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Interest Groups, Chieago 1980 Morrison, Denton E. (1975): Olson's Theory, a Critique, and an Alternative, unv. Manuskript,

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D. C. 1978 Peabody, Robert L./Berry, Jeffrey M./Frasure, William G./Goldman, Jerry: To Enact a Law:

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Schnaiberg, Allan (1980): The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity, New York 1980 Schubert, Glendon: The Public Interest: A Critique of a Political Concept, Glencoe, III. 1960 Schumpeter, Joseph A.: Kapitalismus, Sozialismus und Demokratie, 4. Auflage, München 1975 Shell, Kurt 1.: Das politische System der USA, Stuttgart etc. 1975 Sinclair, John E.: Interest Groups in America, Morristown, N.J. 1976 Smith, Kenneth L.: Beating the Big Boys: Common Cause and the California Campaign for Poli­

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2. Aufsätze und "papers"

Aberbach, Joel D./Rockman, Bert A. (1978): Administraters' Beliefs About the Role of the Pub­lic: The Case of American Federal Executives, in: Western Political Quarterly, Vol. XXXII 1978, S. 502 ff.

dies. (1976): Clashing Beliefs Within the Executive Branch: The Nixon Administration Bureau­cracy, in: APSR (American Political Science Review), Vol. LXX/1976, S. 456 ff.

Abramowitz, Alan I. (1980a): Is the Revolt Fading? A Note on Party Loyalty Among Southern Democratic Congressmen, in: Journal of Politics, Vol. 42/1980, S. 568 ff.

ders. (1980b): The United States: Political Culture Under Stress, in: Gabriel A. Almond/Sidney Verba (eds.): The Civic Culture Revisited, Boston 1980, S. 177 ff.

Abrams, Burton A.: Legislative Profits and the Economic Theory of Representative Voting: An Empirical Investigation, in: Public Choice, Vol. XXXI/Fall 1977 , S. 111 ff.

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Alexander, Herbert E.: Watergate and the Electoral Process, paper, Conference of: U. S. Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, and the Center for the Study of Demo­cratic Institutions, 1973

Allen, Margaret: Joining Forces: Cooperative Environmental Action by Urban Groups ~ Cases and Lessons, Report, Urban Environment Foundation, Washington, D. C. 1979

Almond, Gabriel A.: A comparative Study of Interest Groups and the Political Process, in: APSR, Vol. LII/1958, S. 270 ff.

Anderson, Frederick/Rosencranz, Armin: The Future of Environmental Defense, in: American Bar Association Journal, Vol. 61/1975, S. 316 ff.

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ders. (1971): Three Fronts of Federal Environmental Policy, in: Journal of the American Institute ofPlanners, Vol. XXXVII/1971, S. 258ff.

Asher, Herbert B./Weisberg, Herbert F.: Voting Change in Congress: Some Dynamic Perspectives on an Evolutionary Process, in: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 22/1978, S. 391 ff.

Auerbach, Carl A.: Pluralism and the Administrative Process, in: ANNALS (The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science), VoL 400/March 1972, S. 1ff.

Bacheller, John M.: Lobbyists and the Legislative Process: The Impact of Environmental Con­straints, in: APSR, Vol. LXXI/1977, S. 252 ff.

Bachrach, Peter/Baratz, Morton S. (1963): Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework, in: APSR, Vol. LVII/1963, S. 632 ff.

dies. (1962): Two Faces of Power, in: APSR, Vol. LVI/1962, S. 947ff. Barker, Lucius J./Jansiewics, Donald: Coalitions in the Civil Rights Movement, in: Sven Groen­

nings/E. W. Kelly/Michael Leiserson (eds.): The Study ofCoalition Behavior, New York 1970, S. 192 ff.

Barnhill, D. S.: book review: J effrey M. Berry: Lobbying for the People, in: Contemporary Socio­logy, Vol. 7/1978, S. 495

BartelI, Ted (1974b): Compositional Change and Attitude Change Among Sierra Club Members, paper, SSSP, 1974

ders./St. George, Arthur: A Trend Analysis of Environmentalists' Organizational Commitment, Tactic Advocacy, and Perceptions of Government, in: JV AR, Vol. 3/1974, No. 3-4, July-October 1974, S. 41 ff.

Beatty, Kathleen M./Pierce, John c.: Representation and Public Involvement in Water Resource Politics: A Comparison of Six Participant Types, in: Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 12/1976, S. 1005 ff.

Beck, Paul Allen/Jennings, M. Kent: Political Periods and Political Participation, in: APSR, Vol. 73/1979, S. 737 ff.

Berman, David R.: Consumerism and the Regulatory System: Paradigrns of Reform, paper, Sympo­sium on Regulatory Reform, Loyola University of Chicago, 1979

Bernstein, Marver H. (1972): Independent Regulatory Agencies: A Perspective on Their Reform, in: .ANNALS, Vol. 400/March 1972, S. 14 ff.

Berry, Jeffrey M. (1980): Public Interest Vs. Party System, in: Society, Vol. 17/1979-80, No. 4, May-June 1980, S. 42 ff.

ders. (1979-80): Lessons From Chairman Nader's Secrets of Success, in: Citizen Participation, Vol. 1/1979-80, No. 2, November-December 1979, S. 3,4,20

ders. (1979b): Citizen Croups and Regulatory Reform, paper, Symposium on Strategies for Change in Regulatory Policy, 1979

ders. (1979a): Advocates and Bureaucrats: Food Stamp Groups and USDA Policy Making, paper, Hendricks Symposium on Agricultural Politics, 1979

ders. (1977-78): On the Origins of Public Interest Groups: A Test of Two Theories, in: Polity, Vol. X/1977-78, S. 379 ff.

ders./Goldman, Jerry: Congress and Public Policy: A Study of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, in: Harvard Journal on Legislation, Vol. 10/1973. S. 331 ff.

204

Bonilla, Frank: When Is Petition "Pressure"?, in: Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. XX/1956, S. 39 ff.

Borosage, Robert/Brown, Barbara/Friedman, Paul/Gewirtz, Paul/Jeffress, William/Kelley, William: The New Public Interest Lawyers, in: Yale Law Journal, Vol. 79/1969-70, S. 1069 ff.

Bowman, James S.: The Environmental Movement: An Assessment of Ecological Politics, in: Envi­ronmental Affairs, Vol. V/1976, S. 649 ff.

Brady, David W./Cooper, Joseph/Hurley, Patricia A.: The Decline of Party in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1887-1968, in: Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. IV/1979, S. 381 ff.

Bridgeland, William M./Sofranko, Andrew J.: Community Structure and Issue-Specific Influences: Community Mobilization over Environmental Quality, in: Urban Affairs Quarterly, Vol. 11/ 1975-76, S. 186 ff.

Bruff, Harold H./Gellhorn, Ernest: Congressional Control of Administrative Regulation: A Study of Legislative Vetoes, in: Harvard Law Review, Vol. 90/1976-77, S. l369 ff.

Business Wants Congress To Limit FTC, in: (Congressional Quarterly Guide to) Current American Government, Spring 1980, ed.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, D. C. 1980, S. 108 ff.

Cahn, Edgar S./Cahn, Jean Camper: Power to the People or to the Profession? - The Public In­terest in Public Interest Law, in: Yale Law Journal, Vol. 79/1969-70, S. 1005 ff.

Calvert, Jerry W.: The Social and Ideological Bases of Support for Environmental Legislation: An Examination of Public Attitudes and Legislative Action, in: Western Political Quarterly, Vol. XXXII/1979, S. 327 ff.

Cameron, Juan: Nader's Invaders Are Inside the Gate, in: Fortune, Vol. 96/1977, October 1977, S.252ff.

Citrin, Jack: Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government, in: APSR, Vol. LXVIII/ 1974, S. 973 ff.

Clark, Peter B./Wilson, James Q.: Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations, in: Administra­tive Science Quarterly, Vol. VI/1961-62, S. 129ff.

Clark, Richard W.: Training Citizens for Public Participation: The Lobbying Process, in: Stuart Langton (ed.) (1979a): Citizen Participation Perspectives: Proceedings of the National Confe­rence on Citizen Participation, Medford, Mass. 1979, S. 136ff.

Clark, Timothy B. (1981): Don't Count the Special Interests Out, in: National Journal, Vol. 13/ 1981, S. 1475

ders. (1980): After a Decade of Doing Battle, Public Interest Groups Show Their Age, in: Natio­nal Journal, Vol. 12/1980, S. 1l36ff.

Cnudde, Charles F./McCrone, Donald J.: The Linkage Between Constituency Attitudes and Con­gressional Voting Behavior: A Causal Model, in: APSR, Vol. LX/1966, S. 66ff.

Cohen, David (1978): Common Cause: Issues, the Public Interest Movement and American Poli­tics. paper. Common Cause. 1978

ders. (1977): Comments on Andrew McFarland Paper, "The Complexity of Democratic Practice Within Common Cause", paper, Common Cause, 1977

Cohen, Etahn: The Clamshell Alliance, in: Citizen Participation, Vol. 1/1979-80, No. 3, January­February 1980, S. 14f.

