dir Divasileorht ýjirboupt fisgbmkssil.Al dil virfolfilil @obrzibltil wurdil daisi Eärhti balfifil dirifu-mairt, oe stärhstil wurdil dai Calolzeärhti iltcissimt. Dozu hkeet,doss dai Traijhroct dis Vartsgboctswogbstues logb likhmossasgbir Tbik-

Ous0 @ýrfil Hrkepbordt (Bf.), Viatiriltwaghmulf dir Hiylis'sgbil Tbikrai uld ieparasgbi Olomysil

Wgbractil dir Hiylis-Fisimmsgboct Jold 6, Eorjurf :>?7.



??3 Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

rai, dir tigblkmkfasgbi Ckrtsgbratt, al dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir @obrillobizu jidiutulfsmks wor ae Sirfmiagb zu dil logbckmfildil @obr-

zibltil, dai vkl jobljrigbildil Josasallkvotaklil fipräft wurdil waidir Eahrkimihtrklah, Jaktigblkmkfai kdir dir Lolktigblkmkfai.

Dai óhklkeasgbi uld skzaomi îrckreolgi wor al ommil iurkpäasgbilFisimmsgboctil logb ommil rimivoltil Hratirail al dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir@obril jissir oms al dil virfolfilil @obrzibltil (saibi Ojsgblatt :).Dais famt cýr dos Vartsgboctswogbstue, siali Wtojamatät, dai Jisgbäcta-fulfsmofi uld dai Iltwaghmulf dir Wtootscalolzil, ojir ougb cýr daiSirralfirulf vkl Ylfmiagbbiat al dir Sirtiamulf vkl Ialhkeeil jas zurskzaomil Wagbirbiat, die Fruldvirtrouil al dil fisimmsgboctmagbil Pu-

soeeilbomt uld ialie durgbous fieägbmagbil Tiepk dis jirucmagbiluld pravotil Mijils.Wiat dil ?16>ir @obril bot sagb dai Mofi al Iurkpo logb omm daisil

Hratirail virsgbmigbtirt, jiskldirs eorholt hkeet sai ol ckmfildirôrodkxai zue Ousdrugh0 Dos Mijilstiepk ast jas zur Bihtah fistaifil,ojir dir Irtrof dir fistiafirtil Ohtavatätil ward aeeir hmialir ‗ eoldilhi itwo ol dos iesafi Wgbriajil vkl @kj-Jiwirjulfil durgb ùlfiEilsgbil.

O prkpks @ulfi0 Jas Olcolf dir ?16>ir @obri foj is widir @ufild-orjiatsmksafhiat lkgb prihäri Jisgbäctafulf, ìdir ùlfi Eilsgb hkllti

ialil vkmm skzaomvirsagbirtil Orjiatspmotz jihkeeil uld sagb dobir ougbiali Vkblulf miastil. Biuti ast dos JA^ prk Hkpc al Iurkpo eibr omsdkppimt sk bkgb, ojir Eammaklil @ulfir hóllil lagbt “cmýffi” wirdil, iscibmil Orjiatspmätzi uld irsgbwalfmagbir Vkblroue.

Daisir Sirfmiagb eogbt diutmagb0 Do ast siat @obrzibltil itwos cul-doeiltom comsgb fimoucil. Dai logb sk vaimil Hratirail ultirsgbaidmagbiîrckreolgi diutit dorouc bal, doss dai ^rkspiratätspbosi uld dai Hra-silpbosi durgb zwia ultirsgbaidmagbi “Wpaimolkrdlulfil” ialir hopato-mastasgbil Eorhtwartsgboct fipräft wurdil, doss omsk dai Yltirsgbaidi aldir Fisoetpirckreolgi systieasgbi Yrsogbil bojil. Dai Fruldtbisildaisis Issoys moutil dobir0

Eol holl zwia culdoeiltom ultirsgbaidmagbi “Wpaimolkrdlulfil”ialir hopatomastasgbil Eorhtwartsgboct ultirsgbiadil, ì logbdie,wimgbi Ohtavatätil dos ̂ rkcatstrijil oltriajil.

Ae Ziomhopatomaseus ckhussairil dai Olriazjidalfulfil dai hopatomas-tasgbi “Hirlilirfai” ouc ultirlibeirasgbi Ohtavatätil al dir Ziom-



Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus ??6

wartsgboct0 Jia cistil Vigbsimhursil, stojamil uld ultir dir Vogbs-tuesroti maifildil Palssätzil, stojamil Zkbstkccpriasil uld “sgbmue-

eirldil” Ohtaileärhtil holl sagb dos Fiwallstrijil lur al dirZiomwartsgboct iltcomtil, dai stitaf ixpoldairildi Alvistataklslogb-crofi ireófmagbt ial bkbis Vartsgboctswogbstue uld doeat ol-bomtildi Skmmjisgbäctafulf.

Ae Calolzhopatomaseus däepcil alstojami Vigbsimhursi, Zkbstkcc- priasi, ýjir dir Vogbstuesroti maifildi Palssätzi, uld jkkeildiOhtaileärhti ultirlibeirasgbi Ohtavatätil al dir Ziomwartsgboct,fmiagbziataf wirdil Calolzspihumotaklil aeeir ottrohtavir. Eat dirZiomhopatomjamdulf fibt ougb dai Wgbocculf vkl Orjiatspmätzil zu-

rýgh. Dir Calolzairulfssomdk dis Yltirlibeilssihtkrs dribt al ialilÝjirsgbuss. fmiagbziataf “irmiadit” dir Wtoot ial lobizu pireoliltisDicazat. Jia ýjir dir Vogbstuesroti maifildil Palssätzil laeet daiWtootssgbumdilqukti aeeir eibr zu.

Ziomhopatomastasgbi Wpaimolkrdlulfil fibil ol abrie Irckmf zufrul-di. Dill pireolilti Skmmjisgbäctafulf virmofirt óhklkeasgbiEogbt vkl dil Yltirlibeirl zu dil Fiwirhsgboctil uld pkmatasgbiEogbt vkl hklsirvotavil zu skzaomdiekhrotasgbil ôrtiail, dai “Sir-mairir” wildil sagb eorhtmajiromil Adikmkfil uld Ziziptil zu.

Calolzhopatomastasgbi Wpaimolkrdlulfil fibil ol abrie Eassirckmfzufruldi. Dill is ward aeeir eibr Calolzvireófil fisgboccil, doshiali riomi Dighulf bot.

Dir “molfi Pyhmus” al dir wartsgboctmagbil Iltwaghmulf irfajt sagb omsWiquilz riomhopatomastasgbir Oucsgbwulfspbosil uld calolzhopatomas-tasgbir Ojsgbwulfspbosil. Cýr sagb ommial sgboccil tigblkmkfasgbiAllkvotaklil hiali Ixpolsaklspbosi, iltsgbiadild ast vaimeibr daiHkbärilz zwasgbil tigblasgbil uld skzaomil Allkvotaklil. DaisiHkbärilz ward ultir riomhopatomastasgbil “Wpaimjidalfulfil” disbomj

ibir riomasairt oms ae Calolzhopatomaseus wiam sgbwiri jas hotostrk- pbomi Hrasil cýr Óhklkeil, Yltirlibeir uld ^kmatahir ialil storhilOlriaz sgboccil, liui Mósulfil durgb skzaomil Allkvotaklil zu cal-dil (vkl Zkksivimt‑s Liw Diom, dir Vartsgboctstbikrai vkl Hiylis

jas zue “Zbialasgbil Hopatomaseus”).

Daisi Tbisil hkepraeairil wisiltmagbi Irfijlassi eialir Yltir-sugbulfil zu dil Vigbsimwarhulfil zwasgbil riom- uld calolzhopato-



??2 Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

mastasgbil Ckreil dis ^rkcatstrijils uld abril fisoetwartsgboctmagbilCkmfil. Ousmósir cýr daisis Ckrsgbulfsprkfroee wor dai Wgbumdilhrasi

al Motialoeiraho ?12:. Dai doeoms fälfafi “Irhmärulf” dir Hrasi ‗Easswartsgboct uld Hkrruptakl, al ialafil Mäldirl durgb Eamatärrifaeisficórdirt ‗ sgbail ear comsgb, zueom Orfiltalail, Eixagk uld Jrosamaildai “tafir igklkeais” dir ?16>ir @obri fiwisil woril. Omsk jifoj agbeagb ouc Wpurilsugbi, sai cýbrti eagb zu ckmfildir Housomhitti0

Wgbkl siat dil ?19>ir @obril uld virstärht al dil ?13>ir @obril bot-til Eamtkl Craideol uld oldiri likmajiromi Óhklkeil cýr ial Wys-tie criair Vigbsimhursjamdulf pmädairt. Fieialsoe eat die Culdo-eiltomdiciht dis Jrittkl-Vkkds-Wysties (dai Dkppimrkmmi dis YW-

Dkmmor oms lotaklomi Väbrulf uld oms Miatwäbrulf sgbmkss Dkmmoroj-wirtulfil ous) uld eat ialir lur al dil YWO ouctritildil Zizissakl?16> cýbrti dai Hoepofli vkl Craideol uld Gk. zur Oucfoji disWysties cistir Vigbsimhursi ae Oufust ?16?.

Dir Dkmmor virmkr jas ?167 :9% ol Virt. Dorouc riofairtil dai Ird-ómixpkrtiuri ae Khtkjir ?167 eat die irstil “Ómpriassgbkgh”. DaiAlcmotakl jisgbmiulafti sagb, fmiagbziataf staif al dir logbckmfildilZizissakl ougb dai Orjiatsmksafhiat. Daisi ‗ vkl ablil simjst eatvir-ursogbti ‗ Hklstimmotakl “virwirtitil” dai likmajiromil Óhklkeil oms

Vadirmifulf dir ^bammaps-Hurvi uld doeat dis Hiylisaolaseus ýjir-boupt.

Dai Wiquilz vkl Dkmmorojwirtulf, Ómpriassgbkgh uld Zizissakl wai-dirbkmti sagb zwasgbil ?163 uld ?12>, dkgb daiseom riofairtil dai

Lktiljolhil ouc dai Alcmotaklsjisgbmiulafulf eat ialir ‗ al dil YWO jiskldirs storh ousfipräftil ‗ Bkgbzalspkmatah, wimgbi iali eossaviDkmmoroucwirtulf ialmiatiti (saibi dozu Ojj. ? uld : al Ojsgblatt :).

Al dil ?16>ir @obril bottil dai dyloeasgb wogbsildil Mäldir Mo-tialoeirahos abri Ousmoldssgbumdil al Dkmmor stitaf irbóbt (“rigygmalf

kc tbi pitrk-dkmmors”), zueom dir Dkmmor cost stäldaf ol Virt virmkr.Daisir ultir dirort fýlstafil Jidalfulfil ohhueumairti Wgbumdil-

jirf wurdi oj ?12> durgb dai Dkmmoroucwirtulf aeeir fróÛir, sgbkl?12: wor dai Most lagbt eibr trofjor.

@idi Fruppi vkl Ohtiuril botti sagb ae Zobeil abrir Altirissil rotaklomvirbomtil0 Dai likmajiromil Óhklkeil eat abril Ottoghil ouc dos Jrit-tkl-Vkkds-Wystie uld dil Hiylisaolaseus “ae folzil”, dai YW-^kmatah



Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus ??1

eat abrir Oucfoji dir Fkmdhklvirtajamatät dis Dkmmor, dai KÎG eat dil jiadil “Ómpriassgbkghs”, dai Mäldir Motialoeirahos eat abrir Ouclobei

vkl Ousmoldshridatil al ialir ojwirtildil Väbrulf, dai Lktiljolhileat abrir Bkgbzalspkmatah, dai Divasilbäldmir eat abrir Wpihumotakl ouciali Ojwirtulf dis Dkmmor al dil ?16>ir @obril uld ouc siali Oucwir-tulf oj ?12> (al Ziohtakl ouc dai Bkgbzalspkmatah). Dkgb dos Pusoe-eilwarhil daisir rotaklomil Sirbomtilswiasil cýbrti al iali Hotostrkpbicýr Eammaklil Eilsgbil (will eol ollaeet, doss ougb lur ?% dir Ji-vómhirulf Motialoeirahos al dir “mkst digodi” crýbir virstorj oms is kblidai Wgbumdilhrasi dir Comm fiwisil wäri, sk woril dos itwo 7 EammaklilEilsgbil).

Dai Vigbsimwarhulf zwasgbil óhklkeasgbir Tbikrai- jzw. Adikmk-faijamdulf, dil dorous ojfimiatitil “Lovafotaklshortil” cýr dai ^kmatah,abrir sgbrattwiasil Yesitzulf skwai dil Olpossulfil vkl Yltirlib-eil, Jolhil uld Bousbomtil ol dai dodurgb fiäldirtil Olriazilzu Fiwallirzaimulf uld Sireófilsjamdulf wurdi zu eialie Ckr-sgbulfstbieo al dil ckmfildil 7> @obril.

Olfisagbts dir Jriati daisir Crofistimmulf boji agb eagb albomtmagbouc dai Yrsogbil uld Ckmfil dir ilkreil (“eolasgb-diprissavil”)Wgbwolhulfil ommir ouc Eärhtil fiboldimtil “ossit pragis” hklziltrairt,alsjiskldiri vkl Vigbsimhursil, Zkbstkccpriasil, Ohtailhursil uld

Palssätzil. Eitbkdasgb ckmfi agb ialie alduhtavil Olsotz. Wk jitriajiagb siat ?123 Cimdckrsgbulf al Trodalf Zkkes uld ouc Jórsil, ue durgbJikjogbtulfil uld Fisprägbi eat dil Ohtiuril abri Irwortulfsjamdulfuld abr Trolsohtaklsvirbomtil virstibil zu mirlil. Ougb dai logbckmfil-dil Wtudail zu dil Ouswarhulfil dir “ossit pragi alstojamaty” ouc daiZiom- jzw. Calolzohhueumotakl dir Yltirlibeil, dos Hklsue- jzw.Wporvirbomtil dir Bousbomti, ouc dai Sirsgbaijulfil dir sihtkromil Ca-lolzairulfssomdil uld dai Dyloeah dir Wtootsvirsgbumdulf libeil daiieparasgbi Ivadilz siat dil ?19>ir @obril oms Ousfolfspulht.

Ae Pufi daisir Orjiatil jifoll sagb molfsoe dai Bypktbisi vkl zwiaculdoeiltom ultirsgbaidmagbil Wpaimolkrdlulfil ialir hopatomastasgbilEorhtwartsgboct birouszuhrastommasairil skwai vkl abrir Ojckmfi ae pkmat-óhklkeasgbil Iltwaghmulfszyhmus. Ziom- uld Calolzhopatomaseus ultir-sgbiadil sagb lagbt lur ae Baljmagh ouc dai ìwiams dkealolti Vart-sgboctstbikrai, dai Ckhussairulf dis Fiwallstrijils, dai Fistomtulf disSirbämtlassis zwasgbil Óhklkeai uld ^kmatah, Eorht uld Wtoot, Yltir-libeir uld OrjiatlibeirAllil, skldirl ougb ae Baljmagh ouc Fruld-



?:> Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

wirti uld Sirbomtilswiasil ae Wpollulfscimd zwasgbil aldavaduimmieIafillutz uld skzaomie Pusoeeilbomt.

Al daisie Oucsotz virsugbi agb, dai Lýtzmagbhiat ialir hklsiquiltilYltirsgbiadulf zwasgbil dil Altirissil vkl Ziom- uld Calolzhopatomuld zwasgbil ialir riomhopatomastasgbil uld ialir calolzhopatomastasgbilWpaimolkrdlulf ialir Eorhtwartsgboct diutmagb zu eogbil. Dai Jriati dis^rkjmieolsotzis uld dai Saimsgbagbtafhiat dir jitrogbtitil “_uirvirjal-dulfil” zwasgbil Tbikrai- jzw. Adikmkfaijamdulf, dil Hklziptil dirVartsgboctspkmatah uld dil Sirbomtilswiasil vkl Yltirlibeil uldBousbomtil eogbil iali shazzilbocti Dorstimmulf lótaf. Hurz0 Is boldimtsagb ue ialil Issoy ae wórtmagbil Wall.

Dai Fmaidirulf iltspragbt eialie alduhtavil Skrfibil. Agb wirdizulägbst Zobeiljidalfulfil uld îrckreolgi ae “fkmdil ofi kc gopa-tomase” dir ?19>ir uld ?13>ir @obri shazzairil uld eat dir Iltwaghmulfae logbckmfildil “Piatomtir dis Calolzhopatoms” virfmiagbil. Dologb ji-boldmi agb ialil ^rkjmiejiriagb filouir, al die sagb dai jiadil ^bosil

jiskldirs eorholt ultirsgbiadil, dai Dyloeah dir “ossit pragis” uldabri riomwartsgboctmagbil Ckmfil. Agb wirdi ziafil, wai dai Ilt-Cissimulfdir Calolzeärhti iltsprigbild dir likmajiromil Lovafotaklshorti ^rk-

jmiei irziuft, diril Jiboldmulf logb dir fmiagbil Horti wiatiri ^rkjmiei filirairt, diril Jiboldmulf waidirue dil lägbstil Wgbratt al dir

Durgbsitzulf dis likmajiromil Ckrdirulfshotomkfs jidiutit. Oe Ildidaisir Wiquilz “likmajiromir Vigbsimsgbratti” stýldi dai Diekltofi disWkzaomstoots uld dir Diekhrotai. Dologb jisgbriaji agb eial (quo-matotavis) Ekdimm dir Altirohtakl vkl dria Culdoeiltomaltirissil ‗Orjiat, Ziomhopatom, Calolzhopatom ‗ al dir Ojckmfi vkl riom- uld calolz-hopatomastasgbil Wpaimolkrdlulfil. OjsgbmaiÛild shazzairi agb daiFruldzýfi ialis “Liw Diom” zur Eamdirulf uld Sirhýrzulf dir hke-eildil Diprissakl.

: Zobeiljidalfulfil uld óhklkeasgbi îrckreolgial dir Logbhraifsziat

Dai Zobeiljidalfulfil ae “fkmdil ofi kc gopatomase” woril al bkbieEoÛ dos Irfijlas dis Mirlils ous dir Vimtwartsgboctshrasi uld abrilhotostrkpbomil Ckmfil. Dais famt alsjiskldiri cýr (Vist)Iurkpo uld alspizaimmie OuseoÛ cýr Diutsgbmold (uld Óstirriagb).



Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus ?:?

Eat dir Wkzaomil Eorhtwartsgboct wurdi sgbrattwiasi iali Vartsgbocts-krdlulf uefisitzt, dai al dir ^roxas logb ialir Altifrotakl vkl Fifil-

sätzil strijti wai aldavaduimmir Iafillutz / skzaomir Pusoeeilbomt,Wtiuirulfssystie ^kmatah / Wtiuirulfssystie Eorht, Altirohtakl durgbHklhurrilz / Altirohtakl durgb Hkkpirotakl, Miastulfsirstimmulf durgbWtoot / Miastulfsirstimmulf durgb Yltirlibeil, Altirissil dir Orjiat-libeir (Fiwirhsgboctil) / Altirissil dir Yltirlibeir(virjäldi).?

