Von dem Rechtszustande unter der Ureinwohnern Brasiliensby C. F. Ph. von Martius

Von dem Rechtszustande unter der Ureinwohnern Brasiliens by C. F. Ph. von MartiusReview by: G. C. RenouardJournal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 2 (1832), pp. 191-227Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of BritishGeographers)Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1797763 .

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( 191 )

tI.-Von dem RechtssustGlnde unter der Ureinwohnern Bra- sitiens. Eine Abhandlung Von Dr. C. F. Ph. Von Maltills. Munchen, 1832. 4to.

(On the State of Civil and Naturat RighZs arnong the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Brazil. An Essay, by I)r. C . F. Ph.Von Martius. ) Corllmunicated by the Rev. G. C. Rellouard, B.D. Foreig Sec. R.G.S.

DR. VON MARTIUS, whose merits as a naturalist and a scielltific traveller have beell long acknowledged, has undertaken in this Essay to ascertain the notions respecting civil and natural rights prevalent amon,g the orig;illul llatives of that part of South America which he visited; and, by cotllparillg his own observations with the earliest accoullts of the American nations, to determille vvhat degree of civilization they had attained, how far they can be traced to one common stock, and what has been the cause of the alulost elldless variety of tribes speakint, different lan^,uages, into whicl they are now divided. Whence, in shortS it arises that, ^^ iti an altnost universal atreement in manllers, habits, alld occupations, in mental and personal qualities, tlle native Americans should be divided into such a vast number of separate llatiorls, having no community of speechS and linZing, for the most part, in a state of hostility with each other.

' rrhe indigenous race of the New World,' he observes, (p 1,) ' is distinguished from a11 the other nations of the earth exterllally by peculiarities of make, but still more, internally, by their state of mind and illtellect. The aboriginal American is at once in the illcapacity of infancy and unpliancy of old age: he unites the opposite poles of intellectual lifb. This strange alld ill- explicable condition has llitherto frustrated almost every attempt to reconcile hinl completely witll the European to whom he gives way, so as to make him a clleerful and happy lllember of the community; and it is this, his double nature, whicll presellts tlle greatest difficulty to science when she elldeavours to investigate llis-origin and those earlier epochs of his history ill which he has, for thousands of years, moved, illdeed, btlt made no improveluent ill his cotldition. But this is far removed from that natural state of child-like serellity which marked, (as an inward voice declares to us, and as the most ancient written documents affirm,) the first alld purest period of the history of mallkind. The men of the red race, on the contrary, it must be confessed, do not appear to feel the blessing of a Divine descent, but to have been led by merely animal instillet alld tardy steps through a dark Past to their actual cheerless Present. Much, tllerefore, seems to indicate that the native Americans are not in the first stage of that simple, we might



On {he Aboriginal Inhabitants of Braxil. 192 say, physical (naturhistorischell) development,-- that they are in a secondary regene}ated state.'

With these views tlle author proceeds to the collsideration of all those rights and mutual relations xvithout which society, in its least complicated fornl, cannot exist, ascertaining, with regard to each, how far they are recogllized by the natives of America in gelleral, and by those of Brazil in palticular; and prefacing the vhole by ' a olaIlce at the social condition of the wild inhabitallts of that country; sillce all admissioll of rights, and relations del)en- clant oll those rights (eill Recht und lechtliche Verlllultllisse), pre- suppose a history alld a pecllliar state of society ̂ rhich llas arisen from it.'

s We behold ill Brazil,' he olJsel ves, ( p. 3,) ' a thirlly-scattel ed population of abori^,inal natives who a^,ree ill bodily make, tem- pelamellt, disposition, manrlers, customs, and mode of living; bllt their languages plesellt a truly astonishing discordance. \Ve ofte meet witll one used only l)y a few individuals collnected Witll eacll other by relationsI-lip, who are thus completely isolated, alld call hok-l no commtlllicatioll with any of their other countrymell for and near. Out of the tsellty Illdians emteloted as rowers ill the boat in \57}lich ê navitated the streams of the ilaterior, thele vere oftell not more than three or four who understood ally common lant,llage; and we hael, before our eyesX the tnelallcholy spectacle of individuals labotlring joilltly, thotlgh entirely isolated uritll respect to eserytllin:, which contributes to the satisfaction of the first mlants of life. In glootny silellce did these Indialls ply tl e oar tot,ether, alld jOill in manating tlle ljoat, or itl takillg their fruCal meals; but no common soice or common interest cheered them as they sat beside each other durilog a joulney of several hulldred naile.s, which their various fortunes had called them to perform togetber.'