Cohen, Richard E. (1981): Big Spenders Did Better in the House Than in the Senate, in: National 'Journal, Vol. l3/1981, S. 379,401

ders. (1980a): Congressional Democrats Beware - Here Come the Corporate PACs, in: National Journal, Vol. 12/1980, S. l304ff.

ders. (19~Ob): More Deadlock Ahead, in: National Journal, Vol. 12/1980, S. 1154 ders. (1980c): Spending by PACs Reaches Double Its 1978'Pace, in: National Journal, Vol. 12/

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Journal, Vol. 10/1978, S. 832ff. ders. (1978b): The Times Are A' Changin', in: National Journal, Vol. 10/1978, S. 30 ders. (1976;\: Lobbyists Band Together, But not in the Common Cause, in: National Journal,

Vol. 8/1976, S. 1076ff. Coke, James G./Brown, Steven R.: Public Attitudes About Land Use Policy and Their Impact

on State PoIicy-Makers. in: Publius. Vol. 6/1976, S. 97ff. Conradt, David P.: Changing German Political Culture, in: G.I}. AImond/S. Verba 1980, S. 212 ff. Conway, M. Margaret/Feigert, Frank B.: Motivation, Incentive Systems, and the Political Party

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August 1972, S. 35ff. Cover, Albert D.: Contaeting Congressional Constituents: Some Patterns of Perquisite Use, in:

Ameriean Journal of Political Scienee, Vol. 24/1980, S. 125 ff. Culhane, Paul J.: Federal Ageney Organizational Change in Response to Environmentalism, in:

Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, Vol. 2/1974~ 75, S. 31ff. Cupps, D. Steven: Emerging Problems of Citizen Participation, in: Publie Administration Review,

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British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 9/1979. S. 465 ff. Dawson, Paul A. (1979): book review: Jeffrey M. Berry: Lobbying for the Peoplc, in: APSR,

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APSA, 1973 Demkovich, Linda E. (1980): New FDA Commissioner an Advocate of thc Consumer's Right

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Samuelson, Paul A.: The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure, in: Review of Economics and Stati­stics, Vol. 36/1954, S. 387 ff.

Sax, Joseph 1. (1973): Standing to Sue: A Critical Review of the Mineral King Decision, in: Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 13/1973, S. 76 ff.

Scheueh, Erwin K.: The Cross-Cultural Use of Sampie Surveys: Problems of Comparability, in: Stein Rokkan (ed.): Comparative Research Across Cultures and Nations, Paris/The Hague 1968, S.176ff.

Schnaiberg, Allan (1977); Politics, Participation and Pollution: The "Environmental Movement", in: John Walton/Donald E. Carnes (eds.): Cities in Change: Studies on the Urban Condition, 2nd edition, Boston etc. 1977, S. 464 ff.

Schrag, Peter: Common Cause: New Paths for WASP Elites, in: Social Policy, Vol. 2/1971-72, No. 4, November-December 1971, S. 29 ff.

Schraub, J. Jonathan: The Office of Public Counsel: Institutionalizing Public Interest Represen­tation in State Government, in: Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 64/1975-76, S. 895 ff.

Schuck, Peter H. (1977): Public Interest Groups and the Policy Process, in: Public Administration Review, Vol. 37/1977, S. 132 ff.

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Vol. 37/1975, S. 488 ff. Seidman, Harold: Crisis of Confidence in Government, in: Political Quarterly, Vol. 43/1972,

S. 79 ff. Selter, Gerhard: Idee und Organisation des Konsumerismus, in: Soziale Welt, Jg. 24/1973, S. 185 ff. Seroka, Jim/McNitt, Andrew D.: Congressional Behavior in Energy and Environmental Roll Call

Voting: Responding to the Beat of Different Drummers?, paper, APSA, 1980

212

Sewell, W. R. Derrick/O'Riordan, Timothy: The Culture of Participation in Environmental Deci­sionmaking, in: Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 16/1976, S. 1 ff.

Shor, Edgar L.: Public Interest Representation and the Federal Agencies: Introd.uctory Comments, in: Public Administration Review, Vol. 37/1977, S. 131 ff.

Sills, David L.: The Environmental Movement and Its Critics, in: Human Ecology, Vol. 3/1975, S. 1 ff.

Sinclair, Ward: 96th Congress: Where Money Begets Power, in: Washington Post, September 23, 1979, S. Al, A8

Singer, James W. (1981): That Old Public Interest Movement Gang Moves Into New - and Private - Fields, in: National Journal, Vol. 13/1981, S. 269 ff.

ders. (1980): Out Like a Lamb, in: National Journal, Vol. 12/1980, S. 867 ders. (1979): Libera! Public Interest Law Firms Face Budgetary, Ideological Challenges, in: Natio­

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Horton Smith (ed.): Voluntary Action Research: 1974: The Nature ofVoluntary Action Around the World, Lexington, Mass. etc. 1974, S. 277ff.

Smith Michael P.: Pluralism Revisited, in: ders. and associates: Politics in America: Studies in Policy Analysis, New York 1974, S. 3 ff.

Snow, Arthur/Weisbrod, Burton A.: Consumerism, Consumers and Public Interest Law, in: B. A. Weisbrod et al. 1978, S. 395 ff.

Spadaro, Robert N.: Role Perceptions of Politicians vis-a-vis Public Administrators: Parameters for Public Policy, in: Western Political Quarterly, Vol. XXVI/1973, S. 717 ff.

Springer, J. Fred/Constantini, Edmond: Public Opinion and the Environment: An Issue in Search of a Horne, in: Stuart S. Nagel (ed.): Environmental Politics, 2nd printing, New Yortk etc. 1976, S. 195 ff.

Staed, Tony M.: Federal Managers and Public Participation: What to Evaluate and Why, paper, Symposium on Citizen Participation, Center for Responsive Governance, 1980

Stallings, Robert A. (1977a): Socia! Movement Backgrounds of Environmental Movement Partici­pants, paper, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 1977

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ders. (1976): Demographie Characteristics and the Extent of Involvement of Environmentalists in a Social Movement Organization, paper, Pacific Sociologieal Association, 1976

Steffani, Winfried (1973): Einleitung, in: Franz Nuscheler/Winfried Steffani (Hrsg.): Pluralis­mus - Konzeptionen und Kontroversen, 2. Auflage, München 1973, S. 9 ff.

Stern, Louis L.: Consumer Protection Via Increased Information, in: David A. Aaker/George S. Day (eds.): Consumerism: Search for the Consumer Interest, New York 1971, S. 94 ff.

Stewart, Riehard B.: The Resource Allocation Role of Reviewing Courts: Common Law Func­tions in a Regulatory Era, in: Clifford S. Russell (ed.): Collective Decision Making: Applications from Public Choice Theory, Baltimore, Md. 1979, S. 205 ff.

Stokes, Donald E. /Miller, Warren E.: Party Government and the Saliency of Congress, in: Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. XXVI/1962, S. 531 ff.

Sundquist, James L.: The Crisis of Competencc in Our National Government, in: Politieal Science Quarteriy, Vol. 95/1980, S. 183 ff.

Thomson, Ken: Congress Watch: A New Era for the Nader Movement?, in: Citizen Participation, Vol. 1/1979-80, No. 2, November-December 1979, S. 16ff.

Tillock, Harriet/Morrison, Denton: Group Size and Contributions to Collective Action: An Exami­nation of Mancur Olson's Theory Using Data from Zero Population Growth, Inc., revised paper, SSSP, 1977

Trubek, David M. (1977): Public Advocacy: Administrative Govemment and the Representation of Diffuse Interests, in: Mauro Cappelletti/Bryant Garth (eds.): Access to Justice, Vol. 111: Emer­ging Issues and Perspectives, Alphen (Holland) 1979, S. 445 ff.

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214

3. Interviews

(Die Bezeichnungen wie z.B. Position, vormals, beziehen sich alle auf den Zeitpunkt des Interviews)

Alexander, Herbert F., (16.11.1979), Citizen's Research Foundation, Vniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.

Banks, James Taylor, (28.03.1980), Senior Staff Attorney: Project on Oean Water, NRDC (Natu­ral Resources Defense Council), Washington, D.C.

Barash, Peter S., (10.01.1980), Staff Director: Commerce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs Sub­committee, Committee on Government Operations, U.S. House of Representatives

Barnes. James N .• (24.04.1980). Director: Center for Law and Social Policy, Washington, D.C. Barnhill, D. Stan, (Telefongespräch: 06.04.1980), Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Sociology, Vniversity

of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. Berry, Jeffrey M., (31.10.1979), Dept. of Political Science, Tufts Vniversity, Medford, Mass. Billings, Leon G., (19.03.1980), Administrative Assistant: Senator Edmund S. Muskie (D-Maine),

V.S. Senate Blackwelder, Brent F., (17.03.1980), Washington Representative: Environmental Policy Center,

Washington, D.C. Blodgett, John E., (12.12.1979), Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressio­

nal Research Service (CRS), Washington, D.C. Bowie, Nolan A., (04.03.1980), Executive Director: Citizens Communications Center, Washington,

D.C. Bradford, Peter A., (13,03.1980), Commissioner: V.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washing­

ton, D.C.; vormals: Chairman: Maine Public Vtility Commis si on Broder, David S., (11.06.1980), Washington Post, Washington, D.C. Browder, Joseph E., (11.12.1979), Staff Assistant: Division of Land and Water Resources, V.S.