Daisi Altifrotakl fifilsätzmagbir “^kmi” fimolf (ougb) durgb iali profeotasgb uld vaimcogb lur aepmazat cistfimifti “Orjiatstiamulf” zwa-sgbil die “Wystie ^kmatah / Wtoot”, die “Wystie Eorht / Yltirlibeil”skwai dil Wkzaomportlirl0 Cýr Sirjissirulf dir Vogbstuesjidalfulfil

(vkl dir Alcrostruhtur jas zue Jamdulfswisil), cýr dai Wtärhulf dir sk-zaomil Wagbirbiat skwai cýr dai Wtojamasairulf dir Hklùlhtur wor praeärdos “Wystie ^kmatah/Wtoot” zustäldaf, cýr dai Mósulf dir Crofi “Vimgbi(pravotil) Fýtir wirdil wai prkduzairt” (vkl dir Sirjissirulf dir ^rk-duhtaklsiccazailz jas zur Ouswiatulf dir Dastrajutaklsholämi) wor pra-eär dos “Wystie Eorht/Yltirlibeil” zustäldaf, dai Sirtiamulf dir Ir-träfi zwasgbil Ziomhopatom/Yltirlibeil uld Orjiat wurdi vkl dil Wk-zaomportlirl ousfiboldimt (Toracvirtrofsbkbiat uld dai poratätasgbi Eat-

jistaeeulf woril dai jiadil wagbtafstil Hkepkliltil dis “Zbiala-sgbil Hopatomaseus”).

? Skl dir ivkmutaklär fiwogbsilil uld prohtazairtil Wkzaomil Eorhtwartsgboct astdos vkl Óhklkeil wai Eýmmir-Oreogh kdir Zóphi “hklstruairti” Hklzipt dir“Wkzaomil Eorhtwartsgboct” zu ultirsgbiadil. Mitztiris wor ial eorhtmajiromis Hkl-zipt, dos stott dis ‗ logb dir Vimtwartsgboctshrasi wilaf ottrohtavil ‗ Jifraccs“krdkmajirom” kdir “likmajirom” dil Jifracc “skzaom” virwilditi (daisil “Itahittil-

sgbwaldim” wäret dai diutsgbi “Alataotavi “Liui Wkzaomi Eorhtwartsgboct” al dilmitztil @obril waidir ouc) Totsägbmagb ast dai adikmkfasgbi Josas dis Hklzipts dir"Wkzaomil Eorhtwartsgboct" dir (diutsgbi) Krdkmajiromaseus. Daisir stimmt ‗ ìdil-comms al eialie Sirstäldlas ‗ iali Soraolti dis (uld hial Fifilekdimm zue) Lik-majiromaseus dor. Pwor jitklil krdkmajiromi Óhklkeil wai alsjiskldiri VomtirIughil dai Lktwildafhiat ialis storhil Wtoots, dkgb skmm daisir siali Wtärhi praeärcýr dai Fiwäbrmiastulf dis criail Vittjiwirjs uld (doeat) dil Wgbutz dir Iafil-tueskrdlulf ialsitzil, hialiscomms ojir cýr dil Oucjou ialis uecossildil Wkzaom-stoots.



?:: Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

Ojj. ?0 Iltwaghmulfstildilzil al Vistiurkpo

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_uimmi0 KIGD, Iurkstot, VACK. ‗ ?) Fmiatildir 7-@obrisdurgbsgblatt.



Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus ?:7

Dai Calolzeärhti wurdil fruldmifild oldirs jiboldimt oms dai Fýtir-eärhti0 Mitztiri wurdil sgbrattwiasi majiromasairt (ouc altirlotaklomir

Ijili durgb dai FOTT-Zuldil), irstiri jmiajil straht rifumairt (itwodurgb Hkltrkmmi dis altirlotaklomil Hopatomvirhibrs) kdir abrir ziltromilCulhtakl dir ^riasjamdulf jiroujt (Divasileorht). Dolh stojamie Dkm-morhurs sgbwolhtil ougb dai ‗ al Dkmmor lktairildil ‗ Zkbstkccpriasi lurwilaf. Calolzspihumotakl bätti sagb lur oe Ohtaileorht iltcomtil hól-lil, dkgb wor ougb dais ‗ zuealdist al Iurkpo ‗ cohtasgb uleófmagb, dodai Hursi stoflairtil. Pusätzmagb mof dir Palssotz pireolilt uld diutmagbultir dir Vogbstuesroti dir Fisoetwartsgboct (saibi Ojj. ? ultil).

Yltir daisil ialoldir irfälzildil Jidalfulfil hkllti sagb dos Fi-

wallstrijil, fiwassireoÛil dai “hopatomastasgbi Hirlilirfai”, lur al dirZiomwartsgboct iltcomtil, alsjiskldiri durgb ultirlibeirasgbi Ziom-alvistataklil. “Vartsgboctswuldir” iriafliti sagb0 Vos zu Jifall dir?19>ir @obri al dil eiastil Mäldirl, alsjiskldiri ae lkgb hraifszir-stórtil Diutsgbmold uld Óstirriagb, cýr utkpasgb fibomtil wurdi, Skmmji-sgbäctafulf, wor oe Ildi dis @obrziblts jiriats irriagbt0 Dai Orjiats-mksilqukti mof jia ?%, simjst ae Durgbsgblatt vkl Vistiurkpo alsfisoet

jitruf sai lur itwo :% (saibi Ojj. ?).Dos bkbi EoÛ ol pkmatasgbir uld skzaomir Hkbärilz wurdi ougb do-

durgb irriagbt, doss sagb dai Imatil al ^kmatah, Eidail uld ^kmatah ol ialir

fieialsoeil “Lovafotaklshorti” krailtairtil, dai ae skzaomil Jiriagbdurgb dai Fruldsätzi dir (prohtazairtil) Wkzaomil Eorhtwartsgboct fi-

präft wurdi uld ae óhklkeasgbil Jiriagb durgb dai ‗ will ougbfifilýjir die Krafalom storh virstýeeimti ‗ hiylisaolasgbi Tbikrai.

Al dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir @obril wurdi dir Wkzaomstoot stitaf ousfi- jout, fmiagbziataf falf dai Wtootsvirsgbumdulf (rimotav zue JA^) stitafzurýgh (saibi Ojj. ? Eatti)0 Al Diutsgbmold iltsprogbil dai Dicazati disYltirlibeilssihtkrs olläbirld dil Ýjirsgbýssil dir Bousbomti, dirCalolzairulfssomdk dis Wtootis wor (dobir) ousfifmagbil (saibi ougbOjj. ?? al Ojsgblatt 9), jia ialie lifotavil Pals-Vogbstues-Dacciril-taom falf dobir dai Wtootssgbumdilqukti stitaf zurýgh.

Eat jiwuldirlswirtir Ilirfai uld Ousdouir jiriatitil al daisir^bosi dai (doeomafil) “OuÛilsiatir” Craideol uld Boyih dai likmaji-romi Fifilkccilsavi vkr. Bouptolfraccspulhti woril dai Zifumairulf dir



?:4 Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

Calolzeärhti, alsjiskldiri dos Wystie cistir Vigbsimhursi, uld daiWgbädmagbhiat vkl Skmmjisgbäctafulfspkmatah (“^bammapshurvil-Dijotti”).:

Ildi dir ?13>ir @obri sitzt dai likmajiromi Fifilkccilsavi ial, poro-dkxirwiasi ficórdirt durgb dil Irckmf dis Ziomhopatomaseus0 Jia Skmmji-sgbäctafulf lobeil dai Wtriahs zu, dai Mkblqukti staif al Vistiurkpoeossav (saibi Ojj. ? kjil), dai Fiwirhsgboctil ckrdirtil (eibr) Eatji-staeeulf, “malhs” wurdi sgbagh ultir Altimmihtuimmil (?132 itg.), dai Wk-zaomdiekhrotai jihoe Oucwald uld ?16> jifoll dai Yewimtjiwifulfdil Hopatomaseus ous óhkmkfasgbir Wagbt al Crofi zu stimmil (“Gmuj kcZkei”). Omm dais virstórti dai Yltirlibeir(virtritir). Wai wurdil wai-dir iepcälfmagb cýr dai Ckrdirulfil dir likmajiromil Óhklkeil, Fi-

wirhsgboctil uld Wkzaomstoot hklsiquilt zu sgbwägbil.Pur Mifataeotakl dis Altirissis ol ialir Wgbwägbulf dis Wkzaomstootsuld ialir Daszapmalairulf dir Fiwirhsgboctil hklstruairil Craideoluld siali “Gbagofk Jkys” dria Tbikrail0

Do dai Ohtiuri ouc Calolzeärhtil rotaklom ofairil, holl is hialidistojamasairildi Wpihumotakl fijil, daisi Eärhti eýssil dobir vkmm-stäldaf di-rifumairt wirdil, alsjiskldiri dos Wystie cistir Vigbsim-hursi fibórt ojfisgbocct.

Iali ohtavi Vartsgboctspkmatah ast balfifil sgbädmagb uld euss dobir

ol Zifiml fijuldil wirdil. Dos ialzafi Paim dir ^kmatah ast dai Wto- jamatät vkl Fimdwirt uld Wtootscalolzil. Cýr dai Wtootssgbumd famt0“Dir Wgbumdlir ast sgbumd”.

Alsjiskldiri iali Skmmjisgbäctafulfspkmatah ast sallmks, ò skforsgbädmagb. Dill is fiji iali “lotýrmagbi Orjiatsmksilqukti”. Sir-sugbt dai ^kmatah, dai Orjiatsmksafhiat ultir daisis Laviou zu drýghil,staifi dai Alcmotakl.

Daisi Tbisil jzw. Iepcibmulfil wurdil ous dir ue dos Hklzipt dirrotaklomil Irwortulfil irwiatirtil Ommfieialil Fmiagbfiwagbtstbikrai

ojfimiatit. Wai jamdit dai Josas cýr ìli likmajiromi “Lovafotaklshorti”,wimgbi siat dil ?16>ir @obril al wogbsildie EoÛ dai ohodieasgbilMibrir (uld doeat iali Filirotakl vkl Óhklkeai-Wtudiltil), dai @kur-

: Iali birvkrrofildi Dkhueiltotakl uld Olomysi dir albomtmagbil uld strotifa-sgbil Hklzipti dir likmajiromil “eostir ealds” skwai abrir itoppilwiasil Yesit-zulf jaitit Wtideol @klis (:>?:). Wtärhir wartsgboctswassilsgboctmagb ousfiragbtitast dai Dorstimmulf dis Likmajiromaseus vkl Wgbua ‗ Jmolhiljurf (:>>:).




lomastil (dai “sigkld-bold-diomirs” al Boyih‑s ^rkpofoldo-Hklzipt)uld sgbmaiÛmagb dai Vartsgboctspkmatahir ouc likmajiromil Hurs jrogbti.

Väbrild dai Lovafotaklshorti dir ?19>ir uld ?13>ir @obri ouc ialilOusfmiagb fifilsätzmagbir Altirissil ojzaimti uld doeat aepmazat daiDkppimlotur dis Eilsgbil oms Aldavaduue uld oms skzaomis Visil zu ji-rýghsagbtafil sugbti, ast dai likmajiromi Lovafotaklshorti durgb iali ix-triei Ialsiatafhiat gborohtirasairt0 Dir Eilsgb ward lur oms Aldavaduuewobrfilkeeil (eat “tbiri as lk sugb tbalf os skgaity” jrogbti daisEorforiti Tbotgbir ouc dil ûlht), lur “dir Eorht” uld doeat lur dosHklhurrilzpralzap skmmi óhklkeasgbi ^rkzissi stiuirl, lur aldavaduimmiIafilviroltwkrtulf holl Iccazailz fiwäbrmiastil, skzaomstootmagb-skmado-

rasgbi Mósulfil cýbril zu Easswartsgboct uld Ilteýldafulf dis Jýr-firs (“Dir Vif zur Hligbtsgboct” baiÛ dir likmajiromi Jistsimmir vklBoyih ous die @obr ?144).

Dos likmajiromi ^rkfroee ward al Itoppil uefisitzt. Dai Oucfojicistir Vigbsimhursi cýbrt zu zwia Dkmmoriltwirtulfil uld zwia Ómprias-sgbkghs (saibi Ojj. :) uld zwia Zizissaklil (wai al Ojj. ? ojzumisil).Dir fmiagbziatafi Olstaif vkl Alcmotakl uld Orjiatsmksafhiat dailt dilEklitorastil oms ieparasgbir “Jiwias” cýr dai Vadirmifulf dis Hiyli-saolaseus.

Olcolf dir ?12>ir @obri irbóbil dai Lktiljolhil dos Palslaviou

zwighs Alcmotaklsjihäepculf sk sibr, doss is al dir IY siatbir cost pir-eolilt ýjir dir Vogbstuesroti maift (saibi Ojj. ? ultil). Fmiagbziatafward dos likmajiromi ^rkfroee ialir Di-Zifumairulf dir Calolzeärhtickrtfisitzt, dai Wgbocculf ulzäbmafir Calolzdiravoti irmiagbtirt dai Wpi-humotakl, Vigbsimhursi, Zkbstkccpriasi, Ohtailhursi uld Palssätzisgbwolhil aeeir eibr (Ojj. : uld 7).

Yltir daisil Jidalfulfil virmofirl dai Yltirlibeil abr Fi-wallstrijil vkl dir Ziom- zur Calolzwartsgboct. Wai riduzairil abriZiomalvistataklil uld doeat skwkbm dai Wgbocculf vkl Orjiatspmätzil omsougb abr Calolzairulfsdicazat, dos Vartsgboctswogbstue salht, dai Or-

jiatsmksafhiat stiaft uld doeat ougb dos Wtootsdicazat (Ojj. ? uld 1 jas??). Jia pksatavie Pals-Vogbstues-Dacciriltaom laeet dai Wtootssgbum-dilqukti aeeir eibr zu, wai Ojj. ? Eatti cýr Vistiurkpo ziaft.




Ojj. :0 Dkmmorhurs uld Irdómprias

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Iccihtavir Dkmmorhurs (malhi Whomo) ?) Irdómprias al $ (rigbti Whomo)

_uimmi0 KIGD, AEC. Kxckrd Igklkeitrags. ‗ ?) Fifilýjir DE, Crolg, ^culd, Qil.

Ildi dir ?12>ir @obri ast dir Ýjirfolf vke Ziom- zue Calolzhopato-maseus ojfisgbmkssil. Dai ^kmatah al dir IY ast lagbt eibr al dir Mofi,dai systieasgbil Yrsogbil dis doeat virjuldilil Iltstibils dir“Pwammalfsprkjmiei” Orjiatsmksafhiat uld Wtootsvirsgbumdulf zu irhil-lil (saibi ougb Ojj. ?: oe Ildi vkl Ojsgblatt 9). Ous dir likmajiromil

Lovafotaklshorti miatit sai stottdissil Wyeptkehuril oj0 Zifimjaldulfdir Cashom- uld Fimdpkmatah (Eoostragbt-Hratirail, Wtotut dir IPJ) skwaiwiatiri Di-Zifumairulf dir Calolz- uld Orjiatseärhti.

Dai riomwartsgboctmagbi îrckreolgi al dir IY virsgbmigbtirt sagbwiatir, fmiagbziataf jkkeil dai Calolzeärhti. Dos “Mossil Wai Abr Fimdorjiatil” durgbzaibt ommi Jiriagbi, vkl dir (portaimmil) Yestimmulf ouciali hopatomfidighti Omtirsvkrskrfi jas zur Ousjriatulf dir Diravotspi-humotakl vkl Oeotiuril.

Ial ialzafis FrkÛprkìht dir IY wadirsitzt sagb die likmajiromilPiatfiast0 Dai Wgbocculf dis Iurk. Ommirdalfs ast dos ^rkìht al sagbwadirsprýgbmagb0 Dir Pusoeeilbomt dir Väbrulfsulakl skmm durgb doslikmajiromi Hklzipt ialir Zifimjaldulf dir ^kmatah fiwäbrmiatit wirdil.




Dir Ohtailgrosb :>>> jas :>>7 stimmt dos irsti “Skrjijil” ialis Pu-soeeiljrugbs dir calolzhopatomastasgbil Wpaimolkrdlulf dor. Dologb

irckmft abri calomi Bkgbjmýti0 Dria Jkkes mossil Ohtail-, Aeekjamail-uld Zkbstkccvireófil jas :>>6 droeotasgb stiafil, ouc dai dria Jummil-eärhti ckmfil dria Järileärhti. Irsteoms siat ?1:1 salhil dai driawagbtafstil Sireófilsortil fmiagbziataf (Ojj. 2 al Ojsgblatt 7).

Eat dir durgb dai eossavi Sireófilsiltwirtulf ousfimóstil Calolz-uld Vartsgboctshrasi tratt dos Wystie al dai ^bosi sialir molfsoeilWimjstoucmósulf ial. Pwor ohtavairil dai Imatil al dir Wgbkghpbosi logbdir Mibeol-^miati abr Molfziatfidägbtlas uld fmoujil, eat Jolhil- uldHklùlhturpohitil folz oldirs zu boldiml oms abri Skrfälfir Olcolf

dir ?17>ir @obril. Do sai ojir dai systieasgbil Yrsogbil dir Hrasi ‗ daicalolzhopatomastasgbi Wpaimolmofi ouc Josas dir likmajiromil Lovafotakls-horti ‗ lagbt jifriacil, jmiajil daisi ulolfitostit.

Wk dýrcil dai Calolzomgbieastil eat dir Wpihumotakl fifil skuviräliWtootil abr “Zipirtkari” skfor ouswiatil0 Dai Palsil stiafil vkl Frai-gbilmold ýjir Armold jas Atomail drostasgb ol.

Dai ^kmatah wiast lagbt dai Wpihumoltil al dai Wgbrolhi, skldirl sagbsimjst. Dai Wporpkmatah virtaicti dai Hrasi wiatir doeat ougb dai wart-sgboctmagbi Wpomtulf Iurkpos.

Eat die IY-Cashompoht fimalft dil Imatil ultir diutsgbir Cýbrulf

ial frkÛir Wgbratt al dir Yesitzulf dis likmajiromi ^rkfroees0 Dai “Ca-lolzomgbieai”, jmiajt ulolfitostit, dai ^kmatah virsugbt vaimeibr, sagbdos Vkbmwkmmil “dir Eärhti” durgb Wporil zu irhoucil (“Var eýssiluls dil Eärhtil ultirwircil, doeat war lagbt vkl dil Eärhtil ji-birrsgbt wirdil”). Ous die “^raeot dir ^kmatah” ward molfsoe dir “^ra-eot dis Eorhts”, virboremksild “eorhthklckrei Diekhrotai” filollt.

Ommi wisiltmagbil Hkepkliltil dis Cashompohts stoeeil ous dir“Wgbumi vkl Gbagofk”0 Dos Hklzipt ialir “lotýrmagbil Orjiatsmksil-qukti” dailt oms Josas cýr dai Wgbätzulf dis “pktiltaom kutput” uld doeatdir struhturimmil Bousbomtsdicazati, iali dashritaklär-oltazyhmasgbi Cas-hompkmatah ward uleófmagb fieogbt, dai ^kmatah ward ol Zifiml fijuldil,dai (Calolz)Eärhti jmiajil balfifil di-rifumairt uld is ward ultirstimmt,doss iali Wporpkmatah hialil däepcildil Icciht ouc dai Fisoetwartsgboctbot. Eamtkl Craideol bätti sagb lagbt träueil mossil, doss vaimi sialirBouptckrdirulfil jzw. -hklzipti vkl :9 iurkpäasgbil Zifairulfsgbics

‗ al Wklltofsridil Sircigbtir dis Iurkpäasgbil Wkzaomekdimms ‗ alialie Zifimwirh zusoeeilficosst uld jisgbmkssil wirdil.