To asceltain the numbel, afEnities, and relative position of tllese tliles is a task of no ordinary difficultv, which, fbr various reasons, has 1lever beell colllpletely executed. Ollly three distinct nations, (one of which, tlle Tt pis, was subflivided into nine tribcs, are mentioned in tlle earliest Portuguese authorities. De Laet, abotlthalf a centllry latel, elltlmeratessevellty-sixhordes or clslns; H ervasS olle hundred and {ifty yeal s after him, says that at least one llundred a11(l fifty diffelent languages and dialects are spoken in Blazil; aad 1)1. Von Martius'.s own inquiries have furllished mole than two hundred and fifty different names of nations, hordes, or tribes at presellt foulld ill that COUIltly. Btlt it is by no means certain that all these names belong to natiolls or tribes essentially distinct; and the real amount of the indigellous population cannot be inferred from them, as some belong to sertJ



On the Xboriginal Inhabitants of Braxil. 193

small clans, or even sint,le families. ' To guide the inquirer through the intricacies of this labyrinth, there is llOt a vestige of history to atiord any clue. Not a ray of tradition, not a war-song nor a funeral lay call be found to clear auay the dark night in which the eallier ages of America are involved !' All that can llo:r be affirmed with any certainty, is that the Tupis, M hom the Portuguese found altnost everywhere settled on the coast, were a numerous and powerful people, split into many tribes, often at svar xvith each othel, but agreeing as to their habits in all esselltial points, and speaking dialects of the same lal]guage. They probably migrated in various partie.s from the cotlntlies on the banks of the Paraguai and La Plata to the Nolth alld North-East, as far as tlle river of Amazons and the ocean. They were not, however, the only natioll Oecupyillg that vast telritory; but, from the *ely extensive currency of their lallguage, must be considered as the dominant lace. tI'his is proved by many names of places through out Brazil, which are sigllificant words ill the Tupi tongue; and this peopIe i.s to Brazil, what the Caraibs were to thenorth-eastern part of South America,-those mho spoke the Kichwa (Quichua) language to Lower, and those who used the AimarA to Upper, Peru. Tlle OpiacAs and Cahahivas, between the principal bl anches of the river Tapajoz, far ill the interior of Brazil, are llOW

the only remaills of this ̂ sidely-extended people who still retain tl]eir indepelldellce. But as no Europeans have ever visited those rensote tribes, our information respectillg their notions of civil alld natural rights must be derived from the earliest writers; or from inferences suggested by the hahits of other tribes living ill a state of independence, though their affinity to the Tupis has either never been illvestigated, or is at best very doubtfLll.

The most powerful tribes now extallt are found in the southern and central parts of the country. The Guaicurus in Paraguai, amotlntillg to 12,()00; the Cajapos and Cherentes in Goyaz, 8,000each; t}-eMauhes, 16,000; andMundrucbs, 18,000, on the Tapajdz. ' To the north of the river of Amazons there is an extraordinary llumber of small hordes and tribes, bearillg the I lOSt

dissimilarappellations, as if the orit,inal population, displaced by still more frequent emigrations, wars, and other unknown catastrophes, had here been brokell [Ip alld split into feebler aggregations. These holdes are found consisting of only olle or at most a few families, entirely cut of from all communication with their neit,hbours; cautiously concealed in the gloom of their primeval forests, from which they never issue except when terrified by some external callse; alld speakillg a highly impoverished and crippled language, the afflicting image of that hapless state in which mall, oppressedwith the curse of his existellce, as if striving to fly from hinaself, shuns the approach of his brother.'

