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Energieeffizienz und Potentiale
für den Einsatz erneurbarer Energien in Mazedonien
27./28. März 2009
Vortrag: Prof. Dr. Goran Rafajlovski, Universität Skopje
Tema I: ENERGIESICHERHEITglobale Herausforderungen
wo stehet SOE Staaten und Mazedonien
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Potenziele für den Einsatz
Energy Community treaty Athens October 25, 2005
4. goals and objectives:
1.create a single regulatory space for energy trade and develop Network Energy market competition
2.establish common integrated electricity and gas market
Tema I: ENERGIESICHERHEIT globale Herausforderungen
3. Enhance the security of supply of the single regulatory space by providing a stable investment climate in which connections to Caspian, North African and Middle East gas reserves can be developed
4. Improving the environmental situation in relation to gas and electricity, related energy efficiency and renewable energy sources
Tema I: ENERGIESICHERHEIT globale Herausforderungen
Sustainable Energy Definition:
... Effectively, the provision of energy such that it Effectively, the provision of energy such that it meets the needs of the future without meets the needs of the future without
compromising the ability of future generations to compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ...meet their own needs ...
Sustainable Energy has two key components: Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien
Economy profile positive aspects
•Modest economic growth 3-6% GDP
•Low inflation rate < 2%
•Macroeconomic stability steadily increased
•Privat sector is growing (share of 65% of GDP)
•Tax reform to attract FDI coorporate income tax 12%
personal income tax 10%
abolished reinvested profit tax
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien General Background
Economy profile negative aspects
•Unemploument is excessive 36% (2008)
•Investment rate < 20% of GDP (last in the Region)
•FDI flow lowest rates among transition Countries
•Low living standards GDP is 25% of the EU average
•Below absolute poverty line - 21% of population
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien General Background
Primary Energy Supply
•Coal 49% and Crude oil 35%
•10 % based on renewable energy sources:
hydro energy, fire wood, geothermal
•Import energy dependance 46%
•Major energy resorce lignite coal
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien General Background
Primary Energy Intensity (TPES/GDP) 40% higher level of primary consumption
than average level in OECD Countries
Total primary energy supply by Fuel 1992-2005
Final Energy use:Industry with metalurgy (iron and steel industry)largest energy consuming sector 59% of total energy use
•Residential sector second largest sector electricity is major energy used including space heating!!!
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien General Background
Total Final Consumption by Fuel 1992-2005
Total Final Consumption by Sector
Structure of energy consumption in Industry by subsector
Co2 emmison in sectors
New Energy Low adopted in Parlament 20061. provide Legal framework for energy market
2. Straightening the legal basis of the independet energy regulator established 2003
Electricity sector restructured - partial privatization Gas sector restructured - advanced privatization Oil sector privatisation completed - competitive mark
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Energy Policy
Prices for oil gas and electricity regulated
(no direct social subsidies) (electricity price low)
Lack of comprehensive Long term Energy Strategy
Intensiv Focus on RENEWABLES expecially small Hydro Power
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Energy Policy
No Energy Efficiency Low (Strategy Adoptet 2004) - technical regulation, Secondary legislation
Limited budget for Energy Efficiency
Sustainable Energy Project by: Goverment and Global Enviroment Facilty (GEF) - Aimed: finaced instruments based on maret principal
Responsible:Ministry of Economy - Energy
Department - Unit energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy Sources ) with limited capacity –one man!!!!
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Policy
PROBLEMS:
1.Wide use of electricity for domestic heating
2. Inefficient energy consumption in buildings
3. Energy low involved local authorities in planing and
imlementation .Howerever bulding relavant capacities is
progressing slowly
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Policy
Onlu through intenational cooperation:
1.Netherlands PSO Programme (3mil EUR)
2.Austrian Develop. Agency (Solar and geotermal 1.12 mil EUR)
3. Switzerland SECO (energy efficient distribution 1.21.mil CHF)
4. USAID (Energy efficient Strategy 2020)
5. EBRD (power sector reform,industrial energy efficiency project)
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Financing Energy Efficiency
Main Opstacles to expand investment in Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:1. Limited access to medium-term financing2. Lack of expirience of the local financing inctitution3. Limited development of local energy services industry4. Low awareness of the economic benefits5. Low energy pricesTo adress these barriers Goverment of Macedonia initated some Project:
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Financing Energy Efficiency
World Bank Projekts:Sustainable Energy Project (March 2007 to Sept 2010) - Global Enviroment Facility GEF (5.85 mil USD grant) - Macedonian Goverment (2,8 mil USD)
- Macedonian finacial intermediaries? (18.7 mil. USD)
- Other local sources? (6.8 mil USD)
Power System HP Improvement Project (closed 2005) - Increase the efficiency and capacity of 6HP, - modern energy management system, - begin distribution losses reduction
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects
World Bank Sustainable Energy Project:
Component 1: Market Framework capacity Building in strategic/legislative/Institutional/Technical/Advisory
Component 2: Support to Utillity-based Energy Service Company (ESCO)
Component 3: Sustainable Energy Financing Facility SEFF co-financing basis with
Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects
EBRD Projects:
Distribution Grid Efficiency Investmen Project (100 mil.EUR -EVN 50 mil.EUR and IFC 50 mil.EUR)
o Upgrade of grid lies and connectionso Upgrade of substations and transformerso Roll out of metering
Energy Efficiency Improvements in Mittal Steel Skopje (25 mil.EURO)
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects
o First-generation technologies: hydropower, biomass, geotermal power - (Macedonia)
o Second-generation technologies: solar heating, wind power, bioenergy,solar photovoltaics.