Ouc dil Cashompoht skmm dir “ôht cýr Vittjiwirjscäbafhiat” ckmfil,dai Skmmildulf dis likmajiromil ^rkfroees0 Dai Orjiatseärhti wirdil

di-rifumairt, dir Cmägbiltoracvirtrof skmm ojfisgbocct wirdil uld wiat-fibild ougb dir Orjiatlibeirsgbutz, alsjiskldiri dir Hýldafulfs-sgbutz.

Dir Sirmust ol Krailtairulf uld Adiltatät ouc Wiatil dir iurkpäasgbilImatil ward dai Vartsgboct al iali Diprissakl ojfmiatil mossil, virjuldileat zulibeildil Wpollulfil zwasgbil die “Mibreiastir Diutsgbmold”skwai sialil “Wotimmatil” uld dir Eibrzobm dir IY-Mäldirl. Ommirdalfsward dai Hrasi eamdir ouscommil oms al dir ?17>ir @obril, al irstir Malaiwiam sagb dir ‗ lagbt zumitzt ouc Fruld dir Vimtwartsgboctshrasi ‗ ousfi-

jouti Wkzaomstoot ialil droeotasgbil Ialjrugb dir Vartsgboct virbaldirlward.

7 Dyloeah dir “ossit pragis” uld abri Ckmfil7

Ommi ouc Calolzeärhtil fijamditil “ossit pragis” wai Vigbsimhursi,Zkbstkcc(diravot)priasi uld Ohtailhursi sgbwolhil zueiast ue “uldir-myalf trilds” (“Wiatwärtsjiwifulfil” sald ultypasgb). Fmättit eol daiHursi eat Bamci fmiatildir Durgbsgblatti, sk wirdil dai “uldirmyalf

trilds” kccilhuldaf.Dos ^bälkeil dis “trildalf” waidirbkmt sagb ouc ultirsgbaidmagbilPiatshomil. Dojia famt0 Dai hurzcrastafi Skmotamatät ue dil Trild ast ueskbóbir, ì bóbir dai Dotilcriquilz ast (sai ast itwo jia Ealutilhursil vaimfróÛir oms jia Tofishursil ‗ wai dai Ojj. 4 jas 6 ziafil).

Molfcrastafi Trilds logb kjil jzw. ultil (“jumms” uld “jiors”) ir-fijil sagb ous dir Ohhueumotakl vkl Hurssgbýjil (“pragi ruls”, dossald eklktkli ^riasjiwifulfil ouc Josas fmiatildir Durgbsgblatti),wimgbi ýjir eibriri @obri al iali Zagbtulf mälfir douirl oms al daiFifilragbtulf (saibi dil Pyhmus dis Dkmmor-Iurk-Hursis zwasgbil ?111

uld :>>9 al Ojj. :).

7 Al daisie Ojsgblatt cossi agb dai wagbtafstil Irfijlassi virsgbaidilir Wtudail zuIrwortulfsjamdulf, Trolsohtaklsvirbomtil, Wpihumotaklssystieil uld ^riasdylo-eah ouc Ohtail-, Divasil- uld Zkbstkccdiravoteärhtil zusoeeil, dai agb al dilvirfolfilil :9 @obril irstimmt boji. Iali hkepohti Dorstimmulf soet Matiroturvir-wiasil zu daisil uld oldiril Wtudail caldit sagb al Wgbumeiastir , :>?>J.




Ojj0 70 Jkke uld Just dir Ohtailhursi

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_uimmi0 Qobkk Calolgi.

Daisis Iltwaghmulfseustir ziaft sagb ouc ultirsgbaidmagbil Piatshomil.Wk risumtairt ial Oucwärtstrild ouc Josas vkl Tofisdotil ous dir Ohhu-eumotakl vkl Hurssgbýjil ouc Josas vkl 7>-Ealutil-Dotil, wimgbilogb kjil mälfir douirl oms logb ultil.

Ousmósir vkl Hurssgbýjil sald liui Alckreotaklil (“liws”), alsji-skldiri ýjir dai cýr dil ìwiamafil “ossit pragi” rimivoltil “Culdoeil-

tomvoraojmil”. Tracct iali skmgbi Logbragbt ial, sgbätzil dai ialzimlilBäldmir allirbomj vkl Wihuldil oj, wai dai Eibrbiat dir oldirilBäldmir riofairil ward. Irwortit ial Bäldmir, doss dai Eibrbiat ialilHursolstaif irwortit, sk ward ir dos iltsprigbildi “ossit” houcil(Hiylis‑ “jiouty gkltist” ‗ Hiylis, ?173, p. ?93).

Ye dai Hkepmixatät ixtrie rosgbir Wpihumotaklsiltsgbiadulfil ouc ìlis Ealaeue zu riduzairil, dos ousriagbt, ue Fiwalli zu eogbil, jamdil Bäldmir ouc Fruld vkl “liws” midafmagb Irwortulfil ýjir dai



?7> Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

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_uimmi0 Qobkk Calolgi, Cuturis Aldustry Alstatuti.





?7: Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

Ojj. 90 Trildalf vkl Vigbsimhursil0 Dkmmor/Iurk-Hurs

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_uimmi0 Cidirom Zisirvi Wystie, Kmskl



Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus ?77

Dai Totsogbi, doss ýjir ialil mälfiril Piatroue Hurssgbýji al ialiZagbtulf mälfir douirl oms al dai Fifilragbtulf, spaifimt dai Totsogbi

wadir, doss ouc Calolzeärhtil zueiast ial eattim- jas mälfircrastafir “ix- pigtotaklom jaos” birrsgbt, ae prkcissaklimmil @orfkl oms “jummasbliss” jzw. “jiorasbliss” jiziagblit. Daisir “jaos” jidiutit, doss Eorhttiam-libeir “gitiras porajus” ibir iali Oucwirtulf jzw. iali Ojwirtulf dis

ìwiamafil “ossit” irwortil.Dai Itojmairulf ialir skmgbil “osyeeitrasgbil Eorhtstaeeulf” ward

vkl vaimil Cohtkril jiialcmusst. Wk laeet dai Vobrsgbialmagbhiat cýrialil “Wtaeeulfswigbsim” eat die OuseoÛ dis “Kvirsbkktalf” zu.Dojia wirdil lagbt lur dai Mkfah vkl Pyhmil warhsoe (“wbot gkeis up,

eust gkei dkwl”), skldirl ougb óhklkeasgbi Ouswarhulfil ialir ol-bomtildil Ýjir- kdir Yltirjiwirtulf dis ìwiamafil “ossits”. Wk wardiali ousfipräfti Ýjirjiwirtulf ialir Väbrulf dai Miastulfsjamolz disiltsprigbildil Moldis virsgbmigbtirl uld sial Vartsgboctswogbstuedäepcil. Dos Yefihibrti famt cýr dos Mold eat dir ultirjiwirtitilVäbrulf. @i eibr sagb daisis riomwartsgboctmagbi Ylfmiagbfiwagbt ous-wiatit, uesk ibir ward iali “hkrrafairildi” Vigbsimhursiltwaghmulfirwortit.

Ougb iektaklimmi Cohtkril spaimil iali wisiltmagbi Zkmmi. Iltsgbia-dild dojia ast, doss dai aldavaduimmil Wtaeeulfssgbwolhulfil ouc vaim-

cämtafi Viasi skzaom “fijýldimt” wirdil (durgb dil “gkeekl (lkl)silsi” dir Olomystil, dai Zotalf Ofilturil, dai Calolzlogbragbtil-dailsti, itg.).

Ial Jkke ouc dil Ohtaileärhtil ward zusätzmagb dodurgb fistärht,doss “Ixpirtil” dai Jiskldirbiat dis ohtuimmil Jkkes birvkrhibril,uld sk dai bastkrasgbi Ircobrulf al dil Baltirfruld drälfil, doss ìdieJkke ial Just ckmft. Wk wurdi al dil spätil ?11>ir @obril dir Ohtail-

jujjmi eat die Oljrugb ialis liuil óhklkeasgbil Piatomtirs “irhmärt”,al die is hiali Hrasil eibr fäji (“liw igklkey”).

Dai Dkealolz ialir “osyeeitrasgbil Eorhtstaeeulf” virursogbt jiadil Eorhttiamlibeirl iali “simihtavi Vobrlibeulf”0 Ouc “liws”, daidir Eorhtstaeeulf iltsprigbil, ward vaim stärhir riofairt oms oucfifiltiamafi Logbragbtil (itwo ougb ae Baljmagh ouc dos ialfisitzti“Wpaimhopatom”).



?74 Wtipbol Wgbumeiastir

Ojj. 30 Trildalf dir Irdómpriasi

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D k m m o r p i r J o r r i m

VTA Cuturis ^rias (LQEIR) 9>-Tofi-Durgbsgblatt

_uimmi0 LQEIR.

Dir durgb dai ìwiamafi “Eorhtstaeeulf” virursogbti “jaos” al dirVobrlibeulf vkl “liws” uld al die dodurgb ousfimóstil Trols-ohtaklsvirbomtil bot ckmfildi Hklsiquilzil0 Hurssgbýji, wimgbi dir“Eorhtstaeeulf” iltsprigbil, douirl mälfir oms dai Fifiljiwifulfil.Daisi Daccirilz mässt “ossit pragis” ýjir eibriri @obri stiafil kdir com-mil, dai Ojckmfi dir iltsprigbildil “jumm eorhits” uld “jior eorhits”irfajt dos typasgbi Eustir dir molfcrastafil Dyloeah spihumotavir ^riasi0Wai sgbwolhil al arrifumäril Pyhmil ue dil Jiriagb dis riomwartsgboct-magbil Fmiagbfiwagbts kbli iali Tildilz, zu daisie Fmiagbfiwagbt zuhklvirfairil.

Logb 4> @obril zulibeild “jicriatir” Calolzeärhti ast dir iepara-sgbi Jiculd cýr säetmagbi ouc Calolzeärhtil fiboldimtil “ossit pragis”disostrós cýr dai birrsgbildi Fmiagbfiwagbtstbikrai0

Dai ^riasi ckmfil hialie Pucommsprkziss (“roldke womh”).

Dai oe wiatistil virjriatiti Boldimstigblah ast dai “tigblagom olomy-sas” al abril ultirsgbaidmagbil Ckreil ‗ vkl dir Altirpritotakl vkl




Gbort-Hklcafurotaklil jas zu gkeputirfistiuirtil “outkeotid trodalfsysties”. Daisi Eitbkdil wirtil lur dai Alckreotakl virfolfilir

^riasi ous. Fmiagbziataf dicalairt dai birrsgbildi Fmiagbfiwagbtstbik-rai ialil Eorht oms lagbt ialeom sgbwogb iccazailt, will eol oucJosas virfolfilir ^riasi Wpihumotaklsfiwalli irzaimil holl. Dorousckmft0 Wald “trodalf rumis” totsägbmagb prkcatojim (docýr spragbt dai ^ro-xas uld iali frkÛi Pobm ieparasgbir Wtudail8 saibi Wgbumeiastir ,:>?>J), sk wäril dai “criaistil” Eärhti lagbt ialeom sgbwogb icca-zailt. Kdir daisi Sircobril sald lagbt prkcatojim, doll tracct dai ‗ cýrdai birrsgbildi Tbikrai culdoeiltomi ‗ Ollobei rotaklomir Irwor-tulfil lagbt zu.

Ojj0 60 Trildalf dir Lobrulfseattimpriasi

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Viazil

Eoas

Zias

_uimmi0 LQEIR, GJKT.




Dos molfcrastafi “kvirsbkktalf” vkl Vigbsimhursil, Zkbstkccpriasiluld Ohtailhursil ward dodurgb riomasairt, doss wäbrild ialis “jumm

(jior) eorhit” Hurssgbýji logb kjil (ultil) mälfir douirl oms Fi-filjiwifulfil. Daisis Eustir al dir Dyloeah spihumotavir ^riasiwadirspragbt dil Irwortulfil dir “iccagailt eorhit bypktbisas”. Dilllogb daisir Tbikrai ricmihtairt ìdir “ossit pragi” ommi zue ìwiamafilPiatpulht vkrboldilil Alckreotaklil, ^riasviräldirulfil irfijilsagb ous liuil Alckreotaklil uld daisi mossil dil ^rias skckrt(“alstoltolikusmy”) zue liuil Culdoeiltomfmiagbfiwagbt spralfil.

Dai Fmiagbfiwagbtsóhklkeai ultir rotaklomil Irwortulfil hollzyhmasgbi Wgbwolhulfil vkl “ossit pragis” ue abr culdoeiltomis

Fmiagbfiwagbt lagbt irhmäril. Dill sai hillt lur zwia ^riaspcodi0Hklvirfilz zue culdoeiltomil Fmiagbfiwagbt kdir ialil Jujjmi.Wkeat ast filou ìlis ^bälkeil, dos ieparasgb oe jistil jikjogbt-

jor ast, uld vkl Eorhttiamlibeirl oms Ojckmfi vkl “jumms” uld“jiors” hmor jilollt ward, al dir birrsgbildil Tbikrai “lagbt vkrfi-sibil”.

Dir culdoeiltomi Yltirsgbaid zwasgbil dir Wpaimolkrdlulf al dil?19>ir jas ?16>ir @obril ialirsiats uld ìlir al dil logbckmfildil @obr-zibltil hkeet ae Sirbämtlas vkl Ziomhopatomjamdulf dir Ohtailfisimm-

sgboctil zu Jórsiljiwirtulf eorholt zue Ousdrugh. Al dir ^rkspira-tätspbosi hklziltrairti sagb dos ultirlibeirasgbi Fiwallstrijil oucriomwartsgboctmagbi Ohtavatätil. Dieiltsprigbild staif dir Virt disHopatomstkghs dir Ohtailfisimmsgboctil ijilsk wai abr Littk-Fisoetwirtal Diutsgbmold zwasgbil ?13> uld ?12> ouc dos Waijilcogbi, fmiagbzia-taf stoflairtil dai Ohtailhursi, dolh pksatavir Littk-Ieassaklil lobedir Jórsilwirt (Eorhhopatomasairulf) zu, ommirdalfs lur ouc dos Dkppimti(Ojj. 1). Ae Piatomtir dis Ziomhopatoms falf omsk dir Jórsilwirt dirOhtailfisimmsgboctil rimotav zu abrie Littk-Fisoetwirt storh zurýgh.9

Dir logbckmfildi Ohtailjkke virursogbti iali zulibeildi Ýjir-

jiwirtulf dir Hursi0 Pwasgbil ?12: uld ?111 ‗ omsk jas vkr die irstilGrosb ‗ staif dir Jórsilwirt dir Ohtailfisimmsgboctil ouc itwo dos

9 Dir Littk-Fisoetwirt irfajt sagb oms Wueei dis Ziomhopatoms zu moucildilEorhtpriasil pmus Calolzohtavo ealus Calolzpossavo ‗ ir ward oms “prkxy” cýr dil“culdoeiltomil Yltirlibeilswirt virwildit (zu sialir Jirigblulf saibi Wgbum-eiastir, :>>7).




Pwómccogbi, dir Virt abris Ziomhopatoms uld abr Littk-Fisoetwirt ojirlur ouc dos Dkppimti (Ojj. 1). Wiatbir stoflairt dir Virt dis Ziomhopa-

toms, wäbrild Ohtailhursi uld Jórsilwirti zwia ousfipräfti Tom- uldJirfcobrtil “balmiftil” (cýr dil `ýlfstil Jkke saibi ougb Ojj. 7).

Ojj. 20 Dyloeah dir Sireófilspriasi

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Ohtailhursi W&^ 9>> (malhi Whomo)

Aeekjamail-^riasi YWO (rigbti Whomo)

Zkbstkccpriasi (W&^ FWGA - rigbti Whomo)

_uimmi0 Qobkk Calolgi, Gosi-Wbammir, Wtoldord & ^kkrs.

Dai wogbsildi Jidiutulf “simjstriciriltaimmir Fimdvireibrulf” durgb

aeeir sgblimmiri Calolzspihumotakl ward durgb dai Iltwaghmulf dirfmkjomil Calolztrolsohtaklil jistätaft0 Abr Skmueil siat ?11> vke ?3-cogbil dis Vimt-JA^ ouc dos 36-cogbi ol. Oe eiastil jkketil daiTrolsohtaklil eat jórsilfiboldimtil Diravotil. Daisi stoldordasairtiluld imihtrklasgb fiboldimtil Alstrueilti iafil sagb adiom cýr dossgblimmi uld ýjirwaifild gkeputirfistiuirti Wpihumairil.




Al hialie oldiril Jiriagb dir Óhklkeai ast ‗ al eialir Ialsgbät-zulf ‗ dir Vadirsprugb zwasgbil dil Ollobeil dir Fmiagbfiwagbts-

tbikrai uld dir ieparasgbil Ivadilz sk ousfipräft wai jia dir Dyloeahdir “ossit pragis”. Fmiagbziataf bot dai Wtojamatät jzw. Alstojamatät vklVigbsimhursil, Zkbstkccpriasil, Olmiabihursil/Palssätzil uld Ohtail-hursil dil fróÛtil Ialcmuss ouc dai Ommkhotakl ultirlibeirasgbir Ohta-vatätil zwasgbil dir Ziomwartsgboct (alsjiskldiri durgb mälfircrastafkrailtairti Ziomalvistataklil) uld dir Calolzwartsgboct (Alsjiskldiridurgb hurzcrastaf krailtairti Calolzspihumotakl). Daisir Ialcmuss wardskwkbm ýjir ialil struhturimmil oms ougb ialil hklùlhturimmil “Trols-eassaklsholom” warhsoe.

Dir irsti Pusoeeilbolf jistibt doral, doss dai Alstojamatät dir cýr(filual) ultirlibeirasgbi Ohtavatätil wagbtafstil ^riasi pir si ‗ omskulojbälfaf dovkl, kj sai commil kdir stiafil ‗ Ylsagbirbiat prkduzairtuld doeat dai Jiriatsgboct zu mälfircrastafir uld ammaquadir Sireófils-

jamdulf däepct uld dai Olriazi zu hurzcrastafir Calolzspihumotakl ir-bóbt. Dojia jistibt ckmfildi Vigbsimwarhulf0 @i alstojamir sagb dai“ossit pragis” iltwaghiml, distk stärhir ast dir Olriaz zu Calolzspihumo-takl, uld ì eibr spihumairt ward, distk alstojamir iltwaghiml sagb daisi^riasi. Dojia ast zu jirýghsagbtafil, doss zusätzmagb dai Lktiljolhil siatIldi dir ?16>ir @obri durgb storhi Miatzalsäldirulfil zur struhturimmil

Calolzalstojamatät jiufitrofil bojil.Dir zwiati Pusoeeilbolf jistibt doral, doss säetmagbi Zizissaklil

siat Olcolf dir ?16>ir @obri durgb eossavi Jiwifulfil ialzimlir“ossit pragis” ousfimóst uld durgb Ziohtaklil dir Vartsgboctspkmatah ilt-sprigbild dir likmajiromil Lovafotaklshorti virsgbärct wurdil (eat ìdirHrasi salht dar Jiriatsgboct dir Yltirlibeir zur molfcrastafil Jaldulfol ‗ ammaquadi ‗ Ziomhopatom) 0

Dai jiadil Dkmmoriltwirtulfil dir ?16>ir @obri trufil wisiltmagbzue Ouctritil dir jiadil “Ómpriassgbkghs” jia (saibi dozu Ojj. :),

dai abrirsiats iali drostasgbi Alcmotaklsjisgbmiulafulf uld zwia Zi-zissaklil logb sagb zkfil. Dorouc riofairti dai Fimdpkmatah ?12> eatialir Bkgbzalspkmatah, wimgbi irbijmagbi Molfziatwarhulf iltcomtiti.