o



194 On the Aborigfnal InA"bitants of lSraxil.

After these preliminary remarks, the author observes that many of the more populous tribes are subdivided into hordes and families, and that sllch subdivisions have a chalacter of con- sanguinity or citizenship. Their naules are often patronymics, their features and complexion inalicate a similarity of origin, and they are less frequently at war with each other. Members of the same tribe are 1lsilally distinguished by a similarity of ornaments, or the same mode of tattooing, handed down from father to son, with a supersti- iiOus veneration for the CtlStONlS of their forefathers which is ulliversal among the American Indians. This family-feeling is indeed the foundation of all the ent,agelllents, in which they act in concert,- anilllates them to hunting excursions, in the fruits of which all participate, ancl arms theln a^,ainst the common enemy. This appears to be the bond whicll ori(rinally cemented together the most powerful tribes, and enabled them, in the course of time, to obtain a supremacy over their less 1lnited neighbours. Bot these ties, as well as those of commercial intelcourse, have only a very slight hold on the nation as a community. Their continuance and force depend upon the ability and perseverance of the chief ly whom the tribe is governecl, just as his own power and influence depend 1lpon his personal supeliority in strength and enterprise to the rest of his countrymell. Among the 13razilians bodily strength, activity, coura^,e, cleverlless, and especially all elevation of llaind, tery rare among the Indians, whicll makes a nlan ambitious to think for others, to lead and comllland them, these are the qualities whicli place a chief at the head of his tribe. The dullness and indolence of the greater nllmber render it easy for any one who has talent and activity to assume the conlmand on the death of his predecessor,without the advantages of relationship; alld his authority is maintained rather in virtue of his undisputed superiority in the qualities requisite for a chief, than by any formal investiture and appointment on the part of his countrymerl.

Harring thus shown that the ties of kindred, anct a tacit ackllowledgment of superiol powers, mental and bodily, are the prillcipal sources of authority alld influence among the nations of Brazil, the author proceeds to inquire into the consequences of the authority thus oljtainecl; and considers, in succession, the power, insignia, and occupations of the chief, the popular as- semblies by +1vhich he is assisted or checked, the total absence of tribute and hereditaly privileges, the state of castes, slavery, and some singular customs among Kle Illdians, comparing, as he goes alont,, the usages of the Brazilians with those of the other aboriginal Americans. The gelleral reslllt of these observations is, that the chief has more uncontrolled power in time of war than in peace, that in confederacies, the common chief, among a 1lumber is sometimes chosen by the issue of a trial -of strength, f that slaves



l9S are almost invariably prisoners of walf and usually well treated though collsidered as a degraded race,-that slavery, as a punish- ment for climes, is unknown, and that something like a caste is found in sonie tribes, as, among the Guaicurbs, there are men dressed like women, eng;aged in female occupations, and called by the populace Cudinas, i. e. eunuchs. Like the natives of some parts of Africa, the American Indians have no systematic forIn of religion, nor any priestllood. Their lajes, the most distinguished pelsollages it] each clan next to the chief, are supposed to possess more than human power and kllowledge; but they are merely conjurors and doctors who deal ill spells and charmsn M ithout practising ally thing like a form of reli- giOllS worship. Their skill in interpreting dreams and omens, as well as their supposed preternatural gifts, gives them a high degree of political importance; atld llo public measure is undertaker without their conculrence They ale not less consulted concern- ing private aiairsy and they thus become acquainted with all the secrets of the commullity. Prepared from their infancy for these importallt functions, and tried by a long noviciate of so- lituden abstineuce, arld penance, they are at length admitted, witl celtaill ceremonies, as duly quaZified membersn illtO this Sacred C)rder. These sootllsayers pretend to have a secret intercourse with some superior agents,- have also solceresses acting under their directioll alld souletimes profe3s to be guided by a chief of their osn Ordel, whose sanetity and spiritual perfection enable him to live in the most lnaccessible retreats in the mountaills, far from me, witlsout food, alld ill an uninterrupted intercourse mith llit,her beings. 13ut a11 who are suspected of exercising super- lluman alt3 for the purpose of injuring others, are objects of the bitterest scorll and hatred; and the Pajes themselves often tUI'II this abllorrence of witchcraft to their own ends, by charging it alpon their rivals;-as, when a disease proves too obstinate to yield to one of these doctors' incantations, he hints that his )atient is bewitched by the spells of some other, and the supposed inaleXctor is almost sure of being dispatched by the friends of the sick manv or by order of the Chief.

Ploperty, wljetllel public or private, moveable or immoveable, its acquisition, preservation, and use, are the next subjects brought uleder the reacler's notice. No tribes but the wandering house- less Muras (pp. 13, 33), the gypsies of Brazil, are entirely igno- rallt of agricultule. Each has its proper hunting-grollnds marked by well-kllown boulldaries; and, wherever settled for a time, eacll trile or fami]y has its own plantation, which is cultivated by the women for tlle tlse of the community. Huts and utensils are consideled as private property; but even with regard to them certain ideas of common possession prevail. The same hut o 2

On the Xborigtnal Inhabite"b of lSrwil.