Dept. of the Interior; vormals: Political Director: FOE (Friends of the Earth), Executive Vi ce President: Environmental Policy Center

Brown, Anita R., (09.01.1980), Committee Staff Assistant: House Agriculture Committee, V.S. House of Representatives

Brown, Bruce M., (12.02.1980), Special Assistant: Office of Public Affairs, FDA (V.S. Food and Drug Administration), HEW (V.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare)

Bryant, Bunyan, (07.11.1979), School of Natural Resources, Vniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Chapman, William c., (08.04.1980), Director: Technical Liaison Group, Assistant Director: Wa­shington Office, General Motors Corporation, Washington, D.C.

Chlopak, Robert, (29.01.1980), Executive Director: National PIRG (Public Interest Research Group) (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C.

Oapper, Louis S., (15.02.1980), Vice President: National Affairs, National Wildlife Federation (NWF), Washington, D.C.

Cohen, David, (26.02.1980), President: Common Cause, Washington, D.C. Cohen, James H., (18.03.1980), Director: Sierra Oub Legal Defense Fund, Washington, D.C. Cohen, Richard E., (09.01.1980), National Journal, Washington, D.C. Co oper, Richard, (18.01.1980), vormals: General Counsel: FDA Cordes, Joseph, (10.12.1979), Dept. of Economics, George Washington Vniversity, Washington,

D.C. Cottine, Bertram R., (07.01.1980), Commissioner: OSHRC (Occupational Safety and Health

Review Commission); vormals: Public Citizen: Health Research Group (Nader-Gruppe) Cotton, Richard, (09.01.1980), vormals: Executive Secretary to the Dept., HEW; davor: NRDC Crapa, Joseph R., (09.01.1980), Staff Director: Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer

Relations and Nutrition, House Agriculture Committee, U.S. House of Representatives Cutler, M. Rupert, (16.10.1979), Assistant Secretary: Natural Resources and Environment, V.S.

Dept. of Agrictilture; vormals: Wilderness Society und National Wildlife Federation Davies, J. Oarence, (17.10.1979), Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. Dawson, Paul A .• (02.11.1979), Dept. ofGovernment, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio Dernkovich, Linda E., (19.12.1979), National Journal, Washington, D.C. Diamant, Alfred, (14.10.1980 u.a.), Dept. of Government, Indiana Vniversity, Bloomington,

Ind.; z.Z. Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.

215

Donovan, William V., (17.03.1980), General Counsel/Staff Director: Subcommittee on Resource Protection, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate

Dowd, Edward H., (21.02.1980), Director: Legal Research and Planning, National Legal Center for the Public Interest ("pro business"), Washington, D.C.

Dunlap, Riley E., (11., 12.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, Dept. of Rural Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.

Eisei, Leo M., (27.12.1979), Director: Water Resources Council, Washington, D.C.; vormals: EDF (Environmental Defense Fund)

Evans, M. Brock, (05.03.1980), Director: Washington Office, Sierra Club, Washington, D.C. Fainstein, Norman 1., (30.10.1979), Graduate School of Management and Urban Professions,

New School for Social Research, New York Feinstein, Andrew A., (14.03.1980), Counsel/Staff Director: Subcommittee on Civil Service,

Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, U.S. House of Representatives; vormals: Loobyist: Public Citizen: Congress Watch (Nader-Gruppe)

Fergusen, Allen R., (22.01.1980), President: Public Interest Economics Center, Washington, D.C. Fernstrom, Meredith M., (26.02.1980), Direetor: Consumer Affairs Division, Office of the Secre­

tary, U.S. Dept. of Commerce Flacks, Richard, (29.08.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. Frey, Albert E., (13.02.1980), Washington Director: Air Quality Project, Environmental Task

Force, Business Roundtable, Washington, D.C. Fritschler, A. Lee, (18.10.1979), Chairman: U.S. Postal Rate Commission; vormals: School of

Government and Public Administration, American University Futrell, J. William, (13,02.1980), University of Georgia Law School, Athens, Ga.; z.Z. Woodrow

Wilson International Center for Scholars, Smithonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; vormals: President: Sierra Oub (1977 ~ 78)

Gale, Richard P., (14.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. Gamson, William A., (06.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Gardner, John W., (13.03.1980), Gründer und vormaliger (erster) Chairman: Common Cause,

Washington, D.C. Gerson, David B., (26.02.1980), Administrative Assistant: Representative David Stockman (R­

Mich.), U.S. House of Representatives Ginsberg, Benjamin, (telefon. Interview; 10.07.1980), Dept. of Political Science, Cornell Univer-

sity, Ithaca, N.Y. Glaser, William A., (30.10.1979), Center for the Social Sciences, Columbia University, New York Goel, M. Lal, (27-.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University ofWest Florida, Pensaeola, Fla. Gormley, William T., (10.12.1979), Dept. of Politieal Seienee, SUNY (State University of New

York) ~ Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y.; z.Z. Graduate Program in Seienee, Teehnology, and Public Poliey, George Washington University. Washington. D.C.

Green, John, (telefon. Interview: 11.07.1980), Ph. D. Candidate, Dept. of Political Science, Fur­man University, Greenville, S.c.

Greenberg, Eldon V.c., (31.01.1980), General Counsel: NOAA (National Oceanie and Atmo­spheric Administration), U.S. Dept. of Commeree, Washington, D.C.; vormals: Center for Law and Social Poliey

Greenwald, Carol S., (29.10.1979), Member of the Board: Common Cause Griffith, Mark N., (11.02.1980), Environmental Affairs Analyst: Resourees and Teehnology

Dept., NAM (National Association of Manufaeturers), Washington, D.C. Haberfieid, Linda, (28.02.1980), International Lobbyist: FOE, Washington, D.C. Halpern, Charles, R., (08.02.1980), Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.; ferner:

Institute for Public Representation (at Georgetown University Law Center), Gründer: Center for Law and Social Poliey, Exeeutive Direetor: Council for Public Interest Law

Handler, Joel F., (02.10.1980), University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisc.; z.Z. George­town University Law Center, Washington, D.C.

Hart jens, Peter. G., (30.06.1980), Director of Research: Institute for Neighborhood Initiatives, American Institutes for Research, Washington, D.C.

Hauser, Tirnothy J., (14.02.1980), International Economist: Office of International Policy Coordi­nation, U.S. Dept. of Commerce

Hawkins, David G., (12.01.1980), Assistant Administrator: Air, Noise and Radiation, EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

Hayes, Lynton R., (27.11.1979), Dept of Political Science, Univ. ofWest Florida, Pensacola, Fla

216

Heuvelen, Robert I. van, (10.03.1980), Assistant Counsel: Committee on Environment and Public Works, V.S. Senate

Hickey, Roger, (29.01.1980), Associate Director: National Center for Economic Alternatives, Washington, D.C.

Hinkel, Maureen K., (27.02.1980), Staff Member: EDF (Environmental Defense Fund), Washing­ton, D.C.

Hitchcock, Cornish F., (08.02.1980), Associate Director: Aviation Consumer Action Project (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C.

Hoff, Paul S., (22.02.1980), Counsel: Committee on Governmental Affairs, V.S. Senate Horrocks, John N., (12.03.1980), Staff Assistant to Ralph Nader: Public Citizen, Washington, D.C. Howe, Sydney, (21.04.1980), Executive Director: Vrban Environment Conference Foundation,

Washington, D.C. Hughes, H. Steve, (09.10.1980), Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressio­

nal Research Service (CRS), Washington, D.C. Hutt, Peter B., (03.03.1980), vormals: General Counsel: FDA Indorf, Hans H., (19.02.1980), Director of Legislative Affairs: Senator Robert Morgan (D-N.C.),

V.S. Senate Irwin, William A., (23.06.1980), Chairman: Interior Board of Surface Mining and Reclamation Ap­

peals, Office of Hearings and Appeals, V.S. Dept. of the Interior Jolly, Carol A., (10.01.1980), Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Environment, V.S.

Dept. ofEnergy;vormals: League ofWomen Voters Joseph, Jeffrey H., (07.03.1980), Director: Government and Regulatory Affairs, Chamber of Com­

merce of the Vnited States of America, Washington, D.C. Kahn, Alfred E., (29.01.1980), Advisor to the President on Inflation (seit 1978); vormals: Chair­

man: Civil Aeronautics Board) (CAB) (1977-78); davor New York Public Service Commission Karpinski, Gene B., (24.03.1980), Field Director: Public Citizen: Congress Watch (Nader-Gruppe),

Washington, D.C. Kasper, Anne S., (07.04.1980), Public Affairs Coordinator: National Family Planning and Repro­

ductive Health Association, Washington, D.C. Keeffe, Mary Ann, (12.12.1979), Economics Division, Congressional Research Service (CRS),

Washington, D.C. Kinnard, Joyce K., (13.03.1980), Staff Attorney: Center for Auto Safety, Washington, D.C. Kirschten, J. Dicken, (19.12.1979), National Journal, Washington, D.C. Killassen, Paul J., (25.01.1980), Director of Communications: Citizen's Choice (V.S. Chamber

of Commerce's grass roots organization), Washington, D.C. Kotler, Milton, (19.10.1979), National Coordinator: National Association of Neighborhoods,

Washington, D.C. Leshy, John D., (8., 10.01.1980), Associate Solicitor: Division of Energy and Resources, V.S.