Dai Zizissakl Olcolf dir ?11>ir @obri wurdi durgb dil Pusoeeil- jrugb dis “ixgbolfi roti eigbolase” al Iurkpo eatvirursogbt, zudie skwkbm dai Bkgbzalspkmatah dir Juldisjolh oms ougb Divasil-




spihumotaklil jiafitrofil bojil (mifildär wurdi ìli vkl FikrfiWkrks fifil dos jratasgbi ^culd).

Dai Zizissakl :>>>/:>>? wurdi durgb dos Happil dis ?2 @obridouirldil Ohtail-Jummileorhts al ialie Järileorht ousfimóst (Ojj.7).

Dai (systieasgbi) Bouptursogbi dir “frkÛil Zizissakl” :>>2/:>>1 jistibt doral, doss fmiagbziataf dria Jummileärhti (Ohtail, Zkbstkcci,Aeekjamail) al dria Järileärhti happtil uld doeat dai fróÛti Sir-eófilsiltwirtulf siat dil ?17>ir @obril virursogbtil (Ojj. 2).3

Dir “Oucjou” dis Hrasilpktiltaoms durgb dria Jummileärhti vkr :>>6

uld siali “Iltmodulf” al Fistomt driair Järileärhti dologb virdiutmagbtdil systieasgbil Gborohtir dir Hrasi (dai Turjumilzil oe YW-Bypk-tbihileorht bojil daisi midafmagb ousfimóst). Dai Ojckmfi vkl “jkkes”uld “justs” ouc Sireófilseärhtil ast ial issiltaimmis Imieilt al ialieWystie, al die criai Calolzeärhti dos Fiwallstrijil vkl Ohtavatätil aldir Ziomwartsgboct zu Calolzspihumotakl virmofirl (“Mossil war ulsirFimd orjiatil”). Molfcrastaf wirdil al ialir skmgbil Wpaimolkrdlulfaeeir eibr Calolzohtavo fisgboccil, dai lagbt durgb riomi Virti fi-dight sald. Dais ast dir dratti “Trolseassaklsholom”, ýjir dil criai “ossiteorhits” dai fisoetwartsgboctmagbi îrckreolgi virsgbmigbtirl uld dil

Jkdil jiriatil cýr iali sgbwiri Hrasi.Dai Jamdulf vkl skmgbie “cahtavil Hopatom” (Horm Eorx) irckmft oe

Olcolf praeär durgb Oucwirtulfil (Jummileärhti), ulvireiadmagbi Ilt-wirtulfil durgb Järileärhti hóllil zulägbst vkl porommimil Jummil-eärhtil hkepilsairt wirdil (sk wurdi dai Ohtaililtwirtulf al dilYWO :>>>/:>>7 durgb dil olbomtildil Jkke dir Aeekjamailpriasi ous-fifmagbil ‗ Ojj. 2). Crýbir kdir spätir hkeet is ojir zu ialir Wylgbrk-lasairulf wagbtafir Jummileärhti uld doeat ougb dir logbckmfildilJärileärhti. Dais cýbrt durgb Vartsgboctsialjrugb, Hklùlhturpohiti

3 Dai Hkalzadilz ialir fmiagbziatafil Iltwirtulf vkl Ohtail, Aeekjamail uldZkbstkccil trot bastkrasgb zumitzt zwasgbil ?1:1 uld ?177 ouc. Väbrild dai YW-^kmatah logb die Ohtailgrosb ae Fickmfi dir Mibeol-^miati lur ialafi Tofi

jrougbti, ue dai Ficobr ialir filirimmil Calolzsgbeimzi soet Ojrutsgbils al ialiDiprissakl zu jifriacil, jilótafti dai ^kmatah al Iurkpo uld alsjiskldiri alDiutsgbmold wisiltmagb mälfir (lkgb ae Lkviejir :>>2 miblti Eirhim ial Hkl-

ùlhturpohit oj).




uld Jolhilrittulfil zu ialie eossavil Olstaif dir logb Horm Eorxbógbstil Ckre vkl cahtavie Hopatom, dir Wtootsvirsgbumdulf.

Ojj. 10 Ohtail uld Ziomvireófil diutsgbir Ohtailfisimmsgboctil

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Ohtailhursi (GDOR)

Eorhthopatomasairulf

Ziomhopatomstkgh lkealimm

Littkfisoetwirt

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_uimmi0 Cidirom Zisirvi Jolh, Diutsgbi Juldisjolh, Wtotastasgbis Juldisoet Vais-

jodil.



Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus ?4?

Ojj. ?>0 Hopatomjamdulf dir lagbt-calolzaimmil Yltirlibeil al Diutsgbmold

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A l % d i r L

i t t k - V i r t s g b ó p c u l f

Ziomvireófil Calolzvireófil

_uimmi0 Diutsgbi Juldisjolh, distotas, VACK.

4 Ae “likmajiromil Vigbsimsgbratt” al dai frkÛi Hrasi

Ýjir daisi dria Trolseassaklsholämi bot dai ‗ durgb dai likmajiromi Lovafotaklshorti mifataeairti ‗ Ilt-Cissimulf dir Calolzeärhti aeeireibr ^rkjmiei cýr dai Ziomwartsgboct fisgboccil. Dai ^kmatah riofairtidorouc eat EoÛlobeil, dai ous dir fmiagbil Lovafotaklshorti ojfimiatitwurdil, uld sk ialil wiatiril Wgbratt al dir Durgbsitzulf dis likmaji-

romil Zickreprkfroees ireófmagbti. Agb lilli dais dil “likmajiromilVigbsimsgbratt”0

Wgbratt O0 Ouc Fruld “wassilsgboctmagbir” Iepcibmulfil ‗ alsjiskl-diri al Jizuf ouc dai “Jicriaulf” dir Calolzeärhti ‗ wirdil ^rkj-miei fisgboccil.

Wgbratt J0 Daisi ^rkjmiei wirdil cýr iali Sirsgbärculf dir lik-majiromil ^kmatah filýtzt.




Ialafi Jiaspaim cýr daisi “Vigbsimsgbratti” ouc die Vif al dai frkÛiHrasi, dir ?16? jifkllil bot.

Wgbratt O0 @obrimolf bottil dai likmajiromil “eostir ealds” dai Oucfojicistir Vigbsimhursi fickrdirt, ?16? wor is skwiat. Al dir Ckmfi virmairtdir Dkmmor :9% ol Virt. Ae Birjst ?167 riofairil dai Irdómixpkrtiuridorouc eat die irstil Ómpriassgbkgh. Ckmfil0 Zizissakl, Orjiatsmksafhiatuld Alcmotakl stiafil (Ojj. :).

Wgbratt J0 Daisi Hklstimmotakl ward oms Vadirmifulf dis Hiylisao-laseus “virwirtit”.

Wgbratt O0 Pwasgbil ?163 uld ?162 virmairt dir Dkmmor waidir :9% olVirt, ?161 hkeet is zue zwiatil “Ómpriassgbkgh” uld doeat liuirmagb

zu ialir Zizissakl soet eossavir Alcmotaklsjisgbmiulafulf (Ojj. :).Wgbratt J0 Dais virolmosst dai Lktiljolhil zu ialir eossavil Bkgb-

zalspkmatah, siatbir maift dir Palssotz al Iurkpo lobizu pireolilt ýjirdir Vogbstuesroti (Ojj. ?).

Wgbratt O0 Dai Calolzallkvotaklil (Diravoti) dir ?12>ir @obri córdirldai Wpihumotakl eat Ohtail, Zkbstkccpriasil, Palssätzil uld Vigbsim-hursil. Dais däepct fieialsoe eat die pksatavil Pals-Vogbstues-Dac-ciriltaom dai Ziomhopatomjamdulf uld dos Vartsgboctswogbstue, Orjiats-mksafhiat uld Wtootsvirsgbumdulf stiafil (Ojj. ? uld 1 jas ??).

Wgbratt J0 Dais mässt dai Imatil al Iurkpo Olcolf dir ?11>ir @obri“wogb” wirdil0 Wk holl is lagbt wiatir fibil, dir Wtoot euss sporil(Eoostragbt-Hratirail), alsjiskldiri ae Wkzaomjiriagb.

Wgbratt O0 Dai Wgbwägbulf dis Wkzaomstoots uld jkkeildi Calolz-eärhti eogbil dai Sirtiamulf vkl Ialhkeeil uld Sireófil aeeirulfmiagbir, dais däepct dai Hklsuelogbcrofi. Fmiagbziataf däepcilbkbil Zildatil ouc Calolzvirolmofulf dai Ziomalvistataklil.

Wgbratt J0 Dai stiafildi Orjiatsmksafhiat ward eat dir Ouswiatulf prihärir @kjs “jihäepct”. Ouc dai Jimostulf dir Wkzaomjudfits riofairtdai ^kmatah eat Hýrzulfil jia dir skzaomstootmagbil Omtirsvirskrfulf uld

dir Orjiatsmksilvirsagbirulf.Wgbratt O0 Dir luleibr fisgbwägbti Wkzaomstoot ward vkl dil lik-

majiromil Óhklkeil (luleibr dai frkÛi Eibrbiat) oms Jiwias olficýbrt,doss eol aldavaduimm vkrskrfil euss. Dai Ixpolsakl dir îlsaklsckldsläbrt dil Ohtailjkke dir ?11>ir @obri uld virstärht logb dir “Hkrrih-tur” :>>?/:>>7 ialil wiatiril Jkke, dir Ildi :>>6 hkmmojairt (Ojj. 7uld 2).




Wgbratt J0 “Wtruhturimmi” Fiwallir daisir Sirsugbi, Fimd “orjiatil”zu mossil, sald dai ^rkcas ae Calolzsihtkr. Abri Ohtavatätil sald is, dai

vkl dil likmajiromil “eostir ealds” wassilsgboctmagb mifataeairt wkrdilworil.

Wgbratt O0 Logb dir “Hkrrihtur” :>>?/:>>7 jrogbti dai Bkgbjmýti dir“Calolzomgbieai” aeeir eibr uld aeeir hkepmixiri ^rkduhti ouc dilEorht, dai “gkmmotirom dijt kjmafotakls” (GDKs) uld dai “gridat dicoumtswops” (GDWs) jkketil jiskldirs storh.

Wgbratt J0 Dai GDKs al Fistomt dir “ekrtfofi joghid siguratais”(EJWs) trufil wisiltmagb zue OuseoÛ dis ^rias- uld Alvistataklsjkkeoe YW-Aeekjamaileorht jia, dissil Pusoeeiljrugb dai frkÛi Hrasi

ousmósti. Dai GDWs virsgbärctil dai Calolzhrasi uld irmiagbtirtil dil“Calolzomgbieastil” al dir Ckmfi dai Wpihumotakl ouc dil Jolhrktt ial-zimlir Iurk-Wtootil.

Wgbratt O0 Durgb dai Ixpolsakl dis Calolzsihtkrs sald siali wagb-tafstil Ohtiuri sk frkÛ fiwkrdil, doss sai jia drkbildir Alskmvilz fi-rittit wirdil eýssil (“tkk jaf tk coam”).

Wgbratt J0 Dorouc virtrouild altilsavairil dai “Calolzomgbieastil”dai “simjstriciriltaimmi” Fimdvireibrulf. Wai hóllil docýr lagbt lurTiami ìlir Eattim virwildil, dai zu abrir Zittulf oucfijrogbt wurdil,skldirl prkcatairil ougb vkl dil ixtrie laidrafil Miatzalsil, eat dilil

dai Lktiljolhil iafiltmagb dai Hridati cýr dai Ziomwartsgboct virjammafilwkmmtil.

Wiat Ousjrugb dir Iurkhrasi ast Iurkpo al dai ^bosi dis calomilVigbsimsgbratts ialfitritil0

Wgbratt O0 Ýjir ialil Piatroue vkl vair @obrzibltil bot dai Yesit-zulf dir likmajiromil Iepcibmulfil dai jidrýghildstil ^rkjmiei ol-wogbsil mossil, alsjiskldiri Orjiatsmksafhiat, Wtootsvirsgbumdulf, sk-zaomi Ylfmiagbbiat, ojir ougb dai Sirsgbmigbtirulf dir Yewimtjidal-fulfil. Fmiagbziataf bot dos “Mossil Wai Abr Fimd orjiatil” dos ^ktiltaomcýr dai frkÛi Hrasi oucfijout.

Wgbratt J0 Dai likmajiromil Óhklkeil uld ^kmatahir ckrdirl lul zurJiwämtafulf dir Hrasi ìli Tbiropail ial, dai Tiam dir Hrolhbiat sald0Wilhulf dir Wtootsousfojil, uecossildi ^ravotasairulf, Wgbklulf dirCalolzvireófil, hiali Irbóbulf dis Wpatzilstiuirsotzis kdir sklstafirJiaträfi dir Jistvirdailir (“Miastulfsträfir”).




Ojj. ??0 Fisoetwartsgboctmagbi Calolzairulfssomdil al Diutsgbmold

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^ravoti Bousbomti Lagbt-calolzaimmi Yltirlibeil Wtoot Ousmold

_uimmi0 Diutsgbi Juldisjolh (jirialaft ue dil Wkldiricciht dir Oucmósulf dir Triu-boldolstomt ?119 uld dir YETW-Mazilzzobmulfil :>>>).

Wkmmtil daisi EoÛlobeil uefisitzt wirdil, sk wirdil dai likmajiromilImatil ìli ^rkjmiei, dai al bkbie EoÛ durgb abri Iepcibmulfilvirursogbt wurdil, ial mitztis Eom ouslýtzil hóllil, ue abri pkmatasgbilAltiltaklil ildfýmtaf durgbzusitzil. Ae Commi dir Yesitzulf ialir pra-eär ousfojilsiatafil Hklskmadairulf wirdil luleibr ommi Wihtkril vir-sugbil, abri Mofi durgb Sirjissirulf abris Calolzairulfssomdks ojzu-sagbirl0

Ial wiatirir Zýghzuf dis Wtootis ward dai Bousbomti virolmossil,aldavaduimm vkrzuskrfil, omsk eibr zu sporil.

Dai Yltirlibeil wirdil olfisagbts sgbwogbir Logbcrofi dir óccilt-magbil uld pravotil Bousbomti, eäÛafir Ixpkrtiltwaghmulf uld rimotavbkbir Hridathkstil abri Alvistataklshridati ibir wiatir riduzairil omsouswiatil.




Ougb dos ìwiamafi Ousmold virsugbt, siali Miastulfsjamolz zu virjissirl, allirbomj Iurkpos alsjiskldiri dai Eattimeiirmäldir, ouc

fmkjomir Ijili alsjiskldiri dai YWO.

Daisi Hklstimmotakl ast dir Wtkcc, ous die sagb Diprissaklil iltwaghiml ‗ uld war stibil ò irst oe Olcolf dir Tomskbmi ae molfcrastafil Ilt-waghmulfszyhmus (fiwassireoÛil olomkf zu ?17?0 “rigkviry as ùstorkuld tbi gkrlir”).

Dai mitztil zwia Wiatil boji agb ous eialie ae Crýbòbr :>?> ir-sgbailil Jugb “Eattil al dir frkÛil Hrasi ‗ ial ‐Liw Diom‒ cýr Iurkpo”iltlkeeil (miagbt fihýrzt). Dai logbckmfildi Iltwaghmulf bot eialiJicýrgbtulfil al driacogbir Viasi ýjirtrkccil0

Eat die Cashompoht wurdi dai Wporpkmatah oms cýr :9 IY-Wtootil vir- jaldmagbis Zifimwirh “ouc iwaf” virolhirt. Pwor holl ir ultir calolz-hopatomastasgbil Jidalfulfil for lagbt ialfibomtil wirdil, dkgb ji-sgbmiulafil dai Wporvirsugbi dil Folf al dai Diprissakl (wai dai Ilt-waghmulf al Wýdiurkpo diutmagb eogbt).

Eat die fipmoltil “ôht cýr Vittjiwirjscäbafhiat” ast iali rodahomiMajiromasairulf dir iurkpäasgbil Orjiatseärhti altildairt, alsjiskldiriiali Ojsgbocculf dir Toracvirträfi uld iali Mkghirulf (kdir for Jisia-tafulf;) dis Hýldafulfssgbutzis. Dais euss ultir calolzhopatomastasgbilZobeiljidalfulfil ae Ommfieialil uld dir ohtuimmil Vartsgboctsmofiae Jiskldiril zu ialie eossavil Olstaif dir Orjiatsmksafhiat cýbril.

Eat daisil Zifimjaldulfil dir ^kmatah ward dir Wpaimroue diekhrota-sgbir Iltsgbiadulfsprkzissi ialfisgbrälht. Doeat hkeet dos likmaji-romi ^rkfroee sialie Ildzaim läbir0 Ae Hklcmahtcomm zwasgbil dir alda-vaduimmil Criabiat dis Jýrfirs uld dir Criabiat dir Eärhti (jiadi jidal-fil ialoldir ae likmajiromil Vimtjamd) ialirsiats uld diekhrotasgbilEibrbiatsiltsgbiadulfil, skmm dai Criabiat Skrrolf vkr dir Diekhrotaibojil.6

6 Laieold bot dais hklsiquiltir ialfickrdirt uld ouscýbrmagbir jifrýldit omsBoyih. Dobir sgbmuf ir dai Wgbocculf ialir “ùry” vkr, fiwassireoÛil ial Zot dirViasil, wimgbir Fruldrifiml cýr dos Pusoeeilmijil dir Eilsgbil cistmift, wim-gbi ouc die ^ralzap dir aldavaduimmil Criabiat uld (doeat) dir Eorhtcriabiat josai-ril ( Boyih , ?12>). Daisir Zot skmmti ol Wtimmi jzw. ýjir die ôrmoeilt ofairil,

pormoeiltorasgbi Eibrbiatsiltsgbiadulfil, wimgbi die ‗ lifotavil uld ous-sgbmaiÛmagb aldavaduimmil ‗ Criabiatsjifracc Boyih‑s wadirsprigbil, wäril dolllagbt eibr eófmagb wai itwo iali ^cmagbteatfmaidsgboct al dir Wkzaomvirsagbirulf.




Ojj0 ?:0 Iltwaghmulf dir “Pwammalfsprkjmiei” Orjiatsmksafhiatuld Wtootsvirsgbumdulf al Vistiurkpo

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Orjiatsmksilqukti

Wtootssgbumd jruttk al % dis J A^

_uimmi0 KIGD, Iurkstot, VACK

9 Ziomhopatom uld Calolzhopatom0Yltirsgbaidmagbi Paimi uld Varhulfil

Dai eiastil fisimmsgboctmagbil Vimtolsgbouulfil, wimgbi Altirissil-fifilsätzi uld abri Altirohtakl jirýghsagbtafil (vke Eorxaseus jas zurHotbkmasgbil Wkzaommibri), ultirsgbiadil zwia Ortil dir Jitiamafulf oe

^rkduhtaklsprkziss, Hopatom uld Orjiat, uld doeat zwia Hmossil uldAltirissil. Daisir Wagbtwiasi skmm bair iali Omtirlotavi fifilýjirfistimmtwirdil, wimgbi dovkl ousfibt, doss dai óhklkeasgbil Altirissil dir“Hopatomastil” culdoeiltom ultirsgbaidmagb sald, ì logbdie, kj sai abrSireófil al Ziom- kdir Calolzhopatom olmifil0

Dai “Trkaho” dir “Viasil” vkl IPJ, Iurkpäasgbir Hkeeassakl uld AVC holl omsSkrmäucir vkl Boyih‑s “ùry” olfisibil wirdil.