J96 On the Abongi zal Inhab{unX oJBraxil.

is often occupied by more families tban one; and many utensils are the jO;lt property of all the occupants. Scarcely any thing iS consldered strictly as the property of an individual except his arms,, accoutlements, pipe, arld haulmock. Theft and robbery are almost unkllowll; and the death of a parent leaves to his family, as during his life-time, the usufruct of all that he had. Accumulation of property, or any thing beyond a supply fol present wants, seem-s rarely, if ever, to be thought of by this sinlple people. Objects of peculiar utility, or ornamellts of extraordinary beauty, are the only thillg which tempt a Bra- zilian to steal; and when detected, he is punished by restitu- tion, stripes, and wounds, the Chief hiInself often acting as executioner.

Ornamellts, especially trophies of skill or provfess, are the posses- sions IllOSt highly prized; and no offer, however temptillg) cowlld indllce a Miralia (M;ranha) to part with a necklace of very large otlnce's tecth, a memorial of his boldness in the chace (p. 40.) But such valuables are sometimes given as pledges for the per- formance of a promise; and his rosary of human teeth, the skula of his enemy, or the stone stllck by sslay of ornament in his lip, are occasionally leR as a security by the Brazilian chief wllen he wishes to cotlvince his ally that he means to fulfil his engagements.

The trade of the Indians is, of course, merely a barter; but those who have most intercourse with Europearls brm a store of goods for that purpose. The Mauhe carves bows of red wood, and plepares the GuaranE paste, of which utellsils are made; the Mundrtlcu makes orilaments of party-coloured feathers; the Mi- rallia women weave hammocks of palm-fibres, which are carried for sale as far as Surinam and :Essequebo; and mc)st of the tribes deal in flour and rear poultry. 3eans of lrarious kinds often serve, like kauries in Illdia and Africa, as a medium of exchange Loans and deposits are the only kind of securities of which they have any otion: provisions are sometimes, though seldom, borrowed; and

pledges, as before observed, are occasionally given. When about to trade they mutually lay down their arnss; and on concluding the bargain, each party seizes them again, in measured time, with a 7ild but serious expressioll of countenance, as if to imply a readiness to enbrce completion if necessary, by dint of arms. This is not the only symbolical act usual among tlle Indians; alld when they wish to give the force of an oath to an affirmation, they put tlleil hand into their hair, or hold it over theil head. Though they carefully pluck the hair out of their beards and from e^7ery other part of the body, that of the head is an object of ,reat respect and attentioli; baldness, which is very un- common, is considered disgraceful. Kissint, and shaking hands are unknown among them; but they rub their foreheads together



On the Aboriginal Inha6itants of Braxil. 197

as a sign of friendship and hospitality, and clap their hands with outspread fill,ers, in token of satisfaction on finishing any busi- ness. The master of the hut always receives a stranger lying in his hammock; a sign is made to him to partake of the common meal; and when the father of the family offers the cigar out of 11is mouth, the guest may rest assure(l that the rights of hospiZ tality will be neither withheld nor violated. A spear stuck into the ground at the boundaries, and a notched tally, are emblems of war; a present of fillely carved bows and arrows ale ilidications of peace. Mally and rare are the ceremonies by which the Toliths are publicly received as men by the rest of the tribe; they appear to be symbolical of courage, fearlessness, endilrallee of pain, alid abhorrence of ellemies. Among the PassEs the chief marks his son's fitness to bear arms, by lasakilig a long wound on his lareast with a sharp tooth, or the beak of a bird.