Dept. of the Interior; vormals: NRDC Levin-Epstein, Jodie, (25.01.1980), Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary (for Food and

Consumer Service), V.S. Dept. of Agriculture; vormals: Children's Foundation Liroff, Richard A., (20.12.1979), Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. Lloyd, Frank W., (10.03.1980), Administrative Assistant to the Chairman: FCC (Federal Commu­

nications Commission), vormals: Director: Citizens Communications Center Mangun, William R., (08.04.1980), Important Resource Problem Coordinator: Division of Pro­

gram Plans, V.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, V.S. Dept. of the Interior Martin, Elizabeth, (27.12.1979), Staff Member: League of Conservation Voters, Washington, D.C. Martin, John W., (17.03.1980), General Counsel/Staff Director: Committee on Ways and Means,

V.S. House of Representatives Massad, Timothy G., (01.05.1980), Aide to Ralph Nader: Center for the Study of Responsive Law,

Washington, D.C. Mazmanian, Daniel A., (19.11.1979), Dept. of Government, Pomona College of the Claremönt Col-

leges, Claremont, Calif. McCarthy, John D., (28.09.1979), Dept. of Sociology, Catholic Vniversity, Washington, D.C. McFarland, Andrew S., (31.08.1979), Resources for the Future. Washington, D.C. McIntyre, Robert S., (19.02.1980), Director: Public Citizen: Tax Reform Research Group (Nader­

Gruppe), Washington, D.C. McLaughlin, Frank E., (04.01.1980), Advisor for Business Affairs to the Special Assistant (for Con­

sumer Affairs) to the President, White House

217

McLean, Kenneth A., (07.03.1980), Staff Director: Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Commit­tee, U. S. Senate

Miller, Stephen, 01.12.1979), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washing­ton, D.C.

Mills, Wilbur D., (22.02.1980), vormals: Chairman: Committee on Ways and Means, und Member: U.S. House of Representatives (D-Ark.)

Mintz, Morton A., 02.06.1980), Washington Post, Washington, D.C. MitchelI, Robert Cameron, 03.12.1979 u.a.), Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Moe, Terry M., (05.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

Mich. Momboisse, Raymond M., (21.02.1980), Deputy Director: Legal Affairs, und Managing Attorney:

Washington Office, Pacific Legal Foundation ("pro business"), Washington, D.C. Moorman, James W., (28.12.1979), Assistant Attorney General: Land and Natural Resources Di­

vision, U.S. Dept. of Justice; vormals: Director: Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, Gründer: Cen­ter for Law and Social Policy

Morrison, Alan B., (08.12.1980), Director: Public Citizen Litigation Group (Nader-Gruppe), Was­hington, D.C.

Morrison, Denton E., (05.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology / Agricultural Experiment Station, Michi­gan State University, East Lansing, Mich.

Moss, Laurence 1., (11.01.1980), vormals: President: Sierra Club 0973-74) Mullen, Michael J., (31.03.1980), Counsel: Consumer Subcommittee, Committee on Commerce,

Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate Nadel, Mark V., 00.10.1979), Program Analysis Division, U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO),

Washington, D.C. Nash, Carl E., (27.12.1979), Special Assistant to the Administrator, NHTSA (National Highway

Traffic Safety Administration), U.S. Dept. of Transportation; vormals: Nader's Personal Staff: PIRG

Nicholson, Joan M., (06.02.1980), Director: Office of Public Awareness, EPA; vormals: Bolden Institute

Norrell, Judy, 03.02.1980), Assistant Executive Director: Consumer Affairs, Business Round-table, Washington, D.C.

Olsen, Marvin E., (13.11.1979), Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, Seattle, Washington OJson, Jr., Mancur, (03.10.1979), Dept. of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Onek, Joseph N., (21.12.1979), Associate Director: Domestic Policy Staff, White House; vormals:

Director: Center for Law and Social Policy Ornstein, Norman 1., 05.11.1979), Dept. of Politics, Catholic University, Washington, D.C.; z.Z.

Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, Calif. Pequet, Barbara K., (29.02.1980), Legislative Director: National Consumers League, Washington,

D.C. Pierce, John c., (12.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, Washington State University, Pullman,

Wash. Pinkston, Garland, (28.09.1979), Staff Lawyer: Center for National Policy Review, Catholic Uni­

versity, Washington, D.C. Pinsky, Mark A, 00.03.1980), Assistant Editor: Public Citizen: Critical Mass Energy Project (Na­

der-Gruppe), Washington, D.C. Polsby, Nelson W., (Gespräch: 02.09.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University of California,

Berkeley, Calif. Pomerance, Rafe, (28.02.1980), Legislative Director: FOE, Washington, D.C. Ragland, Robert A., ,(05.02.1980), Regulatory Analyst: Government Regulation and Competi­

tion, NAM, Washington, D.C. Rofsky, Mitchell A., (28.03.1980), Secretary of the Board: National Consumer Co-Op Bank,

Washington, D.C.; vormals: Lobbyist: Public Citizen: Congress Watch (Nader-Gruppe) Rosenbaum, Nelson M., 01.12.1979), President: Center for Responsive Governance, Washing­

ton, D.C. Rosenbaum, Walter A., (26.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University of Florida, Gainesville,

Fla. Rosencranz, Armin, (07.01.1980), Project Director: Acid Rain, Environmental Law Institute,

Washington, D.C. Rosenthai, Paul c., (22.02.1980), Counsel: Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate

218

Rothschild, Edwin, (21.12.1979), Director: Energy Action, Washington, D.C. Rovner, Edmond, (28.01.1980), Counsel/Staff Director: Subcommittee on Consumer Protec­

tion and Finance, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Represen­tatives

Rustetter, Clem L. (geb. Zinger), (08.01.1980), Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. St. George, Arthur W., (21.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquer­

que, N.Mex. Samuels, Sheldon W., (12.01.1981), Director: Health, Safety and Environment, Industrial Union

Dept., AFL-CIO, Washington, D.C. Sax, Joseph L., (06.11.1979), University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Mich. Schnaiberg, Allan, (08.11.1979), Dept. ofSociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. Schoellhammer, Paul, (22.01.1980), Professional Staff Member: Subcommittee on Oversight and

Review, Committee on Public Works and Transportation. U.S. House of Reoresentatives Sharfman, Stephen L., (18.10.1979), Office of the Commissioner: U.S. Postal Rate Commission Sharpless, Andrew F., (01.05.1980), Consumer Utility Board Organizer: Center for the Study of

Responsive Law (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C. Sheehan, John J., (11.12,1980), Assistant to the President: United Steelworkers of America (AFL­

CIO), Washington, D.C. Silbergeld, Mark, (03.03.1980), Director: Washington Office, Consumers Union of United States,

Washington, D.C. Singer, James W., (05.02.1980), National Journal, Washingtön, D.C. Smith, Bruce L.R., (20.12.1979 u.a.), Director: OES Policy Assessment Staff(Ocean,Environment,

and Scientific Affairs), U.S. Dept. of State; vormals: Dept. of Political Science, Columbia Univer­sity; ab 1981: Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.

Sohn, Michael N., (04.01.1980), General Counsel: FTC (Federal Trade Comission); vormals: Ar­nold and Porter (law firm), Center for Auto Safety

Stallings, Robert A., (19.11.1979), School of Public Administration, University of Southern Cali­fornia, Los Angeles, Calif.

Steenland, Sally A., (21.03.1980), Projects Director: National Citizens Committee for Broadcasting (Nader-Gruppe), Washington, D.C.

Swisher, RandalI S., (11.03.1980), vormals: Director: D.C. PIRG, Aide to Representative Robert Carr (D-Mich.), U.S. House of Representatives

Tennilie, Jr., Norton E., (17.03.1980), pro bono publico work: environment: Arnold and Porter (law fIrm), Washington, D.C.

Thurber, James A., (17.01.1980), School of Government and Public Administration, American University, Washington, D.C

Tierney, John T., (19.02.1980 u.a.), Dept. of Government, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (seit September 1982 am Boston College, Chestnut Hili, Mass.)

Tiliy, Charles, (07.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, U niversi ty of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Trubek, David M., (09.11.1979), University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisc.; ferner:

Center for Public Representation, Madison, Wisc. Walker, Jack L., (12.12.1980), Institute of Public Policy Studies, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, Mich.; z.Z. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Smithonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Wallick, FrankIin, (12.12.1980), Editor: UAW, Washington, D.C.; Co-Chairman: Urban Environ­ment Conference, Washington, D.C.

Weisbrod, Burton A., (09.11.1979), Dept. of Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc. Wellford, Harrison, (08.01.1980), Executive Associate Director: Reorganization and Management,

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), White House; vormals: Director: Center for the Study of Responsive Law

Wenner, Lettie McSpadden, (08.11.1979), Dept. of Political Science, University of Illinois - Chi­cago Circle, Chicago

Westen, Tracy A., (15.02.1980), Deputy Director: Bureau of Consumer Protection, FTC; vormals: Stern Community Law Firm

Williams, David H., (29.01.1980), Program Advisor: Division of Special Projects, Bureau of Con­sumer Proteetion, FTC

Wiliiams, Lawrence F., (16.01.1980), Staff Member: Public Land Management Agencies Over­sight, Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ); vormals: Director: Oregon Environmental Council

219

Wootton, Graham, (31.10.1979), Dept. of Political Science, Tufts University, Medford, Mass. Wylie, Ronald J., (12.02.1980), Executive Secretary of the Publlc Reimbursement Evaluation

Board, Office of Consumer Affairs, FDA Yinger, Milton, (02.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Oberlin College, Oberlin,

Ohio Zald, Mayer N., (07.11.1979), Dept. of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

220

Anhang Seite

Tabelle I: Erfolgreichster Ansatzpunkt bzw. erfolgreichstes Mittel der Einflußnahme ................................. .... 222

Tabelle 2: "Rollback" / Zurückdrängen des Einflusses der "Public Interest Groups"? ........................................ 223

Tabelle 3: Welche Kammer ist "empfänglicher" für die "Public Interest Groups" bzw. ist "liberaler"? ........................... 223

Tabelle 4: Positive Rolle der Massenmedien für die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups" ................................... 224

Tabelle 5: Positive Rolle der Öffentlichkeit für die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups" ................................... 224

Versuch einer Erfassung von "potentiellem Einfluß" .................... 225

221

N

Tab

elle

1:

Erf

olgr

eich

ster

Ans

atzp

unkt

bzw

. er

folg

reic

hste

s M

itte

l der

Ein

fluß

nahm

e N

N

insg

es.