Ziomhopatom ast dos al ^rkduhtaklseattiml olfimifti Sireófil, dostiamwiasi durgb Criedhopatom jzw. durgb boldimjoris Iafilhopatom

(Ohtail) calolzairt ward. Dai Zildati ouc dos Ziomhopatom ast ueskbóbir, ì laidrafir dir riomi Palssotz uld dir riomi Vigbsimhurs saldskwai dai Zkbstkccpriasi jzw. ì stärhir daisi ^riasi salhil. Do (tro-dataklimmi) Yltirlibeir (“Ziomhopatomastil”) abril Fiwall oucFýtireärhtil eogbil, prkcatairil sai filirimm vkl stojamil eklitärilZobeiljidalfulfil, alsjiskldiri al Jizuf ouc Vigbsimhursi, Pals-sätzi uld Zkbstkccpriasi.

Calolzhopatom ast dos ouc Calolzeärhtil olfimifti Sireófil, sia iszue Pwigh dir ‗ darihtil kdir aldarihtil ‗ Calolzairulf vkl Yltir-

libeil, Bousbomtil kdir dis Wtootis, sia is zue Pwigh dir Wpihumo-takl ouc dil Ohtail-, Divasil-, Olmiabil- uld Zkbstkcceärhtil. DaiZildati ouc dos Calolzhopatom ast uesk bóbir, ì bóbir dir Palssotz astuld ì stärhir dir Virt dis ìwiamafil Calolztatims (“calolgaom ossit”)durgb Wtiafirulf dir Ohtail- kdir Olmiabilhursi zulaeet jzw. durgbOucwirtulf ìlir Väbrulf, al dir dos “ossit” fibomtil ward.

Vimgbi Sireófilswirti fibóril lul hklhrit zue “Calolzhopatom”; Pu-lägbst ommi Calolzvireófil dir Bousbomti wai Jolhfutbojil (ial-sgbmaiÛmagb Wporjýgbir), Ohtail, Olmiabil uld Oltiami ol Alvisteilt-

Cklds. Pue Calolzhopatom fibóril lotýrmagb ougb dai Calolzohtavo dirlagbt-calolzaimmil Yltirlibeil. Ougb dir Wtoot bämt Calolzohtavo, alirstir Malai cýr dil Pobmulfsvirhibr skwai Ckrdirulfil ous Hridatil olYltirlibeir (Vartsgboctscórdirulf) uld Bousbomti (Vkbljoucórdirulf,Wtudailcórdirulf, ig.). Dai calolzaimmil Yltirlibeil culfairil oms“Sireattmir” kdir “Calolzaltireidaäri”0 Wai bomtil ouc dir ôssavsiatibouptsägbmagb dai Futbojil dir Bousbomti uld mifil sai al Ckre vklHridatil ol, al irstir Malai ol Yltirlibeil, ojir ougb ol Bousbomti.Ougb bomtil dai Jolhil zusätzmagb oldiri Calolzohtavo wai Ohtail kdirOlmiabil.

Offrifairt eol dai Jamolzil dir vair Wihtkril zur Jamolz dir fisoe-til (fisgbmkssilil) Skmhswartsgboct, sk somdairil sagb ommi Calolzohtavould -possavo uld is irfajt sagb0 Dos Fisoetvireófil ialir Fisimmsgboct

jistibt oussgbmaiÛmagb ous abril riomil Sireófilswirtil, die Ziom-hopatom dir Bousbomti, dir Yltirlibeil, dir Jolhil uld dis Wtootis.Daisis Ziomvireófil ast Iafilhopatom, omsk Iafiltue, dir Jivómhirulf




al abrir Fisoetbiat, dariht oms Bousbomti uld aldariht oms Iafiltue“abris” Wtootis. Ial “iafilstäldafis” Calolzhopatom ixastairt lagbt.

Iali Fisimmsgboct holl skeat durgb Jamdulf vkl Calolzhopatom lagbtzu eibr Vkbmstold fimolfil. Pwor hóllil ae Comm ialir kccilil Vart-sgboct ialzimli Mäldir abri Miastulfsjamolzýjirsgbýssi al oldiril Mäl-dirl oms Calolzhopatom virolmofil, dkgb bojil siali Irträfi quoltatotavwilaf Jidiutulf. Ýjirdais somdairil sagb al dir fmkjomil Vartsgboct omsFisoetsystie dai Ckrdirulfil dir Ýjirsgbussmäldir uld dai Wgbumdildir Dicazatmäldir zu ialie “Vimtcalolzhopatom” vkl Lumm.

Ommirdalfs0 Ialzimli Ohtiuri hóllil durgb Calolzalvistataklil jzw.-spihumotaklil vaim sgblimmir vaim riagbir wirdil oms ì durgb ultir-

libeirasgbis Boldiml al dir Ziomwartsgboct. Dkgb dos Calolzhopatomwarct daisi Irträfi oussgbmaiÛmagb ouc zwiairmia Viasi oj, läemagb oms Ji-wirtulfsfiwalli alckmfi vkl “jumm eorhits” kdir “jior eorhits” kdiroms Yevirtiamulfsfiwalli ous die “trodalf” eat Calolzhopatom, wkjiadil Fiwallil dir irckmfriagbil Wpihumoltil fmiagb bkbi “trodalfmkssis” dir Sirmairir fifilýjirstibil. Wkwkbm ae Comm vkl Jiwirtulfs-fiwallil oms ougb vkl Boldimsfiwallil wurdi lagbts prkduzairt, skl-dirl lur uejiwirtit kdir uevirtiamt.

Dai “Ilt-Cissimulf” dir Calolzeärhti Olcolf dir ?16>ir @obri, daiOucfoji dir Wtojamasairulf dis Palslavious ultir dir Vogbstulsroti

Ildi dir ?16>iri, uld dai Wgbocculf vkl aeeir eibr Wpihumotakls-alstrueiltil al dil ?12>ir uld ?11>ir @obril bot ckmfildi Altirohtaklilal Folf fisitzt0

@i stärhir dai (Diravot)^riasi vkl Ohtail, Zkbstkccil, Väbrulfil uldOlmiabil sgbwolhil, distk fróÛir sald (pktiltaimmi) Wpihumotakls-fiwalli, dai waidirue Boldimsvkmueil uld Hursalstojamatät irbóbil.

@i bóbir dai (pktiltaimmil) Calolzhopatomrildatil, distk eibr eussougb dos Ziomhopatom ojwircil. Dai Alvistataklil wirdil dobir ouc

ìli ^rkìhti riduzairt, dai daisil Olckrdirulfil filýfil.

@i sgbwägbir dai Dyloeah al dir Ziomwartsgboct wurdi, distk stärhirvirmofirti sagb dir Ohtavatätsckhus dir Jolhil vkl dir Alvistatakls-calolzairulf zue “trodalf” uld “ossit eolofieilt” jzw. zue “Ol-wirjil” abrir Huldil cýr iafilstäldafis Wpihumairil.

@i bóbir dai Wpihumotaklsfiwalli dir “Calolzomgbieaijolhil” waiFkmdeol Wogbs kdir Diutsgbi Jolh jzw. frkÛir Bidfi Culds, distk




eibr Oeotiuri virsugbtil, abr Fimd simjstriciriltaimm “orjiatil” zumossil. Do dos “Trodalf” ouc Calolzeärhtil ial “Lummsueeilspaim”

dorstimmt, sald dai Oeotiuri oms Fruppi dai Sirmairir0 Saimi sgbiadilous, omsk euss die Eorht stits “crasgbis Jmut” zuficýbrt wirdil(“Mirlil Wai dai Hulst dis Trodalf!” al Wiealoril vkl Jolhil,Bidfi Culds kdir ae Altirlit).

Dai birrsgbildi óhklkeasgbi Vimtolsgbouulf holl daisi Pusoeeil-bälfi ous zwia Frýldil lagbt wobrlibeil. Irstils, wiam dai “moassiz-coari-Dkhtral” ollaeet0 Ouc criail Eärhtil jiwarht dos ^rkcatstrijildir aldavaduimmil Ohtiuri ‗ fimiatit vkl ialir “ulsagbtjoril Bold” ‗ dai

jisti Mósulf, wos, wai uld cýr wil prkduzairt ward. Pwiatils, wiam dai

ekdirlil Calolzeärhti die “adiomil” Eorht dir Fmiagbfiwagbtstbikraioe lägbstil hkeeil.

Totsägbmagb ward ultir calolzhopatomastasgbil Jidalfulfil dos “Moas-siz-coari-^ralzap” al sial Fifiltiam virhibrt0 Dai Sirckmfulf dis aldava-duimmil ^rkcatstrijils logb die Ekttk “Mossil war ulsir Calolzhopatomorjiatil” virsgbmigbtirt al systieotasgbir Viasi dai óhklkeasgbi uldskzaomi ̂ irckreolgi dis Fisoetsysties0

Ouc “ossit eorhits” (“Sireófilseärhti”) wirdil Jistäldi (“stkghs”)vkl Ohtail, Olmiabil, Divasil kdir Zkbstkcchkltrohtil fiboldimt. Ol

dil Wpkt-Eärhtil ast dai Eilfi ol “ossits” wai Ohtil, Divasil kdirOlmiabil hurzcrastaf cax. Ouc dil Diravoteärhtil ast dir Virt dir“mklf pksatakls” fmiagb die Virt dir “sbkrt pksatakls”, ial Littk-Jistold ixastairt lagbt.

Dai wagbtafsti Fiwallquimmi ouc “calolgaom ossit eorhits” ast dobirlagbt dai ^rkduhtakl liuir “Ossits”, skldirl dai Virtviräldirulf dirJistäldi.

Dai Waflom- uld Olriazwarhulf vkl ^riasäldirulfil ouc “cmkweorhits” (Fýtireärhtil) ultirsgbiadit sagb issiltaimm vkl ìlir ouc

Calolzeärhtil0 Ouc Fýtireärhtil cýbrt iali ^riasstiafirulf zu ialirIrbóbulf dis Olfijkts, ouc Calolzeärhtil balfifil zu ialir Ir-bóbulf dir Logbcrofi ‗ dos Olfijkt ol “ossits” ast ò lobizu cax. DosOuslýtzil abrir Jiwirtulfsäldirulfil ast ò dai wagbtafsti Fiwall-quimmi ouc Calolzeärhtil.




3 Vigbsimldi Altirissiljýldlassi zwasgbil Ziomhopatom, Calolzhopatom uld Orjiat

Dai fisimmsgboctmagbi Dyloeah ward durgb dai Altirohtakl vkl ckmfildildria Altirissil fipräft0

Dos Irwirjs- uld Sireibrulfsaltirissi dis Ziomhopatoms iltcomtitsagb ouc dil Fýtireärhtil uld ward disbomj durgb ial bkbis Vart-sgboctswogbstue ficórdirt, aldariht alsjiskldiri durgb ialil laidra-fil Palssotz uld Vigbsimhurs skwai filirimm durgb stojami Calolzai-rulfsjidalfulfil cýr ^rkduhtakl, Alvistatakl uld Boldim.

Dos Irwirjs- uld Sireibrulfsaltirissi dis Calolzhopatoms iltcomtit

sagb ouc dil Calolzeärhtil, uld zwor iltwidir durgb mälfircrastafisBomtil vkl Calolzvireófil kdir durgb hurzcrastafis Boldiml eatCalolztatiml. Dai irstfilollti ^rkcatquimmi virmolft ialil bkbil Pals-sotz, ialil bkbil uld stiafildil Vigbsimhurs skwai filirimm ial mäl-fircrastafis “trildalf” vkl “ossit pragis”. Dai zwiati ^rkcatquimmi vir-molft iali bkbi Alstojamatät vkl Palssätzil, Vigbsimhursil uld Zkb-stkccpriasil (hurzcrastafis “trildalf” vkl “ossit pragis”)

Dos Irwirjs- uld Jisgbäctafulfsaltirissi dir Orjiat iltcomtit sagb aldir ^rkduhtakl vkl Fýtirl uld Dailstmiastulfil, is ward disbomj

durgb ial bkbis uld stojamis Vartsgboctswogbstue jifýlstaft skwaidurgb ialil dir Orjiatsprkduhtavatät iltsprigbildil Olstaif dirZiommóbli.

Durgb dai Yltirsgbiadulf vkl dria óhklkeasgbil Bouptaltirissil, abrilVadirsprýgbil uld Jýldlassil mossil sagb wisiltmagbi Eirheomi dirwartsgboctmagbil Iltwaghmulf jissir jifriacil, oms will lur dir Fifil-sotz zwasgbil dil Altirissil vkl (Fisoet)Hopatom uld Orjiat jitrogbtitward. Dais famt alsjiskldiri cýr dos Sirstäldlas dir pkmat-óhklkeasgbilJosas vkl Oucstaifs- uld Ojstaifspbosil ae “molfil Pyhmus”. Wk wordai ^rkspiratätspbosi dir irstil Bämcti dir Logbhraifsziat durgb ial (ae-

pmazatis) Jýldlas dir Altirissil vkl Ziomhopatom uld Orjiat gborohtira-sairt (dai Altirissil dis Calolzhopatoms wurdil “rubaf fistimmt”), dai^bosi dir mitztil 7> @obri wurdi balfifil vkl ialil Altirissijýldlasvkl Calolz- uld Ziomhopatom fipräft (fifil dai Altirissil vkl Orjiat).

Ougb dai Hmossahir dir “pkmatasgbil Óhklkeai”, wai Odoe Weatb uldDovad Zagordk, bottil dria Ortil dir Jitiamafulf ol ^rkduhtakl uldSirtiamulf ultirsgbaidil, läemagb ìli dir (ciudomil) Fruldjisatzir




(Ziltairs), dir (jýrfirmagbil) Hopatomastil uld dir Orjiatir. Biuti salddai wagbtafstil Jisatz- kdir Ziltairialhkeeil lagbt eibr Fruldriltil,

skldirl dai Irträfi vkl Calolzhopatom.Dorous irfajt sagb ial wiatirir Yltirsgbaid zwasgbil dir “Altiris-

silstraodi” dir Hmossahir uld ìlir vkl Ziomhopatom, Calolzhopatom uldOrjiat. Al dir hmossasgbil “pkmatasgbil Óhklkeai” woril dai dria óhk-lkeasgbil Bouptaltirissil dria hmor ojfifrilztil skzaomil Fruppil(“Hmossil”) zufikrdlit. Cýr ial Sirstäldlas dir Altirohtakl dir Altiris-sil vkl Ziomhopatom, Calolzhopatom uld Orjiat ast balfifil issiltaimm,doss is hiali Fruppil fajt, dai lur Ziomhopatom-, Calolzhopatom- uld Or-

jiatsaltirissil bojil02

OrjiatlibeirAllil sporil uld ohhueumairil dodurgb Calolzvireó-fil8 sai bojil dobir fmiagbziataf Orjiatlibeiraltirissil uld Calolz-hopatom- jzw. Ziltairaltirissil.

Yltirlibeir dis “lkl-calolgaom jusaliss” sald zwor al dir Zifim Littksgbumdlir, al die OuseoÛ ìdkgb, al die sai Calolzohtavo bom-til uld ial iltsprigbildis ^krtckmakeolofieilt jitriajil, bojil saiougb Ziltairaltirissil.

Dillkgb mossil sagb ougb al ialir “ekdirlil” Eorhtwartsgboct skzaomiFruppil logb dir Dkealolz abrir óhklkeasgbil Altirissil ultirsgbia-

dil0 Dai eiastil Orjiatlibeir sald “bouptjirucmagb” Orjiatlibeir ulddai eiastil Yltirlibeir sald “bouptjirucmagb” Yltirlibeir (abriCalolzhopatomirträfi sald ae Sirfmiagb zu abril Mkbl- jzw.- Fiwallial-hkeeil firalf). Ommirdalfs hóllil ‗ alsjiskldiri fmkjom ofairildi ‗Hklzirli abri Ohtavatätil al irbijmagbie OuseoÛ vkl dir Ziomwart-sgboct ouc dai Calolzwartsgboct virmofirl.

2 Jobljrigbildi Eohrkóhklkeil wai Hiylis (?173) uld Homigha (?147) virwil-dil eatultir dil Jifracc “riltairs” ae Walli vkl “Calolzhopatomastil”. Ommirdalfsbojil sai al abril Tbikrail dos Calolzhopatom lagbt ixpmazat oms dratti Ckre dir Ji-tiamafulf ol ^rkduhtakl uld Sirtiamulf altifrairt (uld dobir ougb lagbt dil Altiris-silshklcmaht Ziomhopatom/Calolzhopatom “allirbomj” dir Orjiatlibeir jzw. dir Yl-tirlibeir.




Ýjirsagbt ?0 Dai Altirissil vkl Orjiat, Ziomhopatom uld Calolzhopatom

hial Wkzaomstoothiali Fiwirhsgboctil

sgbwogbir Wkzaomstootsgbwogbi Fiwirh-sgboctil

Wtorhir Wkzaomstootstorhi Fiwirhsgboctil

^kmatasgbiBouptaltirissil

Eägbtafi Lktiljolh Zistrahtavi Fimdpkmatah ^ravotasairulf dirWkzaomvirsagbirulf

Hklùlhturstojamasairulfuld Vogbstuespkmatah0

Skmmjisgbäctafulfspkmatah skzaomi WagbirbiatJamdulfDosialsvkrskrfi

Óhklkeasgbis Altirissioe Wtoot

ZiomhopatomOrjiat kdirCalolzhopatom

Ziomhopatom^ktiltaimmi ̂ ortlir cýrAltirissiljýldlas

PalsstiafirulfZiomi Oucwirtulf

MkblstiafirulfJiaspaimi cýrAltirissilhklcmahti

Bkbi Zildati oucCalolzvirolmofulf uld

‗spihumotakl0- bkbi Palsil uldVigbsimhursi

- Alstojami Calolzeärhti

Bkbi Zildati oucZiomvirolmofulf0- laidrafi Palsil uldVigbsimhursi

- Wtojami Calolzeärhti

SkmmjisgbäctafulfZiommkblstiafirulfil

Óhklkeasgbi Altirissil

CalolzhopatomZiomhopatomOrjiat

Dai Yltirsgbiadulf zwasgbil dil Altirissil vkl Orjiat, Ziomhopatom sk-wai Calolzhopatom ialirsiats uld dil skzaomil Fruppil dir (ìwiams“bouptjirucmagbil”) Orjiatlibeir, Yltirlibeir uld Ziltairs oldirir-siats ast ous eibriril Frýldil issiltaimm0

Orjiatlibeir uld Yltirlibeir bojil ougb (sihuldäri) Ziltair-altirissil alskcirl sai Calolzhopatom jisatzil. Dai SirbiaÛulf “Mos-sil Wai Abr Fimd orjiatil” ast dobir cýr sai ottrohtav.

Dai “Wpaimräuei” zur Sireibrulf vkl Calolzhopatom sald uesk fró-Ûir, ì bóbir dos “Ousfolfshopatom” ast, uld ì prkcissaklimmir dobirdai fiwäbmtil “Sireibrulfsstrotifail” fipmolt uld durgbficýbrtwirdil. Trolslotaklomi Hklzirli uld riagbi ^ravotpirsklil jzw.-stactulfil bojil dobir ouc dil Calolzeärhtil jissiri “Hortil” omsHmial- uld Eattimjitraiji kdir “lkreomi” Orjiatlibeir.