Though they go alone to the chase, the game taken is considered as family-property, and is therefore buried, that the wife and children may go to the forest, dig it up, and bring it home. When more than one go out together, the game is the property of him who brings it down. No man can use the mTea- pons of another, especially the air-gun or blow-pipe, whicil is supposed to be spoiled by the touch of a stranger. Their hunt- ilog-parties are formed for the purpose of attacking dangerolis beasts of prey or monkeys, which they kill in great numbers, skin, embowel, and dry over the fire, as an article of food. The lililits of their hunting-grounds are strictly observed, tholigh nothing like an exclusive right of hunting in particular clistricts i3

clainied or possessed by their chiefs. Marriage, among these Indians, is not accompanied l)y any

religious or civil rites. The woman, chosen by a nian for l]is wife, is demanded and purchased from her parents, either by t,ifts or labour, and delivered over to her husband without l)eing colisulted as to hel owil inclinations, becoming forthwith his slave and drudge. Mollogamy is most common, thougll po- lygamy is not prohibited; ancl the chiefs have often seYeral

wives. The one ISrst taken has usually a superiority in dolllestic concerns over the rest; but the husband generally exercises no very gentle authority over his wives, and keeps them conlpletely in subjection. They often marry into fanlilies of weaker tribes in order to entice their wives' relations to settle near them, alid tlaus increase the number of their fighting men. Among the Guaiculu9, as was the ease with the Caraibs, the women speak a diffel ent language from the men. Perhaps this originated in their liavilag settled in a conquered country, of wbich the womell oly ere allowed to live. Wives obtained by rape are not uncommoll; and some tribes liabitually steal their neighbours' daughtersj Anlorlg



07 the ADoriginal Inhabztants of Brazil. t98

the Chavantes rival suitors decide the question by a trial of strengtb, and the best porter, runner, or thrower, calries off the prize As a stoical indifference to pain and pleasure is the great criterion of manly excellence among these as well as the North Amelican In(lians, it is the custom among some tribes for the bridet,rootn to abstain from meetillg the bride for a greater or sxnaller len^,th of time after marriage; and in three at Ieast, the Paje, like the feudal lord of former times in some paxts of Englalld, enjoys the jus przrnae noctzs. An evenitlg visit to the intended bride's abode, and a present of bananas, are the usual preliminaries; a kind whiff or tFo of the suitor's cigar, taken by his future father-in-law, is the token of acceptance; necklaces and ear-rings of shells, beacis, ol seeds, anotto and genipapo for red and black paint, ̂ 1vith solue gay feathers and trinkets for the lady's dress, are the bridal gifts destined to secure her affection; and a mighty drinking-bouts in which all the relations take part, closes the marriage festival.

The liluits within which marriages are allowed vary greatly; but union with a sister, or a brother's daughter, is almost univer- sally held to be infamous. 111 small, isolated hordes, however, sucls practices are not vlncommors; but tlle anciellt Tupinambases (ancestors of the Tupis) allosIred llotbing of- the killd openly; and the Yameos, on the river of Anlazons, will not sufl5er 3gn inte- marriage between menabers of the same cownmunity, as beillg friends in blood, though no real affinity betweell them call be proved. In almost all the Brazilian tribes, the next blother, Ol'

nearest relation, must, on the death of a married lnan, take his widow to wife, and her brother his elaughter; these marriages being compulsory, and in direct contradiction to the prohibitions mentioned above The wife is, as commonly amoug savages, entirely at the disposat of her husband; her pelson is offered to strangers; she is sometimes lent to another, and liable to be dis- missed at her husband's pleasure. Adultery is considered as a crime only on the woman's side, and often punished by the injured husband with death. Some tribes are more severe than others in these cases; but the husband himself seems to be sole arbiter ill all, unless the family of the wife interfere, and are strong enough to prevent him from taking vengeance. A community of wives or husbands is unknown amollg the Brazilians; but infanticide is extremely coml:non. The GuaicurC women llever rear any children before their thirtieth year. The GuanGs, on the Paraguay, bury their female children alive, and even the mothers expose (not unfrequently) their new-born infants. On the father's side scarcely any thing like parental aSection is knoYvn: till of age the child is entirely at the father's disposal; and then, ill his fbulteenth, or fifteenth year, he undergoes the trial of strellgth alrealy mentioned, is declared by the3 whole comulunity to have come to man's estate,



On the ilboriginel InhabiZants of Brazil. 199

receis7es a new llame., and becomes erltire!y his own Inaster The girls are subject to their father till they marry Educatioll, properly speakillgX is llnknovvn: the father tolerates the children, the mother makes use of them; but the Brazilians seldonl if ever sell their offspring, except to their white neighbours. Respect and obedience on the part of children towards their parents, are equally unknown. l:5he widows solnetimes dig up and cleanse the bones of tbeir deceased husbandst or preserve part or the whole of their bodies; but these cases are not common. Islfallts, especially orphans, are often neglected entirely, and left to die of want; alud many tribes put the aged alld illfirm to death, in order to reIease them frclm life, which is now a burden. Among the ancient 'rupls, when the Paje despaired of a sick man's recovery, I-le wasJ by his advice, put to death and devoured.