Prä

side

nt

sons

tige

G

eric

hte

Kon

greß

pe

rs.

Ein

-H

eari

ng

Wah

lkam

pf-

Dru

ck a

us

Adm

in.

(ink

l. al

lger

n.

fluß

nahm

el

spen

den

dem

Wah

l-"p

ol.

appo

in-

Info

rmat

ion

krei

s B

efra

gte:

te

es")

Leh

r-un

d 9

0 0

0 5

For

schu

ngs-

inst

itut

ione

n

Kon

greß

-l3

0

0 0

0 0

2 10

m

itar

beit

er

"Pub

lic

Inte

r-17

0

2 0

0 0

0 3

12

est

Gro

ups"

Unt

erne

hmen

, 8

0 0

0 2

0 0

0 6

Unt

erne

hmen

s-ve

rbän

de

"pol

itic

al

9 0

3 0

0 0

4 ap

poin

tees

"

Gew

erk-

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 sc

haft

en

Jour

nali

sten

3

0 1

0 1

0 0

0

"civ

ii s

ervi

ce"

0 0

0 0

0 0

0

insg

es.

60

0

5 2

8 0

51

39

1) W

enng

leic

h es

nur

zu

flin

f N

ennu

ngen

flir

Wah

lkam

pfsp

ende

n al

s de

m e

infl

ußre

ichs

ten

Mit

tel

kam

, so

wur

den

sie

doch

von

den

Bef

ragt

en a

llge-

mei

n al

s w

icht

ig a

nges

ehen

..

Tabelle 2: "Rollback" / Zurückdrängen des Einflusses der "Public Interest Groups"?

Befragte:

Lehr- und For-schungsinstitu-tionen

Kongreßmitar-beiter

"Public Interest Groups"

Unternehmen, Unternehmens-verbände

"political ~'ppointees"

Gewerkschaften

Journalisten

"civil service"

insgesamt.

ja ja nein insgesamt für Verbraucher- insgesamt

schutzgruppen, weniger bzw. nein für Umweltschutzgr.

7 3

2 4

3 5 0

3 2

4 4

0 0 0

1 1 0

0 0 0

18 20 5

(unter Berücksichtigung des allgemein wiedergegebenen Eindrucks "busi­ness is much more sophisticated and influential today", vor allem im Ver­gleich mit den Verbraucherschutzgruppen)

Tabelle 3: Welche Kammer ist "empfänglicher" ftir die "Public Interest Groups" bzw. ist "liberaler"?

Befragte:

Lehr- und For­schungsinstitu­tionen

Kongreßmit­arbeiter

"Public Interest Groups"

Unternehmen, Unternehmens­verbände

Gewerkschaften

Journalisten

"civil service"

insgesamt

Repräsentan­tenhaus

o

2

o

o o o

3

Senat

2

o

o o o

4

Senat heute weniger "liberal" als früher, aber immer noch "liberaler" als das Repräsentanten­haus

o

3

2

o

o o o

5

223

Tabelle 4: Positive Rolle der Massenmedien für die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups"

Massenmedien positiv bzw. nicht wichtig bzw. starteten "issues" wichtig eher neutral

Befragte: und waren wichtig

Lehr- und For-schungsinstitu- 0 14 0 tionen

Kongreßmit- 0 11 0 arbeiter

"Public Interest 0 14 0 Groups"

Unternehmen, Unternehmens- O 4 0 verbände

"political 0 10 0 appointees"

Gewerkschaften 0 0 0

Journalisten 0 4 0

"civii service" 0 4 0

insgesamt 0 61 0

Tabelle 5: Positive Rolle der Öffentlichkeit rur die Erfolge der "Public Interest Groups"

Befragte:

Lehr- und For­schungsinstitu­tionen

Kongreßmit­arbeiter

"Public Interest Groups"

Unternehmen, Un ternehmens­verbände

"political appointees"

Gewerkschaften

Journalisten

"civii service"

insgesamt

224

ja

4

4

2

2

o o o

13

nein

o

o

o

o

o

o o o

o

Versuch einer Erfassung von "potentiellem Einfluß" (zu Anmerkung 50, S. 34)

Faktoren, die zum potenti­ellen Einfluß einer Gruppe beitragen

1. Faktoren der Mitgliedschaft 1.1 Anzahl der Mitglieder 1.2 deren Verteilung über das

relevante Gebiet 1.3 sozialer Status der Mit-

glieder (= direkter Einfluß auf den Wahlkreisdruck auf Politiker)

2. Faktoren der Gruppen 2.1 Anzahl der Gruppen 2.2 Führungspersonal und de-

ren Expertise 2.3 Eingehen von Koalitionen 2.4 finanzielle Ressourcen 2.5 Zutritt zu Politikern und

Behörden ("Access") 2.6 Legitimität der Ziele

3. Unterstützung durch 3.1 Massenmedien 3.2 öffentliche Meinung 3.3 Gerichte

4. sonstige Vorteile

./. Faktoren, die den potenti· ellen Einfluß einer Gruppe mindern

Gegen diese Gruppe gerich­tete Lobby tätigkeiten anderer Gruppen, unter Berücksichti­gung der Faktoren, die zu de­ren potentiellem Einfluß bei­tragen.

4.1 Dringlichkeit der Probleme 4.2 Gebrauch eigener Veto-

Macht

potentieller Einfluß

als Belege dafür können z.B. herangezogen werden:

1. Fallstudien über direkte Konflikte von ökonomi­schen Partikularinteres­sen und "Public Interest Groups"

2. Einfluß von "Public Inter­est Groups" wie gesehen von: a) ihnen selbst b) ökonomischen Partiku-

larinteressen c) Behörden d) Kongreß e) Massenmedien o Wissenschaftlern

225

Register

Vorbemerkung: selektives Verzeichnis von Einzelpersonen, Autoren, Organisationen und In­stitutionen

- deutsche Bezeichnungen, mit Ausnahme von Organisationen, Institutionen und feststehenden Begriffen

- sofern nicht aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis ersichtlich und kein geschlossener Ab­schnitt

- keine Oberpunkte "Umweltschützer" und" Verbraucherschutzbewegung", nur wenige Unterpunkte zu "Common Cause"

- die Bezeichnung "die Gruppen" steht flir "Public Interest Groups"

ad hoch-Gruppen 138, 150 AFL-CIO (s.u. Gewerkschaften) Alaska: Umweltschutz (s.a. Umweltschutz-Ge-

setzgebung) 81, 108, 113, 114, 143, 148, 150 Alexander, Herbert E., 157, 204, 215 Almond, Gabriel A., 51, 75, 77, 199,204 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) (s.a.

Bürgerrechtsbewegung) 44, 46, 60, 142, 189 Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) 102,

185 Angler-Verbände 112, 113, 151, 153 Anti-Saloon League (s.u. Prohibitionistenbewe­

gung) Arbeitsplatz, Sicherheit am ("occupational safe­

ty and health") 38, 152 Arme (Verbände) 43, 151, 152 Army Corps of Engineers (s.a. "pork barrel po­

litics") 113, 125, 126, 127 Atomenergie (s.u. Kernkraftgegner) Automobil-Emissionen (s.u. Automobil-Indu­

strie; "Clean Air Act"; Umweltschutz-Gesetz-gebung; Umweltverschmutzung)

Automobil-Industrie (s.a. General Motors; Ver-kehrssicherheit) 45, 81, 96, 109

Bachrach, Peter, 33, 34, 78, 204 Baratz, Morton, 33, 34, 78, 204 Bauern (s.u. Farmer-Verbände) Bentley, Arthur, 34, 199 Bernstein, Marver H., 160, 199, 204 Berry, Jeffrey M., 32, 34,40,47,48,75,76,77,

78, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 188, 199,204,215

Beyme, Klaus von, 77, 155, 156, 199 Blockadetechniken - allgemein 97,118

der Gruppen 113, 120, 129, 136,137,141, 153,154, 167, 168,169,170,172,181,182, 183,184,185,186,187,194,195

- der Unternehmen 70, 71, 82, 117, 123, 168, 170,171,195

Bowman, Jarnes S., 75, 163,205 Briefkampagnen (s.u. "grass-roots") Budgetkürzungen der Bundesexekutive: Aus-

wirkungen flir die Gruppen/auf die Politik

226

184,185 Bürgerbeteiligung (s.a. Öffentlichkeit politischer

Prozesse) 38, 39 - Judikative 131, 135, 136, 139 - Verwaltung 125, 126, 127, 135, 136, 139 Bürgerrechtsbewegung (s.a. Arme; ACLU) 39,