“Bouptjirucmagbi” Yltirlibeir uld Orjiatlibeir hóllil dilFifilsotz zwasgbil abril praeäril óhklkeasgbi Altirissil uld abrilsihuldäril Altirissil oms Jisatzir vkl Calolzhopatom zueiast lagbtwobrlibeil. Wk eófil sai bóbiri Palsil cýr abr Wporfutbojil kdirstiafildi Hursi abrir Ohtail ottrohtav caldil kbli zu jidilhil, doss

jiadis abri praeäril Altirissil oms jiialträgbtaft, itwo aldie ialbóbiris Palslaviou dos Vartsgboctswogbstue däepct kdir aldie dos




“sboribkmdir-vomui-Dilhil” dil Drugh ouc dai Móbli virstärht uldzusätzmagbi Hýldafulfil virursogbt.

Yltirlibeir wirdil dai Altirissil dir/abrir Orjiatlibeir ueskwilafir eatjirýghsagbtafil, ì stärhir sai oms “Calolzhopatomastil”ofairil (z. J. Calolzalvistkril, wimgbi ial Yltirlibeil lur zuePwigh irwirjil, is logb “Sirsgbmolhulf” waidir zu virhoucil).Hklziltrairil Yltirlibeir balfifil abr ^rkcataltirissi molfcrastafouc dai riomwartsgboctmagbi ^rkduhtakl, sk wirdil sai dai Ektavotaklabrir Eatorjiatir uld abri “gkrpkroti adiltaty” córdirl, do jiadis zuewartsgboctmagbil Irckmf dis Yltirlibeils jiaträft.

Dai Totsogbi, doss Orjiatlibeir uld Yltirlibeir lijil abrie praeä-ril Irwirjsaltirissi ougb Altirissil oms hmiali “Calolzriltairs” bojil,ast ougb al pkmatasgbir Balsagbt vkl Jimolf. Wk hóllil dai JýrfirAllil“vircýbrt” wirdil, cýr iali skmgbi ^kmatah zu staeeil, wimgbi abrilCalolzaltirissil lýtzt, fmiagbziataf ojir abril Irwirjsaltirissil oms Or-

jiatlibeir kdir Yltirlibeir ialil wisiltmagb fróÛiril Wgbodil zucýft.(zueom ablil dir Lutzil kccilhuldaf irsgbialt, dir Wgbodil ojir lagbt).Dozu dria Jiaspaimi0

Ae Pufi dir Vaidirvirialafulf virsprogb Juldisholzmir BimeutHkbm dir kstdiutsgbil Jivómhirulf, cýr ìdi “sgbmigbti” Kst-DE iali

“futi” Vist-DE zu fijil. Dai Pustaeeulf dir Jivómhirulf uld ialVobmsaif (?11>) woril abe fiwass. Ommirdalfs jidiutiti dai Väb-rulfsulakl iali drostasgbi Oucwirtulf dir “Ksteorh” uld wurdi zurwagbtafstil Yrsogbi dis Pusoeeiljrugbs dir kstdiutsgbil Aldustrai.

Dir óstirriagbasgbi Juldisholzmir Jrulk Hriashy jifracc, doss daidrostasgbil Palsstiafirulfil Olcolf dir ?12>ir @obri siali “oustrk-hiylisaolasgbi” Vartsgboctspkmatah ixastilzaimm jidrkbti. Disbomjwkmmti ir iali “Palsirtrofsstiuir” vkl ?>% ialcýbril. Dai logbckm-fildi Hoepofli “Ousfirigblit dir Wkzaomdiekhrot Jrulk Hriashy

virfriact sagb oe Wporfrksgbil dir hmialil Miuti” hkstiti abl jia dirVobm ?127 dai ojskmuti Eibrbiat.

Jia Wiealoril eogbi agb óctir ckmfildil Tist0 Agb sia ^räsadilt dirIPJ uld dai Tiamlibeir skmmil logb Jirotulf iltsgbiadil, kj saibóbiri kdir laidrafiri Palsil jivkrzufil Dai Eibrbiat iltsgbiaditsagb rifimeäÛaf cýr bóbiri Palsil…….




Dai fisimmsgboctmagbi Iltwaghmulf ward wisiltmagb durgb (stammsgbwia-fildi) “Altirissilsjýldlassi” dir Yltirlibeirsgboct iltwidir eat dil

(“bouptjirucmagbil”) Ziltairs (wai al dil ?17>ir @obril jzw. siat dil?16>ir @obril) kdir dil Orjiatlibeirl (wai al dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir@obril) fipräft. Ye dos Iltstibil uld Sirfibil skmgbir “Jýldlassi” zu

jifriacil, euss zwasgbil óhklkeasgbil uld pkmatasgbil Fifilsätzil aldir “Altirissiltraodi” ultirsgbaidil wirdil0

Óhklkeasgb ast dir Altirissilfifilsotz zwasgbil Ziomhopatom uldCalolzhopatom sgbärcir oms zwasgbil Ziomhopatom uld Orjiat. Dais wardlagbt lur oe Sirtiamulfshklcmaht diutmagb (Mkblzobmulfil cmaiÛil omsHklsueousfojil waidir ol dai Yltirlibeil zurýgh, Palszobmulfil

wirdil balfifil al bóbirie OuseoÛ fisport), skldirl ougb dorol,wai bkbi uld alstojami Palssätzi uld Vigbsimhursi dai Ohtavatätilouc Fýtireärhtil jibaldirl.

^kmatasgb stibil ìdkgb dai Yltirlibeir dil (“bouptjirucmagbil”)Ziltairs uld abril Eolofirl jia Jolhil, Sirsagbirulfil uld Alvist-eiltcklds läbir oms dil Orjiatlibeirl8 baircýr dýrcti ialirsiats ialFicýbm dir skzaomil Pusoeeilfibórafhiat jistaeeild sial uld oldi-rirsiats dos Dilhil al dir trodataklimmil Dagbktkeai Orjiat virsusHopatom (ifom kj Ziom- kdir Calolzhopatom).

Dos Sirbämtlas dir “Ziom- uld Calolzhopatomastil” zue Wtoot ast fispom-til0 Oms Sireófilsjisatzir sald sai filirimm dorol altirissairt, doss óhk-lkeasgbi uld doeat ougb fisimmsgboctmagbi ^rkzissi stärhir durgb dos“Wtiuirulfssystie Eorht” jistaeet wirdil, uld wilafir durgb dos“Wtiuirulfssystie ^kmatah”. Dill oe Eorht iltsgbiadil (dai ulfmiagbvirtiamtil) Fimdstaeeil, al dir ^kmatah balfifil (dai fmiagb virtiamtil)Väbmirstaeeil.

Ae Baljmagh ouc abr Irwirjsaltirissi sald ommirdalfs dai “bouptjiruc-magbil” Yltirlibeir, lagbt ojir dai Ziltairs, ol ialie al jistaeetil

Jiriagbil ohtavil Wtoot altirissairt. Dais jitracct alsjiskldiri dai Sir- jissirulf dir ^rkduhtaklsjidalfulfil durgb Alvistataklil al dai Alcro-struhtur skwai al dos Jamdulfswisil (Vogbstuespkmatah), iali ohtaviHklùlhturpkmatah zur Wtojamasairulf dir Logbcrofisgbwolhulfil skwai

‗ ous diesimjil Fruld ‗ iali “risaduomi” Wkzaompkmatah (fäji is ýjir-boupt hiali Orjiatsmksilultirstýtzulfil, wýrdil dai Hklsuesgbwol-hulfil zu storh ouscommil). Fmiagbziataf sald dai (frkÛil) Yltirlibeilol ialir vkmmstäldafil ^ravotasairulf vkl stootmagbil Yltirlibeilsji-




tiamafulfil skwai dir ócciltmagbil Yltirlibeil dir Dosialsvkrskrfialtirissairt (^kst, Jobl, Vossirvirskrfulf, itg.).

Dai “Calolzriltairs” uld abri “Sireófilsvireibrir” ae Calolzsih-tkr bojil hial Altirissi ol ialie wartsgboctspkmatasgb ohtavil Wtoot. Wai

prkcatairil balfifil vkl ialir eófmagbst storhil Wtimmulf dir Lktiljolh(sai ast dai wagbtafsti pkmatasgbi “Wgbutzeogbt” dis Calolzhopatoms) uldsald ol ialir wiatfibildil ^ravotasairulf dir skzaomil Hrolhil- uldZiltil(îlsakls)virsagbirulf altirissairt, al Piatil vkl Calolzhrasilougb ol “Zittulfsohtaklil” cýr abr Hopatom durgb dai Zifairulfil uldaltirlotaklomil Calolzalstatutaklil (“joam-kuts”).

Ýjirsagbt :0 Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus

Zio mho patomase us Cal ol zho pato maseu s

Aepmazatis Jýldlas Orjiat & Ziomhopatom Ziomhopatom & Calolzhopatom

Yltirlibeir/Fiwirhsgboctil Hkrpkrotaseus Hklcmaht

Sirbämtlas Wtoot/Eorht Hkepmieiltär Oltofklastasgb

Vartsgboctspkmatasgbi Paimi Saimi0 vkl Skmmjisgbäctafulf jas zurIalhkeeilsvirtiamulf

Vilafi0 Fimdwirtstojamatät, “skmadi”Wtootscalolzil, salhildi Wtootsqukti

Vartsgboctspkma tasgbis “Eogbtziltrue” Zifairulfil Lktiljolhil

Vartsgboctswassilsgboctmagbis Ekdimm Hiylisaolaseus Eklitoraseus/Likmajirom aseus

Daoflksi/Tbiropai Wystieasgb Wyeptkekrailtairt

Calolzaimmi Zobeiljidalfulfil Palssotz=Vogbstuesroti, “rubafi”Calolzeärhti

Palssotz<Vogbstuesroti, “jkke” uld“just” ouc Calolzeärhtil

Fiwallstrijil ckhussairt ouc Ziomwartsgboct (^ksatavsueeilspaim) Calolzwartsgboct (Lummsueeilspaim)

Vartsgboctsekdimm Wkzaomi uld rifumairti Eorhtwartsgboct (“Ziali”) Eorhtwartsgboct

Tigblasgbi/skzaomi Allkvotaklil (tildilzaim mi) Hkbärilz Alhkbärilz

Fisimmsgboctspkmatasgbi Paimi Gbolgilfmiagbbiat, aldavaduimmiIltcomtulf, skzaomir Pusoeeilbomt

Zobeiljidalfulfil sgboccil cýr0“@idir ast sialis Fmýghis Wgbeaid”

6 Eirheomi vkl Ziomhopatomaseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus

Agb ultirsgbiadi zwasgbil zwia Ckreil dis Hopatomaseus0 Ziomhopato-maseus uld Calolzhopatomaseus. Wai stimmil zwia Ouspräfulfil kdir Zi-faeis ialir hopatomastasgbil Eorhtwartsgboct dor, dai durgb iali Saimzobmialoldir irfälzildir Zobeiljidalfulfil gborohtirasairt sald.

Dai wagbtafstil Hkepkliltil jzw. Eirheomi dis Ziomhopatomaseussald (saibi ougb Ýjirsagbt :)0




Dkealolz ialis “Altirissiljýldlassis” zwasgbil Orjiat uld Ziom-hopatom, dai Altirissil dis Calolzhopatoms sald ‗ durgb rifumairti

Calolzeärhti uld iali Laidrafzalspkmatah dir Lktiljolhil ‗ “rubaffistimmt”.

Dos Sirbämtlas zwasgbil Yltirlibeirsgboct uld Fiwirhsgboctil astdurgb iali ilfi Pusoeeilorjiat (Hkrpkrotaseus, “rbialasgbir Hopa-tomaseus”) gborohtirasairt.

Wtoot uld Eorht, Hklhurrilz uld Hkkpirotakl wirdil oms ialoldir ir-fälzildi Wtiuirulfssystiei jifraccil.

Dai Vartsgbocts- uld Wkzaompkmatah bot eibriri Paimi ae Sasair, alsji-

skldiri Skmmjisgbäctafulf, ial bkbis Vartsgboctswogbstue, skzaomiWagbirbiat, Córdirulf dir Gbolgilfmiagbbiat.

Dai wassilsgboctmagbi Josas dir Vartsgboctspkmatah jamdil Tbikrail,wimgbi dovkl ousfibil, doss iali hopatomastasgbi Eorhtwartsgboctaeeir waidir (sgbwiri) Hrasil prkduzairt, dai zueiast vkl dilCalolzeärhtil ousfibil (wai dai hiylisaolasgbi Tbikrai al dir

Logbhraifsziat).

Dir Bouptolsotz zur Daoflksi uld Tbiropai óhklkeasgbir ^rkjmieiast systieasgb, d. b., eol virsugbt, dos Iltstibil vkl ^rkjmieil ous

dir Altirohtakl virsgbaidilir Soraojmil zu jifriacil.

Dai wartsgboctspkmatasgbi Eogbt ast jia dil Zifairulfil hklziltrairt.Dai (ultirfikrdliti) ^kmatah dir Lktiljolhil irfälzt dos riomhopato-mastasgbi Zifaei durgb laidrafi Miatzalsil uld iali Wtojamasairulf/Zifumairulf dir Calolzeärhti.

Dai Calolzairulfsjidalfulfil córdirl riomwartsgboctmagbi Ohtavatä-til0 Dir Palssotz maift ultir dir Vogbstuesroti (dais irmiagbtirt daiAlvistataklscalolzairulf), dai Vigbsimhursi sald cist, dai Zkbstkcc-

priasi stojam.

Dai Zobeiljidalfulfil wirdil durgb dai ^kmatah omsk sk fisitzt,doss sagb Sireófil lur durgb riomwartsgboctmagbi Ohtavatätil vireib-ril mossil ‗ Calolzvirolmofulf uld -spihumotakl “mkblil” sagb lagbt.

Dir Ziomhopatomaseus holl disbomj ougb oms ial “Wpaim” olfisibilwirdil, jia die dir “Fisoethugbil” lktwildafirwiasi wägbst (ialskmgbis ̂ ksatavsueeilspaim eamdirt Sirtiamulfshklcmahti irbijmagb).




Dir Sirsugb ialir Hkejalotakl vkl Eorht uld Wtoot, vkl Hklhurrilzuld Hkkpirotakl, vkl aldavaduimmir Iltcomtulf uld skzaomir Siroltwkr-

tulf, uld doeat ougb dir Sirsugb ialir Altifrotakl fisimmsgboctmagbirFifilsätzi präfti dai ^rkspiratätspbosi dir Logbhraifsziat. Daisi Trols-ckreotakl dis “bässmagbil Hopatomaseus” dir ?17>ir @obri wor lagbt lurdos Zisumtot dir “Oucorjiatulf” dir Vimtwartsgboctshrasi, skldirl wurdiougb durgb dil “Homtil Hraif” uld doeat durgb dai Wystiehklhurrilzzwasgbil Hopatomaseus uld Wkzaomaseus ficórdirt.

Ae Baljmagh ouc dai ultirsgbaidmagbil Wpollulfscimdir zwasgbil óhk-lkeasgbil uld pkmatasgbil Altirissil mässt sagb ciststimmil0 Dir Ziom-hopatomaseus stimmt ial Zifaei dor, al die dos fieialsoei óhklkeasgbi

Altirissi vkl Ziomhopatom uld Orjiat (ol bkbie Vartsgboctswogbstueuld Skmmjisgbäctafulf) dil Fifilsotz abrir pkmatasgbil Altirissil ýjir-waift. Oldirs fisoft0 Dos fieialsoei pkmatasgbi Altirissi vkl Ziom-uld Calolzhopatom (dir Sireófildil) ol ialie sgbwogbil Wkzaomstootuld ol sgbwogbil Fiwirhsgboctil botti wilafir Fiwagbt oms dir Fifil-sotz abrir óhklkeasgbil Altirissil.

Dai eiastil Eirheomi dis Calolzhopatomaseus sald ìlil dis Ziom-hopatomaseus dariht iltfifilfisitzt. Ialzimli Imieilti ous Ýjirsagbt :skmmil irfälzild irmäutirt wirdil0

Dos “Altirissiljýldlas” zwasgbil Ziom- uld Calolzhopatom eolacis-tairt sagb lagbt lur al dir Dirifumairulf dir Calolzeärhti, skldirlougb al dil wartsgboctspkmatasgbil Bouptzaimil dir Fimdwirtstojamatät,“skmadir” Wtootscalolzil uld ialir salhildil Wtootsqukti (ommis fi-luali Calolzhopatomaltirissil ‗ daisil hóllil sagb dai “jaf pmoyir”dir Ziomwartsgboct olpossil, aldie sai simjst aeeir eibr oms“Calolzhopatomastil” ofairil).

Dos pkmatasgbi Bouptzaim vkl Ziom- uld Calolzhopatom, dil Wkzaomstootuld dai Fiwirhsgboctil zu sgbwägbil, hkeet ougb doral zue Ous-drugh, doss al dir ae Calolzhopatomaseus dkealoltil Adikmkfai dis

Likmajiromaseus skwkbm dir Wkzaomstoot oms ougb dai Fiwirhsgboctiloms dai fróÛtil Baldirlassi cýr iali kptaeomi Vartsgboctsiltwaghmulf

jifraccil wirdil.1

1 Dai jiadil wagbtafstil likmajiromil Wgbumil sald dir Eklitoraseus uld dir“Boyih-Pwiaf” dir Óstirriagbasgbil Wgbumi (eat abril ìwiamafil “Fomaklscafuril”Eamtkl Craideol uld Craidragb O. vkl Boyih). Jiadi Wgbumil irbijil dai fmiagbil




Daisi ougb vkl dir Yltirlibeirsgboct ýjirlkeeili “Vimtolsgbou-ulf” dis Likmajiromaseus uld dai dorouc josairildi ^kmatah vkl Wk-

zaomojjou uld Dirifumairulf virursogbt iali zulibeildi Iltcrie-dulf zwasgbil dil (ibieomafil) Wkzaomportlirl.

Dai Sirmofirulf dir wartsgboctspkmatasgbil Eogbt vkl dil Zifairul-fil ae Ziomhopatomaseus zu dil Lktiljolhil ae Calolzhopatomaseushkeet al Iurkpo alsjiskldiri al dir bastkrasgb ialeomafil Eogbt-ousstottulf dir Iurkpäasgbil Piltromjolh zue Ousdrugh.?>

Wgbwolhildi Vigbsimhursi uld Zkbstkccpriasi, ýjir dir Vogbs-tuesroti maifildi Palssätzi uld zulibeildi Fiwallgbolgil hurz-crastafir Calolzspihumotakl mossil Orjiatsmksafhiat uld Wtootsvir-sgbumdulf stiafil, wos waidirue ialil Ojjou dis Wkzaomstoots oms“Wogbzwolf” irsgbialil mässt.

Dai likmajiromi Adikmkfai ward skeat lagbt durgb dai ^kpumoratät abrirCkrdirulfil fisgbagbtseägbtaf, skldirl durgb dai “Baltirtýr” dirIlt-Cissimulf dir Calolzeärhti0

Doss dir Likmajiromaseus iali Adikmkfai ast, wimgbi dai pkmatasgbilAltirissil dir Sireófildil wassilsgboctmagb mifataeairt, ward ol sia-lir Miatmalai diutmagb, dil Ialcmuss dis “Wysties ^kmatah” uld doeat

dir Diekhrotai ouc dai Fistomtulf fisimmsgboctmagbir ^rkzissi eóf-magbst wiat zurýghzudrälfil zufulstil dis “Wysties Eorht”.