rrhe law of retaliation is firmly established amont, the native Brazilians; alld, as elsevvhere, is a constant source of private feuds alld public warfare. Rrisoners of war, beillg in such cases considered as objects of vengeallce, are usually luassacred in coId blood, with the most cluel alld lingerillg toltures; but, by some tribesJ they are previously fattelled, for the purpose of aSording a more delicious meal. When blood is shed, either designedly or acci- dentally, by one of the same tribe, the Clief can insist upon tlle acceptance of a compensation by the family of the deceased especially if he laad t10 near relatiolls. Ssnaller offênces and quarrels, such as arise contillually in drinkillg-bouts, are commonly settled by a boxing match; alld the victor is, of course, considered as being . . t le rlg lt.

Sugh is the general result of Dr. Voll Martius's researches: at so low a point in the scale of intellect must tlle aboriginal Brazilians be placed; and this, with few exceptions, is, in his opiIlion, the case throllghout America. ' B7hlle, in other parts of the sxrorld,' he observes (p. 78), ' we see valious degrees of intellectual develonment ansl retaldation sinlulttalleously and proxi- l:sately occulring, the er7er-varying co<sequences of the chang- illS, cotllse of events,-the whole aborigillal populatioll of America, on tlse colltlaly, exhibits olle monotonous povelty of intellect and l-lsestal tOl'pOl*; as if neither interllal e?lotions, nor the impression of exterl<al objects, had beell able tc) lsouse and release ffiem from theil snoral inflexibility. I'his, he adds, C is tlle more astonishing *rIS it appears to extend from pole to pole and applies to ie inhabitants of the tropics as svell as to the natives of the frozen zones. Yet,' he colltinues (p. 79), ' this rude and melallcholy condition is beyolld a doubt, not the first in which the American was placed; it is a degenerate and delJased state. Far beyond it, and separated by the vbscurity of ages, lies a nobler Past, which he



On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Braxil. 200

once enjoyed, but which can now be only inferred from a few relics. Colos.sal mrorks of architectllre, comparable in extent to the monuments of ancient Egypt, as those of l'iahuanacu on the lake Titicaca, which the Peruvians, as far back as the time of the Spanish conquest, beheld witll sTonder as the remains of a much nlore ancient people, raised, according to tradition, as if by magic, in a single night,-and similar creations, scattered in enigmatic fragments, 11ere alld there, over both the Americas,- bear witness that their inhabitants had, in remote ages, developed a moral power and mental cultivation which have now entirely *anished. A ulere seml)lance of them- an attempt to bring back a period which had long past by, seems perceptible in the killgdom and institutions of the lncas. In Brazil no such trace of an earlier civilization has yet been discovered, anal if it ever existed here, it lnust have been in a very remotely distant period; yet still, even the condition of the Brazilians, as of every other American people, furnishes proofs that tlle inhabitants of this New Contillent, as it is called, are by no means a modern lace, even SUppOSilig we could assume our Christian chronology as a measure for the age and historical development of their z ountry. 'rhis irrefragalJle evidence is furnished by nature herself in the domestic animals and esculent plants by which the aboriginal American is surrounded, and which trace an essential feattlre in tlle history of his mental culture. The present state of these pro- ductions of nature is a documentary proof that, in America, she has been already, for many thousands of years, influenced by the improv- ing and transforming hand of man.' ' The dumb dog, the guinea- pig, the turkey, jacami, hoccos, as domestic animals; the llalua (lyanla) as a beast of burden; the guanacos and vicunnas (vicu- ias), caught to be shorn, are all so many evidences of this pristine

civilization of America. How ancient the domesticity of these allimals was, appears especially from the circumstance that the Iyamas were honoured as sacred animals by many of thb Peru- wians: and wherevel we find elsewhere a similar worship of l)easts, it goes back to a mythological period at the very dawn of history. 'rhe people of Huanca worshipped tlle dog; others adored nlaiz. The cultivation of that plant is extremely ancient amollg the Peruvians; and it, the banana, cotton, medi- cinal bark-tree, and cassada-root, are llo more to be found wild in America than the different kinds of grain in Europe. The only palm (Gulielma speciosa) cultivated by the Indians has lost by cultllre its large stony kernel, which is often reduced to fibres, or entirely obliterated. The banana, in like manner, the introduction of which into America cannot be historicalljr demonstrated} is always found witllout seeds. But it i8 known lzy actqal experinlent} how long a time is necessary for the pur-