43,44,45,46,53,56, 88, 109,121,137,15~ 186, 189

Bums, James MacGregor, 77, 199 Business Roundtable 96, 117 Caldwell, Lynton K., 155, 158, 160, 161, 162,

163, 164, 176, 199 Carter, James Earl (Jimmy), 55, 69, 77, 82, 98,

120, 121, 124, 127,128, 129, 130, 135, 167, 181,182,186, 187

Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America 96, 117

Citizen 's Choice 117 Qean Air Act 133, 135, 136, 169 Cohen, David, 47, 48, 205, 215 Cohen, Etahn, 155, 156,205 Common Cause - ErfOlge/Gesetze 82, 111, 112, 114, 140,171 - Bedeutung der Gesetze flir die weitere Ar-

beit (s.a. Blockadetechniken - der Gruppen) 168, 185 Wahlkampffinanzierungsdebatte (s.a. Wahl­kampO 39, 60,81,82,94,98-101,112,132, 133,140, 151,163,201

Congress Watch (gehört zu "Public Citizen") 115, 185, 202

constituency services (s.a. "pork barrel politics") 107, 108

Consumer Federation of America (CF A) 41, 45, 85, 151

Consumer Product Safety Commission 122 Consumer Protection Agency (CPA) 81, 82,

115 Consumers Union (CU) 41, 43, 45, 57, 58,85,

200 Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) 133,

184,202

Dahl, Robert A., 34, 199 Davies, IIl, J. Clarenoe, 47, 76, 156, 160, 161,

162,163,164,176,188,199,210,215 Demonstrationen (s.u. Protestaktionen) DevalI, William B. (Bill), 47, 48, 160, 200, 206 Dexter, Lewis Anthony, 156, 157,200,206 Dienstleistungen für Bewohner des Wahlkreises

(s.u. "constituency services"; s.a. "pork barrel politics")

disturbance theory (s.a. Pluralismustheorie; Sa­lisbury: Truman), 22,72,73,193

Downs, Anthony, 25, 33,34,75,77,160, 164, 188,200,206

Dunlap, Riley E., 48, 75, 156, 164, 206, 209, 210,216

Eckstein, Harry, 33, 77,156,200,206 Einfluß 21 - Meßprobleme, 27, 28, 29, 30,155,157 - der Gruppen (s.a. die betreffenden Gruppen

- Gesetzgebungen) 21, 26 - Auflistung der Kriterien für Einfluß 30,

31,226 - Perzeption ihres Einflusses durch Politi­

ker 30, 102, 111, 118 Ein-Punkt-Bewegungen (s.u. "single issue

groups") Environmental Action 102 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (s.a.

NEPA) 126, 133, 134,135, 136 Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. (EPA)

82, 125, 126, 134, 136, 183, 184, 186 Erikson, Robert S., 157, 158,207 Etzioni, Amitai, 76, 200 Evans, M. Brock, 159, 161, 176,207,216 exchange theory of interest groups (s.a. Salis-

bury) 72, 73

Farmer (Verbände) 139, 153, 154 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

132 Federal Election Campaign Act (FE CA) (s.a.

Wahlkampf) 99, 133 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 81, 84, 122,

124,125,126, 128, 129, 145, 167, 18'5 Fenno, Ir., Richard F., 158, 160, 200 Finanzen der Unternehmen (s.u. Unternehmen

- Ressourcen) Finanzen der Unternehmen (s.u. Unternehmen­

Ressourcen) Fiorina, Morris P., 158, 200, 207 Food and Drug Administration, U.S. (FDA)

81, 128, 145 Ford, Gerald R., 81, 93, 113, 120, 125, 126,

127,167,181 Ford Foundation (s.a. Stiftungen) 46, 84, 180 Fraenkel, Ernst, 23, 24, 33, 70, 77, 156, 160,

161,163,189,196,197,198,200 Frauenverbände (s.a. "League of Women Vo­

ters") 112, 151, 152, 164, 187, 189 Freedom oflnformation Act 125, 133 Frohlich,Norman, 73, 78,200, 207

Fundamentalisten, religiöse (s. u. "Neue Rech­te")

Gamson, William A" 33, 77, 198,200,207, '216 Gardner, John W., 46, 47, 73, 142, 160, 179,

200,216 Garson, G. David, 77,198,200 Gemeinwohl ("public interest"j"öffentliches

Interesse") 21, 22 - Definition 33, 37 - als Ziel der Gruppen 37,38,39, 197 - als Ziel staatlicher Politik 37, 38, 39, 196 Gemeinnützigskeits-Status der Gruppen: steuer­

liche Einstufung 42, 46, 84, 85, 89, 90, 136, 168, 191

Gerichte, Bedeutung der - allgemein 29, 130, 137

für die Gruppen generell 39, 46, 56,74,125, 13~ 131, 13~ 137, 13~ 167

- Common Cause 132, 133 - Public Interest Law Firms (PILF) 82, 131,

133, 137 - Umweltschützer 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,

136, 13~ 138, 140, 183 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 131, 132 - Bedeutung der öffentlichen Meinung für die

Judikative 13 8 General Motors Co. (s.a. Automobil-Industrie)

45, 96,.143, 173 Gewaltenteilung, Probleme y im US-System

(s.u. Vetomöglichkeiten) Gewerkschaften - Verhältnis zu den Gruppen, Koalitionen 112,

139,151,152,153 - Lobby-Tätigkeiten 99, 100,101,110,117,

151,153 Ginsberg, Benjamin, 157, 158, 207, 216 Glazer, Nathan, 163, 207 Gleichgewichts-Theorem (s.u. Pluralismustheo-

rie) Gormley, Jr., William T., 160, 163,208,216 "grass-roots" - allgemeine Bedeutung für Politikbeeinflus­

sung 7, 8,29,51,102-106, 107, 110,148, 168,222

- Aktivitäten der Gruppen 64, 85, 93, 107-116, 139, 140, 168, 170, 182, 184, 186, 197,222

- Aktivitäten der Unternehmer(verbände) (s. a. Unternehmen - Politikbeeinflussung) 110, 115, 116-118, 170

Green, John, 157, 158, 207, 216 Green, Mark J., 156, 157, 159,200,208 Greenwald, Carol S" 34, 76, 156, 157, 160,

162,200,208,216 Gruppentheorie (s.u. Pluralismustheorie)

Halpern, Charles R., 47, 48, 78, 155, 162,208, 216

Heclo,Hugh,77, 160, 161,200,208

227

Hofstadter, Richard, 48, 208

Informationsfreiheit (s.u. "Freedom of Infor­mation Act"; Öffentlichkeit des Kongreßge­schehens; Öffentlichkeit des Verwaltungshan­deins)

Inkrementalismus (s.a. Lindbiom) 29, 34, 170, 171,174

Interessen (s.a. Verweise bei "Theorien über Gruppen")

~ -aggregation 22, 23, 24., 26, 68, 69, 70, 71 ~ -artikulation 23, 69, 196 ~ diffuse Interessen: Definition 27, 33 ~ latente Interessen: Definition 21, 27, 28, 33 ~ manifeste Interessen: Definition 33 ~ öffentliche Interessen (s.u. Gemeinwohl) ~ ökonomische Interessen (s.a. Unternehmen):

Definition 37, 38 ~ -organisation 6, 8, 21, 23, 24, 33, 49, 52,

67, 71, 74, 125, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195,196, 197

~ partikulare Interessen (s.a. Unternehmen): Definition 23

~ -repräsentation (durch die Gruppen) 38, 39, 40,69, 71, 78, 81, 175

Jäger (Verbände) 112,113,151, 153 Johnson, Lyndon B., 23, 45,46, 53, 74, 121,

145

Kalifornien: Umweltschutz 182, 183 Kelso, William Alton, 23, 24, 33, 70, 189, 196,

197,198,201 Kennedy, Edward M., 98, 125 Kennedy, John F., 45, 46,93 Kernkraftgegner (Anti-Nuklear-Gruppen) 28,

76,88,89 Kevenhörster, Paul 78, 209 Key, Jr., V.O., 34, 156, 157,201 Kielmansegg, Peter Graf, 12,33,77,176,209 Kingdon, John W., 157, 158,201 Konflikte mit anderen Interessen(gruppen),

außer Unternehmen 151, 152, 153 Konflikte zwischen "Public Interest Groups"

150,151 Kongreß ~ Bedeutung im politischen Prozeß 7, 91, 92,

93, 167, 168 ~ gegenseitige Rücksichtnahme, "Iogrolling",

Kompromisse 68, 69, 97, 105, 119, 172, 174,175

~ Struktur 92, 170, 171 ~ strukturelle Reformen (s.a. Seniorität)

~ Darstellung 68,81,82 ~ Auswirkungen 7, 68, 69, 82, 92, 98,

100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 129, 175 Konkurrenz und Kooperation zwischen den