Ae Baljmagh ouc dai ultirsgbaidmagbil Altirissil dir jiadil Sirolmo-fulfsckreil vkl Sireófil famt0 Dir Calolzhopatomaseus stimmt ial

pkmatasgbil Ckrdirulfil, dai sagb alsjiskldiri fifil dil Wkzaomstoot uld dai Fi-wirhsgboctil ragbtil. Daisi Ckrdirulfil wirdil ommirdalfs ous ultirsgbaidmagbilOllobeil ýjir Irwortulfsjamdulf uld Eorhtprkzissi ojfimiatit. Dai drattiWgbumi, dir Krdkmajiromaseus botti altirlotaklom hialil lillilswirtil Ialcmuss. AlDiutsgbmold wor sial Ialcmuss ìdkgb irbijmagb uld truf al dil ?19>ir uld ?13>ir

@obril dozu jia, doss dir Hiylisaolaseus ol diutsgbil Ylavirsatätil al wisiltmagbfiralfirie OuseoÛ oms eohrkóhklkeasgbis ôrodafeo ohziptairt wurdi oms al dilýjrafil Mäldirl.?> Iali äblmagb eägbtafi ^ksatakl bot sagb dai Lktiljolh al @opol al ialie vaim-

`äbrafil Hoepc eat die Calolzealastiraue fisgboccil. Al ialir ialdrughsvkmmilWtudai dkhueiltairt Virlir (:>>7) dai Tbisi, doss dai “Jolh kc @opol” daisi^ksatakl lýtzti, ue dos jas Ildi dir ?12>ir @obri irckmfriagbi òpolasgbi Vart-sgboctsekdimm zu sgbwägbil (is wor durgb ialil storhil Ialcmuss dis Wtootis, hkr-

pkrotastasgbi “mojkur rimotakls” uld vaimcämtafi Eorhtrifumairulfil gborohtirasairt).




Zifaei dor, al die dos fieialsoei pkmatasgbi Altirissi vkl Ziom- uldCalolzhopatom ol ialir Wgbwägbulf vkl Fiwirhsgboctil uld Wkzaomstoot

ialil fróÛiril Wtimmilwirt bot oms dir Fifilsotz abrir óhklkeasgbilAltirissil.

2 Dai Ojckmfi riom- uld calolzhopatomastasgbir Wpaimolkrdlulfil

2.? Dai Logbhraifsziat Eiali ziltromi Tbisi moutit0 Dai Oucsgbwulfspbosi ae molfcrastafilIltwaghmulfszyhmus ward vkl riomhopatomastasgbil Zobeiljidalfulfil

fipräft, dai Ojsgbwulfspbosi vke Calolzhopatomaseus.Al dil irstil :9 @obril dir Logbhraifsziat fimolf is die “Ziomhopa-

tom” uld dir “Orjiat”, dai jiadi vkl ialir Ixpolsakl dir Fýtireärhti prkcatairil uld disbomj óhklkeasgbi Jýldlasportlir sald, skcirl is fi-malft, abril pkmatasgbil Oltofklaseus zu altifrairil??0

Is dkealairti dai Tbikrai vkl Hiylis, wimgbi dil systieasgbil Gbo-rohtir dis Vartsgboctils jitklti uld doeat dai Jidiutulf ialir Hk-kpirotakl vkl Yltirlibeirl, Orjiatlibeirl uld Wtoot eat die Paim,Ziomhopatomjamdulf uld Jisgbäctafulf zu córdirl.

Laidrafi Palssätzi uld cisti Vigbsimhursi, majiromasairti Fýtireärhti,ócciltmagbi Alvistataklil uld iali stojami Hklsuelogbcrofi durgbWtiafirulf dir Ziommóbli uld Ousjou dis Wkzaomstoots milhtil dosFiwallstrijil systieotasgb ouc dai Fýtireärhti.

Ouc pkmatasgbir Ijili wurdi dir “frkÛi Hklsils” zwasgbil dir Yl-tirlibeirsgboct uld dil Fiwirhsgboctil durgb dil “Homtil Hraif”uld dai Wystiehklhurrilz zwasgbil Kst uld Vist ficórdirt.

?? Iali irsti Whazzi dis molfcrastafil pkmat-óhklkeasgbil Iltwaghmulfszyhmus omsOjckmfi vkl riom- uld calolzhopatomastasgbil Zobeiljidalfulfil caldit sagb alWgbumeiastir (?112). Al daisie Issoy ward virsugbt, dai “stymazid cogts” dir “mol-fil Vimmil” jzw. “Hkldrotaicc-Pyhmil” ( Hkldrotaicc , ?1:38 Wgbuepitir , ?1718

Eilsgb, ?1698 Sol Dua`l, ?127) ue dai Dyloeah fisimmsgboctmagbir ^rkzissi zuirfälzil. Ae Piltrue stibil dai Vigbsimwarhulfil zwasgbil skzaomil (Das)Allk-votaklil (wai óhklkeasgbi Tbikrail, wartsgboctspkmatasgbi Hklzipti) uld dirzyhmasgbil Yevirtiamulf fisimmsgboctmagbir Eogbt ae Walli vkl Homigha (?147).




Dai Hkejalotakl vkl “Zildatizwolf” dis Hopatoms uld riomhopatomasta-sgbil Olriazjidalfulfil irziuft ial storhis uld logbbomtafis Vart-

sgboctswogbstue. Wimjst will fmiagbziataf dai Ylfmiagbbiat al dir Sir-tiamulf zulaeet (typasgb cýr ^bosil dis hopatomastasgbil “tohi-kcc” waiitwo al Iurkpo ae ?1. @obrbuldirt kdir al Gbalo siat dil ?12>ir @obril),virjissirt sagb molfcrastaf ougb dai ^ksatakl dir OrjiatirAllil. Daiseogbt is ablil miagbtir, abri Altirissil zu krfolasairil, alsjiskldiri,will sai ýjir iali iafili “Lovafotaklshorti” vircýfil, dai abri Mofi ir-hmärt uld ous dir hmori Ckrdirulfil ojfimiatit wirdil.

Visiltmagb cýr dai bkbi Vogbstuesdyloeah wor dai Hkbärilz zwa-sgbil dir tigblasgbil Allkvotakl “ckrdastasgbir” Eossilprkduhtakl uld

dir skzaomil Allkvotakl hiylisaolasgbir Vartsgboctspkmatah. Dai Zotaklo-masairulf dir aldustraimmil ^rkduhtakl durgb dos CmaiÛjold wor sgbkl aldil ?1:>ir @obril iltwaghimt wkrdil. Dos ^ktiltaom dis “Ckrdaseus”hkllti ojir irst oj dil ?19>ir @obril vkmm ousfisgbópct wirdil0 Eatdie Hiylisaolaseus uld ialir (dieiltsprigbild) ouc Wtärhulf dirEossilhouchroct ousfiragbtitil Vartsgboctspkmatah wurdil skzaomi Allk-votaklil uefisitzt, wimgbi ouc dai tigblasgbi Allkvotakl “ckrdastasgbir”Eossilprkduhtakl ojfistaeet woril.

Olfisagbts olbomtildir Skmmjisgbäctafulf stimmtil dai Fiwirhsgboc-til al dil ?13>ir @obril liui Ckrdirulfil, dai ouc iali Yevirtiamulf

zufulstil dir Móbli skwai jitraijmagbi uld ýjirjitraijmagbi Eatji-staeeulf ojzaimtil. Jiadis wurdi tiamwiasi durgbfisitzt, alsjiskldiridurgb dai Sirdriacogbulf dir Bäucafhiat jzw. Douir vkl Wtriahs Eattidir sigbzafir @obri. Vilaf spätir virsgbärctil dai Wtudiltiljiwifulfuld fmiagb dorouc dai Óhkmkfaijiwifulf dai Hratah oe (Sirfiudulfs)Hopatomaseus.

Dir óhklkeasgbi Irckmf dis Jýldlassis zwasgbil Ziomhopatom uldOrjiat riohtavairti sk abril pkmatasgbil Oltofklaseus0 Yltir dil Jidal-fulfil vkl Skmmjisgbäctafulf drkbti dir “Skreorsgb” vkl Fiwirh-sgboctil uld Wkzaomdiekhrotai dai fisimmsgboctmagbi Eogbt zumostil dirYltirlibeirsgboct zu virsgbaijil8 mitztiri krailtairti sagb dobir waidirol ìlir Dkhtral, wimgbi dil Vkbmcobrtsstoot simjst oms dos “Fruldýjim”olsaibt. Fmiagbziataf eat dir Kccilsavi dir Orjiatirsgboct laeet oucWiatil dir Hopatomastil dai Sirsugbulf zu, abr Hopatom stott durgb riom-wartsgboctmagbi Ohtavatätil stärhir al dir Calolzwartsgboct zu vireibril.Dai Ckmfil uld Irckmfi dir riomhopatomastasgbil Wpaimolkrdlulf ‗ skwkbm




ouc Wiatil dir OrjiatirAllil wai dir “Ziomhopatomastil” ‗ cýbril dobir alialil Trolsckreotaklsprkziss vke Ziom- zue Calolzhopatomaseus.

Lagbt zucämmaf jrogbti dos @obr ?132 dil Durgbjrugb cýr Eamtkl Craid-eol uld siali likmajirom-eklitorastasgbi Tbikrai ouc ohodieasgbieJkdil ( Craideol, ?132).

Eat sialil Tbisil mifataeairti dir Likmajiromaseus dai pkmatasgbilAltirissil dir Sireófildil uld dai óhklkeasgbil Altirissil dis Ca-lolzhopatoms0 Ommi wartsgboctmagbil Iltsgbiadulfil skmmil die Eorht-eigbolaseus ultirwkrcil wirdil (wk “Fimdstaeeil” zäbmil uld lagbtdir Fruldsotz “kli (wk)eol, kli vkti”), dai Jihäepculf vkl Alcmotakluld Wtootsvirsgbumdulf bot ojskmuti ^rakratät uld dai Calolzeärhti sald

vkmmstäldaf zu dirifumairil (dos “Ohtavatätsziltrue” dis Calolzhopatoms).Dai Itoppil, al dilil dos likmajiromi ^rkfroee ýjir vair @obrzibltiuefisitzt wurdi, boji agb jiriats shazzairt. Daisir ^rkziss bot dai Vart-sgboct uld Fisimmsgboct ‗ alsjiskldiri al Iurkpo ‗ aeeir taicir al daiHrasi ficýbrt. Eat dir logbbomtafil Wgbwägbulf vkl Wkzaomstoot uldFiwirhsgboctil bot dir Likmajiromaseus/Calolzhopatomaseus siali pkmata-sgbi Wgbumdafhiat fitol. Fmiagbziataf ward dir óhklkeasgbi ^rias docýraeeir fróÛir0 Calolzhrasi, Vartsgboctsialjrugb, Palsspihumotakl uldWporpkmatah bojil dil ‗ ulvireiadmagbil ‗ ^rkziss dir Wimjstzirstórulfdir calolzhopatomastasgbil Wpaimolkrdlulf drostasgb jisgbmiulaft. Tiam

daisis ^rkzissis ast dai eossavi Jisgbädafulf dir Altirissil dis Ziom-hopatoms, uld zwor lagbt lur ìlis dir Hmial- uld Eattimjitraiji, skldirlougb dir FrkÛhklzirli.

Calolzhopatomastasgbi Olriazjidalfulfil cýbril zu Jkkes, wimgbiaeeir eibr Sireófilseärhti ircossil. Dai Jiwirtulf dir “calolgaomossits”, ojir sgbmaiÛmagb ougb ìli vkl Aeekjamail, ýjirstiafil zulib-eild abri “Culdoeiltomwirti”, is ward aeeir eibr “cahtavis Hopatom”fijamdit. Crýbir kdir spätir euss is dobir zu “Hkrrihturil” hkeeil,omsk zu eossavil Iltwirtulfil dis Calolzhopatoms uld doeat zu ialirsgbwiril Calolz- uld Vartsgboctshrasi. Al dir logbckmfildil Dipris-saklspbosi laeet dir Vadirstold dir “Bouptvirmairir”, dir Orjiatir-sgboct, zu, uld zwor uesk rosgbir uld stärhir ì wilafir sai al dir vkrol-fifolfilil ^rkspiratätspbosi ol prkfroeeotasgbir uld krfolasotkra-sgbir Hoepchroct virmkril bojil. Ougb dai Yltirlibeir fibóril alabrir frkÛil Eibrbiat zu dil Hrasilvirmairirl, dais stärht molfcrastaf abriJiriatsgboct, zu ialir stärhiril Zifumairulf dir Calolzeärhti uld zu(eoÛvkmmil) Sirjissirulfil dir Mofi dir Orjiatirsgboct. Jiadi Ilt-




waghmulfil ireófmagbil ialil Trolsckreotaklsprkziss vke Calolz- zueZiomhopatomaseus.

Holl dai (Bypk)Tbisi vkl dir Ojckmfi vkl ^rkspiratät uld Hrasi omsOjckmfi riom- uld calolzhopatomastasgbir Olriazjidalfulfil zu ialie

jissiril Sirstäldlas oldirir “molfir Pyhmil” jiatrofil; Dos wirdi agbal dir lägbstil Itoppi eialis Ckrsgbulfsprkfroees ultirsugbil. Docýrspragbt dai ialcogbi daomihtasgbi Mkfah, wimgbi daisie Ekdimm zufruldimaift.

Dai daomihtasgbi Mkfah skmgbir “molfir Pyhmil” jidiutit ìdkgb lagbt,doss sagb dai ialzimlil Pyhmil eigbolasgb waidirbkmil, ialie pkmat-óhklkeasgbil Iltwaghmulfsfisitz ckmfild. Saimeibr daccirilzairil

vaimi sagb bastkrasgb lagbt waidirbkmildi Jidalfulfil dai ialzimlilPyhmil ous. Dais eógbti agb oe Jiaspaim dis Pyhmus zwasgbil ?242 uld?1?4 virdiutmagbil (is boldimt sagb midafmagb ue iali irsti Whazzi).

2.: Dai “molfi ^bosi” vkl ?242 jas ?1?4

Dai riomhopatomastasgbi Vogbstuespbosi irmiagbtirt al dil ?29>ir uld?23>ir @obril dai Krfolasotakl dir Altirissil dir Orjiatirsgboct, lagbtzumitzt, wiam Eorx uld Ilfims dai tbikritasgbi Josas cýr dai Lovafotakls-

horti dir Orjiatirjiwifulf fimaicirt bottil. Fmiagbziataf iltwaghiml sagbal daisir irstil Frýldirziat Calolz- uld Aeekjamailjkkes, dai eat dieJórsilhrogb ?267 zusoeeiljrigbil. Al dir logbckmfildil Dipris-saklspbosi virsgbmigbtirti sagb dai Mofi dir Orjiatirsgboct, fmiagbziataflobe abri Hoepchroct zu. Eat dir Wgbocculf dis Wkzaomstoots durgb Jas-eorgh wurdi ialirsiats dir Orjiatirjiwifulf dai rivkmutakläri Wpatziojfijrkgbil uld oldirirsiats iali wisiltmagbi Jidalfulf cýr dai riomho-

patomastasgbi ^rkspiratätspbosi dir “jimmi ipkqui” zwasgbil dil ?21>ir@obril uld ?1?4 fimift (dozu trufil ougb dai durgb dil Fkmdstoldord

jidalftil cistil Vigbsimhursi uld ultir dir Vogbstuesroti maifildi

Palssätzi jia).?:

?: Miadir irst hýrzmagb mirlti agb dai frkÛortafi Wtudai vkl Orrafba (:>?>) zu dilmolfil Pyhmil al dir hopatomastasgbil Iltwaghmulf siat Eatti dis ?9. @obrbuldirtshillil. Orrafba ýjirlaeet Fruldhklzipti dir bastkrasgbil Wgbumi vkl CirloldJroudim uld irwiatirt sai eat dil Irfijlassil sialir iafilil skzakmkfasgb-bastkra-sgbil Ckrsgbulfil. Ir iltwaghimt ial Ekdimm zyhmasgbir Iltwaghmulf, dos daiDagbktkeai Ziomhopatom virsus “bafb calolgi” hkejalairt eat die Hklzipt dis




Ial wisiltmagbir Yltirsgbaid zwasgbil die durgb dil irstil Vimt-hraif ojrupt jiilditil Pyhmus uld ìlie dir Logbhraifsziat jistibt

doral, doss dai Hklcmahti zwasgbil Ziomhopatom uld Orjiat ae ?1. @obr-buldirt allirbomj dir ialzimlil Mäldir ousfitrofil wurdil uld ‗ oucdaomihtasgbi Viasi ‗ dai Orjiatirjiwifulf stärhti, skwkbm al adikmk-fasgb-prkfroeeotasgbir oms ougb al krfolasotkrasgbir Balsagbt (kbli abriHoepcstärhi bätti Jaseorgh wkbm houe dai Wkzaomfisitzi jicýrwkrtit).

Logb ?149 wurdil daisi Hklcmahti balfifil “ixtirlomasairt”, omsk ýjir-trofil ouc dil Wystiehklcmaht zwasgbil hkeeulastasgbir Dahtotur ulddiekhrotasgb mifataeairtir Wkzaomir Eorhtwartsgboct. Dozu trufil ialir-siats dai hotostrkpbomil Ckmfil dir Hmossilhäepci dir ?1:>ir uld

?17>ir @obri jia (oms Tiam dis Mirlils ous dir Vimtwartsgboctshrasi), uldoldirirsiats dir Skreorsgb dir Wkwìtulakl jas logb Eattimiurkpo, dirHomti Hraif uld doeat dai Wystiehklhurrilz. Disbomj woril dai Yltir-libeir zu irbijmagbil Pufistäldlassil ol dai Orjiatirsgboct uld abri

pkmatasgbil Sirtritir jiriat (eol jrougbti ialil “Hopatomaseus eat sk-zaomie Fisagbt”). Fmiagbziataf córdirti daisi Iltwaghmulf ialil sgbmia-gbildil ^rkziss dir Ilt-Adikmkfasairulf vkl Wkzaomdiekhrotai uld Fi-wirhsgboctil. ́

óhklkeasgbil Bifiekls, omsk ìlis Moldis, dos dai ìwiams wagbtafsti Tigblkmk-fai oe jistil jibirrsgbt uld wiatir iltwaghimt0 Al ialir riomhopatomastasgbil Ouc-sgbwulfspbosi jout dos cýbrildil Mold siali ^ksatakl ous uld ohhueumairt aeeireibr Sireófil. Is hkeet doll dir ûlht, wk virsugbt ward, daisis Sireófildurgb “bafb calolgi” zu vireibril. Doeat calolzairt eol sialil Logbckmfir omsBifiekl uld jiriatitit dil Jkdil cýr dil iafilil Laidirfolf. Wk wurdi dai Zi-

pujmah Filuo logb ?9>> zur cýbrildil Vartsgboctseogbt hroct sialir Mofi uld sia-lis “hlkw bkw” ouc die Fijait vkl Wiicobrt uld Boldim. Wpätir calolzairti saieat abrie Sireófil dil Oucstaif dir laidirmäldasgbil Zipujmahil. Logbdiedaisi zur cýbrildi Boldims- uld (dobir) Vartsgboctseogbt fiwkrdil woril, falfilsai zulibeild al dai “bafb calolgi” (dai Tumpilzwaijimspihumotakl ast lur iali ‗will ougb spihtohumäri ‗ Ipaskdi dis doeomafil “Mossil war ulsir Fimd orjia-

til”). Dai Laidirmoldi calolzairil wisiltmagb dil Oucstaif abris Logbckmfirs,läemagb FrkÛjratollail. Logb aldustraihopatomastasgbir Jmýtiziat ward dir Calolz-

pmotz Mkldkl zue Piltrue dir jratasgbil Vartsgboct, uld eat irbijmagbil Eattimlward dir Oucstaif dir YWO zue cýbrildil Aldustraimold eatcalolzairt. Wiat dil?16>ir @obril dkealairt dai “Vomm-Wtriit-Humtur” al wogbsildie EoÛ dai YW-Vartsgboct, uld eat ialie irbijmagbil Hopatomialsotz (al Fistomt vkl Darihtalvista-taklil) calolzairil dai YWO abril Logbckmfir oms óhklkeasgbir Bifiekl, Gbalo(dai irsti Oucmofi vkl Orrafbas Wtudai irsgbail ?114, siali doeomafi ^rkflksi ir-wiast sagb oms sibr wiatsagbtaf).