o Third-generation technologies: (under development): advanced biomass gasification, biorafinery technologies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot dry rockgeothermal energy and ocean energy, Advances in nanotechnology
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Potenziele für den Einsatz
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Potential
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Energy Balance 2008
Legal Framework is the Energy Low
(Strategy for Renewable Energy Sources is foreseen for 2009)
Goverment considers the constraction of small hydro power plants SHP as great importance
Intern.public competition: 60 SHP DBOT 2007; 27 SHP SHP 2009
The GEF/World Bank Sustainable Energy Project is greatly focused on developing the market enviroment
for utilisation of renewable energy
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Policy
Energy Low stipulates the establishment of preferential tarrifs for electricity sold by preferential producers.
Regulatory Commison for Energy (independent body) determinate the privileged tariffs for sale and purchase of electricity generated by renewable energy sources: Hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass and wind energy (but no budget allocation)
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIEPotenziele für den Einsatz Price Policy
Hydro• 15 to 18% of the annual electricity production comes from HPP 6 big and 22 small one = 540MW capacity
• Significant potential for SHPP<5MW 400 sites throughout country
meeting over 10% of current electricity needs
• National Power Utility identified 44 potential sites total capacity 176 annual production 645 GWh
detailed studies are available
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Potential
Geothermal• Geothermal energy accounts for 2.4% of the heat production sector
• 7 main geothermal fields; 18 localities with thermal water; 50 springs
temperatures vary from 24-27 to 70-78 oC
• 15 geothermal projects have been development 1970-80
still in operation but below designed capacity
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Potential
Solar• Solar energy is being used at a simbolic level for domestic water heating.
Solar collectors 11MW=17.000 m2 x 0.7
• No PV for electricity production • Average solar radiation: high intensity and long duration
daily 3.4kwh/m2; annual 1385 kWh/m2
• Geographical positon and climate very good potential
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Potential
Biomass
•contributes 5.6% of the primary energy supply
• used exclusively in domestic sector !!!!
• 1.3 mil. m3 woodcuttingmass (firewood 80%)• biogas, biofuel: high potential low implementation
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Potential
Wind• Preliminary Atlas of the winds was developed
• 15 possible location (capacity 25-33MW) were identified
• Monitoring program of the wind potential 4 location
Sveti NIkole, Stip. Bogdanci. KozuvNorvegian Goverment, ELEM,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Potential
Small Hydro power Plants Austrian Development Cooperation in Macedonia 1.geothermal system GEOTERMA in Kocani cumulative production of 20 mil m3 thermal water for grenhouses, district heating
2. solar water heaters. Goverment support 500 hausholders with 30% (150,000 EUR budget allocation)
Makpetrol Biodissel Plant 8 mil EUR investment; EN 14214 standard; annual capacity 30000 tonnes biodisel.
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Renewable Energy Projects
Goverment to bridge the gap between energy efficiency policy development and its implementation energy prices should be cost reflective and sustainable exploring opportunities for financing energy efficiency projects through CDM capacity building in local Authorities for implementing renewable and energy efficiency projects supporting information and awareness improving energy performance of buildings no electricity production from PV, wind, biomass.......
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Conclusions
Carl Cristian von Weizsäcker:
Klimapolitik kompatibel machen mit einer marktwirtschaftlichen Ordnung
britische Ökonom Nicholas Stern:
Schäden eines Klimawandels einen ökonomischen Gegenwert haben, der um eine Größenordnung
höher liegt als die
Kosten einer stabilisierung des Klimas
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE Conclusions