Gruppen 86,87, 150, 183 Kremendahl, Hans, 33, 198,201 Krisen/Skandale: ihre Bedeutung für die Grup­

pen

228

~ generell 70, 144, 147, 148, 173, 174, 189, 192, 194, 197

~ Common Cause 147, 148, 172 ~ Umweltschützer 144, 146, 147, 148, 171,

173,174,192 ~ Verbraucherschutzbewegung 144, 147, 173,

174

Ladd, Jr., Everett Carll, 77, 201 LaPalombara, Joseph, 33, 209 Latham, Earl, 33, 209 League of Conservation Voters 42,98 League ofWomen Voters 152 Legitirnitä t der Gruppen

innerorganisatorische (s. u. Mitglieder ~ Teil­habe an Entscheidungsprozessen)

~ politische (s.a. Öffentlichkeit -agenda build­ing; Meinungsumfragen) 39, 40,45,81,111, 125, 130, 131, 144, 1.47, 150

Lindbiom, Charles R. (s.a. Inkrementalismus), 176,209

Lobbyisten (s.u. Mitarbeiter der Gruppen) Lobby-Tätigkeiten

als Nebenprodukt? 58, 59, 85 ~ gesetzliche Regelungen 84, 85, 89, 90, 136,

140,172 ~ Schwerpunktverlagerungen 95, 100, 102-

106, 108, 109, 110, 116, 136, 138, 146, 149,167,168,170

Lowi, Theodore J., 33, 77, 201, 209 Luftverschmutzung (s.u. Umweltverschmutzung;

s.a. Automobil-Industrie; "Clean Air Act") Lundqvist, Lennart J., 34, 161,209

Malbin, Michael J., 157, 210 Mann, Thomas E., 158,201, 210 Massenmedien ~ Bedeutung fiir die Gruppen 7, 30, 45, 46,

52, 53, 62, 81, 108, 109, 111, 123, 125, 139,142-146,167,170,171,173,174,190, 224

~ Fernsehen, Radio: Verbraucherschutz 125, 126, 132, 189

Matthews, Donald R., 156, 157, 158,164,201 Mayhew, David R., 158, 163,201,210 Mazmanian, Daniel A., 156, 160, 161,188,201,

210,212,217 McCarthy, John D., 75, 76, 77, 158,163,164,

201,210,214,217 McFarland, Andrew S., 34, 47, 48,75,76,77,

78, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 188,198,201,210,217

Meinungsumfragen (s.a. Öffentlichkeit, Bedeu­tung der)

~ Bedeutung allgemein (zur Politikbeeinflus­sung) 54, 55, 148

~ "good government issues" / Common Cause 54,55

~ Umweltschutz 53, 54, 55, 184 ~ Unternehmen 52, 53, 55

- Verbraucherschutz 53, 54, 55 Michels, Robert, 77, 201 Milbrath, Lester W., 28, 34, 155, 156, 157, 201 Miller, Arthur H., 75, 210 Miller, Warren E., 75, 157, 158, 199, 201,

209,210,213 Mitarbeiter der Gruppen, hauptberufliche - allgemein 41,42,43, 85, 186, 187 - Einkommen 66, 77 - politische Einstellungen 43, 66 - als Führungskreis der Gruppen 40, 41, 85,

86,87 - als Gruppenressourcen 30, 66, 67, 85, 110,

143,179 - Karrieremuster 66, 67

Motivationen 46, 66 - sozialer Hintergrund/Status 66 Mitchell, Robert Cameron, 11,47,75,76,77,

155, 156, 159, 163, 164, 198, 210, 214, 218 Mitglieder der Gruppen - allgemeine. Bemerkungen (Mitgliederzahl,

Organisationen) 40, 195 - Common Cause, 42, 185 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 42, 46 - Umweltschützer 42, 141, 169, 183, 188 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 41,185

- Bedeutung für die Politikbeeinflussung - generell 30, 65, 88, 89, 103, 108, 109,

110, 118, 186,226 - Common Cause 96, 110, 111, 112, 118 - Umweltschützer 82, 96, 110, 112-114,

118, 140, 141 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 114, 115,

116

- politische Einstellungen - generell 43, 56, 65, 74, 186 - Common Cause 43, 60 - Umweltschützer 43,61,63 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 43

- Motivationen, Anreize, Wertorientierungen - generell 21, 26, 37, 51,52,56,57,58,

59, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74, 170, 179, 181, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196

- Common Cause 57, 58,.59, 60, 63, 87 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 59 - Umweltschützer 45, 57, 61,62,63,115,

169, 191 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 57, 59, 63,

115, 193

- Sozialstruktur (s.a. Status) - generell 43, 59, 64, 108, 109 - Common Cause 43 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 43 - Umweltschützer, 96, 113 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 43 - Bedeutung für die Politikbeeinflussung:

s. dort

- Teilhabe an Entscheidungsprozessen (= in­nerorganisatorische Willensbildung) - generell 40, 41, 85, 86 - Common Cause 42, 48,87, 140 - Public lnterest Law Firms (PILF) 42 - Umweltschützer 42, 87 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 41,86

Teilnahme am Gruppenleben - generell 58, 63, 64 - Umweltschützer, 58, 61

Mitgliederwerbung 40, 46, 48, 52, 60, 61, 62, 62,84,86,179,190

Moe, Terry M., 33,76, 198,202,218 Moral Majority (s.u. "Neue Rechte") Morrison, Denton E., 47, 76, 155, 156, 159,

163,164,198,202,210,213,218 Muskie, Edmund S., 97

Nadel, Mark V., 34, 47, 48, 77, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 176, 202, 211, 214, 218

Nader, Ralph / Nader-Gruppen, 05, 38,39,41, 42,44,45,46,47,53,54,55,59,60,66,73, 81, 83, 85, 86, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 109, 110, 114, 115, 118, 122, 125, 126, 128, 131, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 150, 155, 156, 17~ 171, 17~ 173, 179, 192, 193

Narr, Wolf-Dieter, 33, 34, 202 Naschold, Frieder, 33, 34, 202 National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)

117 National Audubon Society (s.a. Naturschützer)

43, 85, 112, 150 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

114, 126, 133, 134, 135, 136, 162, 168 National Highway Traffk Safety Administrati­

on (NHTSA) 81,97 National Legal Center for the Public lnterest 47 Naturschutzgruppen (s.a. National Audubon

Society) 38, 43, 45, 57,112, 150 Nebenprodukt-Theorie (s.u. Olson; Lobby-Tä­

tigkeiten -als Nebenprodukt?) Neue Rechte 69,100,117,190 New Deal (s.a. F.D. Roosevelt) 38,44,53, 91,

93, 120, 195 Nie, Norman H., 75, 202, 203, 211 Nixon, Richard M., 54, 55, 81, 85, 93, 97,113,

126,127,133,135, 167, 181, 185, 186

Odegard, Peter H., 34, 158,202 Öffentlichkeit, Bedeutung der - für die Grup­

pen (= öffentliche Meinung) (s.a. Meinungs­umfragen)

- allgemein 7, 30, 54, 56, 73, 87, 97, 103, 109,110,117,123,125,142,143,147-149, 167, 170, 171, 173, 181, 186, 190, 195, 225, 226

- "agenda building"/"national agenda" (s.a. Legitimität -politische) 31, 53, 54, 81, lü8,

229

118, 145, 148 - CommonCause 111, 147, 185, 192 - Umweltschützer 7, 114, 141, 147, 182,

183, 184, 192 - V~rbraucherschutzbewegung 39, 40, 53, 54,

114,115,125,139,147,185,192 Öffentlichkeit politischer Prozesse (s.a. Bürger-

beteiligung) 39,40,71,82,83 - der Gerichte 46,82,131, 135, 136, 140 - des Kongreßgeschehens 82, 105, 112, 119 - des Verwaltungshandelns 39, 82, 125, 126,

127,131,132,135,136,140,181 Ölindustrie 117, 151 - steuerliche Behandlung, Gewinne, "oi! de­

pletion allowance" 148, 149 Offe, Claus, 33, 211 Olson, Jr., Mancur, und seine Verbändetheorie

5, 6, 8, 11, 21, 24, 25, 26, 33, 34, 49, 57, 58,59,60,63,64,65,66,67,72,73,74,77: 78, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,20~ 218 .

Oppenheimer, Bruce lan, 78, 156, 157, 159, 164, 176, 198,202,211

Oppenheimer, Joe E., 73, 78, 200, 207 Organisationsstrukturen der Gruppen 40, 41,

66, 88, 147 Common Cause 42, 46, 140, 141

- Public Interest Law Firms (PILF) 42, 43, 46,48,190

- Umweltschützer42,46,47, 140, 141 - Verbraucherschutzbewegung 41, 42,47,85,

114, 115, 139 Ornstein, Norman J., 34, 155, 156, 157, 158,

159, 164, 176, 202, 211, 218 Orren, Karen, 162,211

Pacific Legal Foundation 47 Parker, Glenn R., 158,211 Parteien - Parteiensystem der USA: Defizite 6, 7,

8, 23, 26, 52, 68, 69, 70, 74, 91, 92, 97, 98,100,107,142,171,187,196,197,198

- Demokratische Partei (D.P.) - Verhältnis zu den Gruppen 70, 82, 92,

93,95,97, 109, 110, 111,113,119,120, 121, 12~ 139, 181, 184, 195

- Republikanische Partei (GOP) - Verhältnis zu den Gruppen 92, 113, 181,

183, 184 - Verhältnis zu den Unternehmen 77, 91,

9~93,99, 117, 12~ 121, 12~ 187 Pluralismustheorie (incl. Gruppentheorie) (s.a.