1 Dai ohtuimmi Watuotakl uld dai wiatiri Iltwaghmulf

Jiriats wiatfibild krailtairulfsmks, ýjirlobeil dai Imatil vkl Wkzaom-diekhrotai (uld tiamwiasi ougb eolgbir Fiwirhsgboctil, alsjiskldirilórdmagb dir Ompil) logb die Pusoeeiljrugb dis “riomil Wkzaomaseus”?121 dai Wyeptkedaoflksil uld -tbiropail dir likmajiromil Adikmkfai(stott zu jifriacil, doss dir wagbtafsti “Päbeulfscohtkr” dis Hopatomas-eus wifficommil wor, uld dobir iali Zi-Adikmkfasairulf jzw. Fifil-Adikmkfasairulf fijktil wäri). Dai sagb durgb Wporpkmatah, Dirifumairul-fil uld Calolzomgbieai siat Olcolf dir ?11>ir @obri zulägbst molfsoe,uld oj :>>2 rosolt virtaicildi Hrasi bot dobir Fiwirhsgboctil uld Wk-zaomdiekhrotai lagbt ‗ ouc daomihtasgbi Viasi ‗ fistärht (wai dai Hrasi

logb ?267), skldirl eossav fisgbwägbt. Docýr woril lijil abrir“Wimjst-Ilteägbtafulf” ougb oldiri Cohtkril eoÛfijmagb wai dai zu-libeildi Ousdaccirilzairulf dir Orjiatsckreil, alsjiskldiri ae Pu-soeeilbolf die tigblkmkfasgbil Voldim uld dir Fmkjomasairulf.

Ae Baljmagh ouc dai wiatiri Iltwaghmulf ast dobir zu irwortil0 Dir^rkziss dir Wimjstzirstórulf dir calolzhopatomastasgbil Wpaimolkrdlulfward sagb ckrtsitzil, vkrolfitraijil durgb dai Calolzomgbieai (sai mässtsiat Ildi :>?: dai Ohtailhursi aeeir eibr stiafil, wäbrild fmiagbzia-taf dai Ziomwartsgboct al bomj Iurkpo al iali Diprissakl sgbmattirt) uld

durgb dai likmajiromi ^kmatah (skwkbm al Fistomt dir Oustiratätspkmatah waidir Majiromasairulf dir Orjiatseärhti). Iali eossavi Sirsgbmigbtirulfdir Vartsgboctsmofi uld doeat ialil Wgbuj ae ^rkziss dir calolzhopato-mastasgbil Wimjstzirstórulf ward dos “Happil” dis ekeiltolil Ohtail-

jkkes al ialil Hursvircomm logb sagb zaibil. Daisir ^rkziss ward lagbtlur dil Altirissil dir OrjiatlibeirAllil, skldirl ougb dir Yltirlib-eirAllil aeeir fróÛiril Wgbodil zucýfil uld ward dobir dil Jkdil

jiriatil cýr ialil (liuirmagbil) Vigbsim ae Altirissijýldlas, vkl ialir“Hkomatakl” zwasgbil dil Altirissil vkl Calolz- uld Ziomhopatom zu ia-lir “Hkomatakl” zwasgbil dil Altirissil vkl Ziomhopatom uld Orjiat.

Ommirdalfs0 Dai Fiastir, dai eol vkr eibr oms 4> @obril firucil botti,ward eol sk sgblimm lagbt waidir mks. Pwasgbil die Olwogbsil uld dirOusjriatulf vkl aeeir eibr ^rkjmieil (ougb cýr dai Yltirlibeil),abrir Vobrlibeulf oms Ckmfi calolzhopatomastasgbir Zobeiljidalfulfiluld ialie wogbsildil Pwiacim oe “Moassiz-coari-Fmoujil” ialirsiatsuld dir Iltwaghmulf liuir óhklkeasgbir Tbikrail oms Irhmärulf dirHrasi skwai abrir pkmatasgbil Yesitzulf al Ckre riomhopatomastasgbir




Zobeiljidalfulfil oldirirsiats, maift iali molfi uld eýbivkmmi Ýjir-folfspbosi. Wai ward al daisie Pyhmus vireutmagb mälfir douirl oms logb

?1:1 jzw. ?267, wiam dai likmajiromi Adikmkfai daiseom mälfir uld ue-cossildir dkealairt bot oms vkr uld al dil jiadil crýbiril Diprissakls-

pbosil uld wiam (dobir) Fiwirhsgboctil uld Wkzaomdiekhrotai vaimsgbwägbir sald oms doeoms (uld wiatfibild krailtairulfsmks).

?> Ial “Liw Diom” oms Ýjirfolfsmósulf

Al daisir Watuotakl jrougbt is systieasgbi Tbiropail, wimgbi dai “Wpaim-olmofi” sgbrattwiasi viräldirl. Do iali liui tbikritasgbi Lovafotakls-

horti irst durgb eibr`äbrafi Oucorjiatulf ìlir Hrasi iltstibt, al dai daiomti Lovafotaklshorti ficýbrt botti (irst :> @obri logb Jifall dir Vimt-wartsgboctshrasi wurdi dai hiylisaolasgb-riomhopatomastasgbi “^rkspira-tätshorti” uefisitzt), jrougbt Iurkpo ìtzt iali ^kmatah prkjmiekrail-tairtir Ialzimsgbratti, dai al iali liui Zagbtulf cýbril. Jiaspaim cýr ialskmgbis Lovafairil kbli (tbikritasgb culdairti) Horti ast dir “Liw Diom”vkl Zkksivimt.

Agb boji disbomj :>?> dai Wgbratti al iali Diprissakl jisgbraijilsoet dil wagbtafstil Imieiltil ialis “Liw Diom cýr Iurkpo” (Wgbum-

eiastir , :>?>O).

?7

Miatmalail sald dai Sirmofirulf dis Fiwallstrijilsvkl dir Calolz- zur Ziomwartsgboct, (doeat) dai Hklskmadairulf dirWtootscalolzil durgb Ixpolsakl uld dai Wtärhulf dis iurkpäasgbil uldskzaomil Pusoeeilbomts.

Dai wagbtafsti Skroussitzulf cýr iali Sirmofirulf dis Fiwallstri- jils ast ckmfildi0 Dai zwasgbil dir Ziom- uld Calolzwartsgboct vireat-

?7 Doeoms birrsgbti ultir dil Imatil al Iurkpo dai Eialulf vkr, dai Calolzhrasi siaýjirwuldil, Fraigbilmold ial Wpizaomcomm, sgbmaiÛmagb jrueeti dir Hklùlhtur-ektkr waidir. Eiali Fifilpksatakl moutiti0 “Dai sgbwairafsti ^bosi dir frkÛil

Hrasi maift lagbt baltir uls, skldirl vkr uls. Ial liuirmagbir Zýghfolf dir Ohtail-hursi jia fmiagbziataf bkbir Orjiatsmksafhiat, miiril Wtootshossil uld zulibeil-die Pwiacim ol dir riomil Dighulf dir Wtootsgbumdil ward kbli hmufi Fifilstiui-rulf dozu cýbril, doss ommi Wihtkril virsugbil, abri Mofi durgb Wporil ojzu-sagbirl0 Yltirlibeir, Bousbomti, Ousmold uld Wtoot. Dos ast dir Wtkcc, ous dieóhklkeasgbi Diprissaklil fieogbt sald. Al ialir skmgbil Watuotakl euss dir Wtootdir Ziomwartsgboct logbbomtafi Aepumsi fijil, fmiagbziataf ojir ougb siali Calolz-mofi stojamasairil.” Dobir foj agb die Jugb dil Tatim0 “Eattil al dir frkÛil Hrasi

‗ ial ‐Liw Diom‒ cýr Iurkpo”.




timldil “Culdoeiltompriasi” ‗ ae Zoue dir Vigbsimhurs, al dir Piat dirPalssotz ‗ eýssil durgb dos Wystie ^kmatah stojamasairt wirdil, uld zwor

iltsprigbild dil Fmiagbfiwagbtswirtil dir (likmajiromil!) Vartsgbocts-tbikrai (Palssotz 5 Vogbstuesroti, Vigbsimhurs 5 Houchroctporatät).Äblmagbis famt cýr dai ^riasi irsgbópcjorir Zisskurgil, alsjiskldiri vklIrdóm zueom sial Sirjrougb ougb lkgb Bouptursogbi dis Hmaeowoldimsast.

Vimgbi EoÛlobeil hólltil dil Aepmksaklsprkziss jriesil uld omsHkepkliltil ialis “Liw Diom cýr Iurkpo” rosgb uefisitzt wirdil;

Irstils0 Yewoldmulf dis Zittulfscklds (IWE) al ialil “Iurk- päasgbil Väbrulfscklds” (IVC). Daisir stimmt dil Iurkmäldirl oms fi-

eialsoei “Calolzairulfsofiltur” Eattim durgb Ousfoji vkl Iurkjkldszur Sircýfulf. IPJ uld IVC mifil fieialsoe diril Palslaviou cist,uld zwor itwos ultir dir irwortitil (lkealimmil) Vogbstuesroti (dir-ziat ouc eoxaeom :%, doeat eýssti ougb Diutsgbmold hiali bóbirilPalsil zu jizobmil bojil). Dir molfcrastafi Pals ward omsk logb ialieäblmagbil Sircobril cistfimift wai dir (hurzcrastafi) IPJ-Miatzals. DaiHridatvirfoji ol dai ialzimlil Iurkmäldir ward ol strahti ‗ ojir lagbtlur ristrahtavi ‗ Jidalfulfil fihlýpct (“Hkldataklomatät”). Vimtwiatfäji lur eibr zwia Ortil vkl Wtootsolmiabil eat frkÛie Skmueil, YW-Jklds uld Iurkjklds. Do mitztiri ýjirdais vkl ommil ?6 Eatfmaidsmäl-

dirl foroltairt wirdil, ward is ol Logbcrofi lagbt eolfiml.?4 Pwiatils0 Ócciltmagb huldfieogbti Sirialjorulf zwasgbil dil wagb-

tafstil Lktiljolhil, dai Vigbsimhursi allirbomj ilfir Joldjriatil zustojamasairil. Dais bot al Iurkpo zwasgbil ?123 uld ?11: fut culhtak-lairt, ougb dir Wgbwiazir Lktiljolh fimolf is al `ýlfstir Piat, dilCrolhil-Iurk jia ?,:> zu stojamasairil. Dir Divasileorht ast diziltromkrfolasairt, fifil dihmorairti Vigbsimhurszaimi dir Lktiljolhil hollial ialzimlir Bäldmir lagbt ol, virtiadafil sai daisi fmoujwýrdaf, saldougb Birdiliccihti wilaf wobrsgbialmagb.

Drattils0 Cistmifulf dis ^codis cýr dai molfcrastafi Iltwaghmulf dis^riasis cýr Irdóm (uld sklstafi ckssami Jrillstkcci) durgb Ialcýbrulfialir IY-wiatil Yewimt- uld Ilirfaistiuir, wimgbi dai Daccirilz zue

ìwiamafil Vimteorhtprias ojsgbópct. Mout óhklkeasgbir Tbikrai eýsstiläemagb dir ^rias vkl Irdóm molfcrastaf systieotasgb stärhir stiafil oms

?4 Iali ditoammairti Dorstimmulf wai dir “Iurkpäasgbi Väbrulfscklds” dos Pals-laviou cýr Wtootsolmiabil stojamasairil holl, caldit sagb al Wgbumeiastir (:>?:).




dos ^riaslaviou alsfisoet, uld zwor ous zwia Frýldil. Irstils, wiamIrdóm iali irsgbópcjori Zisskurgi ast, uld zwiatils, wiam Irdóm dir

Bouptvirursogbir dir fmkjomil Yewimtjimostulf ast, alsjiskldiri disHmaeowoldims.

Sairtils0 Sirjkt jzw. Ialsgbrälhulf ìlir ^rohtahil dir Calolzohrk- jotil, dai irwaisilireoÛil dil Aepmksaklsprkziss jisgbmiulaft bojilwai itwo dir ixzissavi Oucjou vkl “sbkrt pksatakls”, alsjiskldiri durgb“lohid GDW”.

Cýlctils0 Däepculf dir sgblimmil Wpihumotakl durgb Ialcýbrulfialir filirimmil Calolztrolsohtaklsstiuir (CTW) al dir IY, ae Iurkrouekdir ougb lur al ialzimlil Iurkmäldirl. Dir vkl dir IY-Hkeeassakl ae

Birjst :>?? vkrfistimmti Iltwurc saibt läemagb vkr, doss dai Wtiuir al ìlie Mold olcämmt, vkl die dai Trolsohtaklskrdir ousfifolfil ast.Vill omsk lur

Wigbstils0 Frýldulf ialir iurkpäasgbil Zotalfofiltur oms ialirócciltmagbil, ulojbälfafil Alstatutakl (wai ial Zigblulfsbkc kdir ialFiragbt). Dill dai Miastulfil ialir skmgbil Ofiltur sald ócciltmagbiFýtir, abri Irstimmulf durgb pravoti Yltirlibeil euss zu Altirissil-hklcmahtil cýbril.

Daisi Siräldirulfil al dil Olriazjidalfulfil zur Sirmofirulf disFiwallstrijils vkl dir Calolz- zur Ziomwartsgboct irfälzt dir “Liw

Diom” durgb iali ixpolsavi Wtrotifai, wimgbi ìli Oucfojil al Olfracclaeet, wimgbi ae likmajiromil Piatomtir systieotasgb virlogbmässaftwurdil. Abri Jiwämtafulf wýrdi dai riomi Virtsgbópculf ilkre stiafirluld fmiagbziataf dai Jidalfulfil cýr “fut Mijil” logbbomtaf virjissirl0

Yewimtsgbutz, alsjiskldiri Hoepc fifil dil Hmaeowoldim.

Sirjissirulf dir Alcrostruhtur durgb ócciltmagbi Alvistataklil.

Yecossildi Alvistataklil als Jamdulfssystie, vke Skrsgbumjiriagb jas zu dil Ylavirsatätil.

Sirjissirulf uld Sirjammafulf dir Vkbleófmagbhiatil cýr ùlfiEilsgbil.

Jissiri Iltcomtulfsgbolgil cýr dai @ulfil oe Orjiatseorht, alsjiskldiri durgb sgbrattwiasi Zýghcýbrulf dir Ckreil otypasgbirJisgbäctafulf.




Sirjissirulf dir Mijilsgbolgil vkl Eilsgbil ous dil laidrafil sk-zaomil Wgbagbtil, alsjiskldiri durgb jissiri Altifrotakl vkl îrsklil

eat Eafrotaklsbaltirfruld.

Eamdirulf dir Ylfmiagbbiat al dir Ialhkeeils- uld Sireófilsvir-tiamulf uld doeat Wtärhulf dis skzaomil Pusoeeilbomts.

Omm daisi Oucfojil bojil ial fieialsoeis Bouptzaim0 @ili skzaomil uldóhkmkfasgbil Jidalfulfil virjissirl, wimgbi oms “ócciltmagbi Fýtir”durgb dil Eorht lagbt (balriagbild) fiwäbrmiastit wirdil.

Matirotur

Orrafba, F. (:>?>), Tbi Mklf Twiltaitb Giltury ‗ Ekliy, ^kwirs old tbiKrafals kc kur Taeis. :ld idatakl, Sirsk.

Craideol, E. (?132), Tbi Zkmi kc Eklitory ^kmagy. ”Oeiragol IgklkeagZivaiw―, Skm. 92.

Boyih., C. O. (?12>), Zigbt, Fisitzfijulf uld Criabiat, Jold 70 Dai Sircos-sulf ialir Fisimmsgboct criair Eilsgbil, Moldsjirf.

Homigha E. (?11>), ^kmatagom ospigts kc cumm iepmkyeilt. ”Tbi ^kmatagom _uor-tirmy―, ?147, ojfidrught al Gkmmigtid Vkrhs kc Eagbom Homigha Skm. A.Kxckrd (Gmorildkl ̂ riss).

Hiylis, @. E. (?173)0 Tbi Filirom Tbikry kc Iepmkyeilt, Altirist old Ekliy.Mkldkl (Eogeammol).

Hkldrotaicc, L. D. (?1:3), Dai molfil Vimmil dir Hklùlhtur. “Orgbav cýr Wk-zaomwassilsgboctil”, Jd. 93.

Eilsgb, F. (?169), Dos tigblkmkfasgbi ôtt. Crolhcurt.

Eýmmir-Oreogh, O. (?133), Vartsgboctskrdlulf uld Vartsgboctspkmatah, Cria- jurf.

Wgbua, B., Jmolhiljurf, W. (:>>:), Likmajiromaseus0 Tbikrai, Fiflir, ^roxas.Boejurf (SWO-Sirmof).

Wgbumeiastir, W. (?112), Dir pkmat-óhklkeasgbi Iltwaghmulfszyhmus dir Logb-

hraifsziat. Altirlotaklomi ^kmatah uld Fisimmsgboct, Craidragb-Ijirt-Wtac-tulf, Jkll.

Wgbumeiastir, W. (:>>7)0 Ohtailhursdyloeah uld Ziomhopatomjamdulf al dilYWO uld Diutsgbmold. VACK-Wtudai, Vail. Dkwlmkod0 bttp0//stipbol.sgbumeiastir.og.ot/

Wgbumeiastir, W. (:>?>O), Eattil al dir frkÛil Hrasi ‗ ial ‐Liw Diom‒ cýrIurkpo, Vail (âgus Sirmof).




Wgbumeiastir, W. (:>?>J), Wbkrt-tire Ossit Trodalf, Mklf-tire ^ragi Wwalfs,old tbi Wtojamazalf ^ktiltaom kc o Trolsogtakls Tox. ôpir prisiltid ot ol

AEC siealor kl Lkviejir :, :>?>. Dkwlmkod0bttp0//stipbol.sgbumeiastir.wack.og.ot/camiodeal/bkeipofi[sgbumeiastir/camis/CalWpig[AEC[ ?>[?>.pdc

Wgbumeiastir, W. (:>?:), Tbi Iurkpiol Eklitory Culd ‗ O systieag prkjmieliids o systieag skmutakl. ”Zivui di m‑KCGI―, Dájots it pkmataquis, ?:6.

Wtideol @klis, D. (:>?:), Eostirs kc tbi Ylavirsi0 Boyih, Craideol, old tbiJartb kc Likmajirom ^kmatags. ^ralgitkl (Ylavirsaty ^riss).

Sol Dua`l, @. (?127), Tbi Mklf Vovi al Igklkeag Maci. Mkldkl-Jkstkl-Wydliy.

Virlir, Z., O. (:>>7), ^ralgis kc tbi Qil0 Giltrom jolhirs old tbi Trolsckreo-

takl kc tbi Igklkey. Mkldkl (E. I. Wborpi).



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