Franke!, Ke ls 0, Trum"an) 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 21,22,26,~3,49,70,72, 189,193,194,195, 196,197,198

- Kritik an der Pl. (s.a. Olson) 5, 6, 8, 22, 23

Political Action Committees (PACs) (s.a. Wahl­kampf Finanzierung) 99, 100, 101, 117

230

Polsby, Nelson W., 33,157,164,202,212,218 Populists 38, 179 pork barrel politics (s.a. "Army Corps of Engi­

neers"; "constituency services") 107, 108,113 Postgebühren, ermäßigte: Bedeutung für die

Gruppen 64,74, 179, 190, 198 Price, David E., 156, 158, 160, 163, 164, 202 Progressive Movement 38,44,81 Prohibitionistenbewegung (" Anti-Saloon

League") 69, 75, 109 Protestaktionen als Einflußmittel (s.a. Kern­

kraftgegner) 45, 52, 60, 88, 89 Public Citizen 42, 102, 115, 159, 202 Public Interest Law Firms (PILF) 39, 40, 42,

43,44,46,47,48,59,66,82,84,86,89,114, 131,133,136, 137, 180, 182, 190,192,195

Public Interest Research Groups (PIRG) 41, 59, 115

Publizität als Einflußmittel (s.u. Öffentlichkeit, Bedeutung der)

Reagan, Ronald, 11, 77, 114, 118, 122, 129, 135,144,147,164,168,170,179,181,182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 198

Referenden 44, 139, 140, 148 Reform bewegungen - Tradition der - in den USA 38,44,45,46,

57,75 - Vergleich mit den Gruppen 30, 42, 44, 66,

81,83, 84, 85, 123, 142, 186, 193 Ressourcen der Gruppen (s.a. Unternehmen

- Ressourcen) - Beschreibung 40, 41,42,43,64,84,85,86,

87,97,117,129,149,150,170,179,180, 185, 189, 195, 196

- Bedeutung für Einfluß/Erfolge 30, 64, 71, 8~ 84, 8~89,98, 125, 127, 135, 140, 142, 143,167,172

Roosevelt, FrankIin D. (s.a. "New Deal") 23, 44,91,109,128

Rosenbaum, Walter A., 48, 78, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 16~ 164, 17~ 20~ 21~ 218

Rosener, Judy B., 161,202

Sabatier, Paul A., 160, 163, 212 Salisbury, Robert H. (s.a. "exchange theory of

interest groups") 33, 73, 74, 77, 78,188,212 Sax, Joseph L., 162, 163,202,212,219 Schattschneider, E.E., 33, 47, 77, 157, 163,

176,198,202 Scheueh, Erwin K., 75, 212 Schumpeter, Joseph A., 72, 78, 203 Senioren-Verbände 110, 139, 187 Seniorität,"seniority system", im Kongreß (s.a.

Kongreß -strukturelle Reformen) 39, 82, 111 Siena-Club - Erfolge/Gesetze 83 - Mitgliedermotivationen 45, 58, 60, 61, 62,

76

- Mitglieder(struktur) 42, 43, 45,96,114,188 - Organisationsstruktur 42 Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund 42 "single issue groups" 28, 53, 54, 69, 75,86,87,

105, 106, 110 Skandale (s.u. Krisen/ ... ) Smith, David Horton, 75, 213 Status, sozialer, uhd Definition 48 - Mitgliedschaften in Organisationen (s.a. Mit­

glieder -Sozialstruktur) 43, 51, 52, 59, 63, 64,109

- Beeinflussung politischer Institutionen 51, 54,59,60,74,88,108,109,184

- Reformbewußtsein 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 64, 65, 74

- Vertrauen in die eigene politische Effizienz 51,53,59,64,65, 8~ 191

Steffani, Winfried, 33, 78, 198, 203, 213 Steuerstatus der Gruppen (s.u. Gemeinnützig­

keit) Stiftungen (s.a. Ford Foundation) 40, 46, 56,

59,74,84,85,180,190,191,192,195 Stokes, Donald E., 75, 157, 158, 199, 210, 213 Stone, Alan, 155, 160, 203 Struktur des politischen Systems: Defizite etc.

(s.u. Parteien -Parteiensystem der USA; Ve­tomögJichkeiten des amerikanischen Systems)

subsystems / subsystem politics 22, 70, 71, 81, 84, 85, 96, 101, 116, 119, 120,121,122,123, 125, 126, 127, 128,129, 130, 132, 133,134, 137, 138, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 160, 170

Sundquist, James L., 75,77,213 symbolic politics 70, 113, 114, 115, 125, 149,

171 Systemimmanenz der Gruppen (s.a. Legitimität

-politische) 47, 60,81,83,88,89,175

Technologie / Bedeutung technischer Entwick­lungen flir die Gruppen 8, 46, 52, 64, 74, 190, 191, 196

Theorien über Gruppen (s.u. Fraenkel; Olson; exchange thetlry of interest groups; disturb­ance theory: Kelso; Truman; Pluralismustheo­rie/= Gruppentheorie; Frohlich; Young; Op­penheimer, J.E.; Schumpeter; Salisbury)

Truman, David B., 5, 6, 8, 22, 23, 24, 33, 34, 72, 73, 74, 78, 156, 190, 193, 197, 198, 203

Turner, Julius, 156, 203

Umweltbeeinflussungs-Gutachten (s.u. ..Envi-ronmental Impact Statement")

Umweltverschmutzung 45,82, 113, 152, 183 Umweltschutz-Gesetzgebung - Erfolge/Gesetze 82, 113, 114, 127, 135,

136, 140, 141, 154 - Bedeutung für die weitere Arbeit der Grup­

pen (s.a. Blockadetechniken -der Gruppen) 168, 169, 182, 183, 184

Unternehmen/Unternehmensverbände

- Politikbeeinflussung (s.a. "grass-roots") 70, 74, 94, 95, 96, 98-101, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116-118, 119, 121, 122, 123,124,127, 129, 130, 132, 148, 157, 168, 169, 170, 171,174,187,189,195,197

- Ressourcen 47,70,81,85,94,96,116,117, 148, 170, 172, 195, 196

Urban Environment Conference (Foundation) 152, 153

Verba, Sidney, 51, 75,199,202,203 Verbandsklage ("dass action suit") 131 Verbändetheorie (s.u. Olson) Verbraucherschutz-Gesetzgebung - Erfolge/Gesetze 81, 82, 114, 129,132, 139,

141,151,171 - Bedeutung flir die weitere Arbeit der Grup­

pen (s.a. Blockadetechniken -der Gruppen) 168, 185

Verkehrssicherheit (Verbraucherschutz) 45, 115, 173

Versorgungsbetriebe, öffentliche ("public utili­ties") 139, 140

Vetomöglichkeiten des amerikanischen Systems (s.a. Blockadetechniken; Parteien -Parteien­system der USA) 6, 7, 8, 26, 51, 68, 69, 70,71,74,84,119,168,171,172,174,195, 196,197, 198

Vietnam-Krieg, Bewegung gegen den 43, 44, 53, 54,60,88

Vogel, David, 47, 75,78,155,156,159,160, 162,164,203,214

Wahlen, Auswirkungen der - 1976: 109, 117, 121 - 1978: 109, 117,119,147 - 1980: 11,77,93,109,117,119,120,147,

167, 181,195 - 1982: 181,183, 184, 187, 195 Wahlkampf - Einflüsse von Unternehmen (s.u. "Political

Action Committees"; Unternehmen -Poli­tikbeeinflussung)

- Finanzierung - Kongreß (s.a. "PoJitical Action Commit-

tees"; "Federal Election Campaign Act") 98~101

- Vorschläge flir die öffentliche Finanzie­rung der Kongreßwahlen (s.a. "Common Cause") 39, 98, 112

- Präsidentschaftswahlen 100 Wahlkreisbetreuung (s.u. "constituency servi­

ces"; s.a. "pork barrel politics") Wahlkreisdruck (s.u. "grass-roots") Wahlkreisverhalten des -Politikers (s.a. "consti­

tuency services"; "pork barrell politics" 7, 51, 69, 71, 88, 89,93, 102-106, 107, 108, 109,110,111,117,118,175

Wasserverschmutzung (s.u. Umweltverschmut­zunj!;)

231

Watt, James G., 182,183 Wattenberg, Ben J., 75, 203 Weisbrod, Burton A., 77, 162, 203, 209, 213,

214,219 Werbung der Unternehmen - allgemeine Regelungen 132 - Zigarettenwerbung: Verbot 124 Willensbildung in dl!n Gruppen (s.u. Mitglieder

- Teilhabe an Entscheidungsprozessen) Wilson, James Q., 47,57,75,76,77,78,155,

156,163,198,203,205,214 Wolfinger, Raymond E., 158 Wootton, Graharn, 34, 203, 220

Young, Dran R., 73, 78, 200

232

Zald, Mayer N., 75, 76, 77, 158,163, 164,201, 210,214,220

Zeigler, L. Harmon, 77, 156,203,214 Zigarettenwerbung (s.u. Werbung) Zutritt ("access") zu politischen Entscheidungs­

trägern - Bedeutung allgemein 29, 96 - der Gruppen

- allgemein 81 - Administration, Behörden 127,129,131,

140 - Kongreß (s.u. "grass-roots")

- der Unternehmer (s.a. dort) 99, 100, 118