On the AborWnal Inhabitanfs of Brazil. 201

pose of communicating to plants such an impression of the transforming power of human illfluence. In America, certainly, the natiste plants useful to man have been tributary to him for innume- rable ages In reference to this, only two cases can be imagined. :ither those useful plants have been so altered by their intercourse mTith mankind, that their pristine type (urtypus), though still extant, is so changed as to be no longer recognized,-or the influence of man on them has been such as to deprive them of the power of existing independelltly, and they are only capable of leading an ennobJed, but artificial life, in the neighbourllood of men. The deep thinker who, in his " System of the Universe," labours to embrace all the various directions ill the consciousness of man as so many necessary acts of a sillgle and inwardly absorbed process, acknowledges, as'a sort of magic, the power exercised by the humall race in that ante-historic period, even uE>on the vege- tabIe world; when, from a state of unshackled freedom, it formed itself into tribes, and firmly established itself in fixed places of abode. This idea, which stretches its vie^7v into the most dsstant obscurity of the primeval ages of our species, nleets my conviction, that the first germs of development of the human race in America can be sought no wvhere except in that quarter of the globe.

' Besides the traces of a primeval, and, in like manller, ante-historic cultule of the hllman race in America, as well as a very early influence on the productiolls of nature, we may also adduce as a ground for these views the basis of the present state of natural and civil rights among the aborigillal Ame}icans. I mean precisely, as before obs.ersted, that enigmatical stlbdivision of the natives into an almost countless multitude of greater and smaller groupes, and that aImost entire exclusion and excommunication îth regard to each other, in which maukind presents its diffierent families to us in America, like the fragments of a vast ruin. The history of the other nations inhabiting the earth, furnishes nothing which has any ana- logy to this.'

' It might be said, that the nations of the ancient world, like the ditierent formations of rock which form the surface of our planet, were placed, as it ere, ill strata over each other. Accordingly, as tlle Genius of mankind piled them thus one upon another in greater or smaller masses, many have clisappeared, witllout leaving a trace bellind, as if they were overwhelmed by the succeeding races; otllers present themselves to us like the rocks,, termed regenerated, as a mixture of originally distinct elements combined, disjoined, and again re-united under the influence of various relations. The oldest traditions and histories melltion only a few considerable nations; the nearer te come down to our own das the more individualized do we find them, within celtaln linzits, titll respect X language, manners, and position, Iu unlavelling such hiss



Q02 08 the Aboriatlal In7ubitarlfs of Bwaxil

torical developnlents, the inquirer must adopt almost the sanle method as the naturalist, for, as the latter endeavours to deter- mine successive formations of diffielxent series of rocks fxom frag_ ments of organized bodies no longer existing M such, so does the latter, frotn languages and various manners and customs, trans- planted, either pure or adulterated, from the obscurity of a primeval period into the living use of nations of a later date, acquire certain hints as to the existellce and condition of snan in earlier ages. when sve consider the primeval population oZ Arnerica in this point of view, especially when ave examine millutely its continued subdivision to the utmost extreme into small, often completely isolated, fansilies, tribes, and hordes, it appears to us, to pursue our physical illustration,-like a human formation reduced to atolns by the incessant action of volcallic powers. With these views we may hold ourselves Justified in giving to the actual colldition, social and uloral, of the red race of men, who are, properly speakillg, in a total ignorance of every social tie, an mportant historical interpretatlon. This disrupture, I mean, of a11 the ballds by which society was anciently held together, accompanied by a Babylonish confusion of tongues multiplied by it,-the rude riz,ht of force, the never-ending tacit warfare of all against all, springillg from that very disrupture -appear to me the nost essential, and, as far as history is concerned, the most sig. nificant points in the civil condition of the Brazilians, and in ge- nelal, of the Tvhole aboriginal population of FAmerica. Such a state of society cannot be the consequence of modern revolutions. It indicates, by nlarks which cannot be overlooked or disputed, tlle lapse of many ages. The period at which such aw stato began to exist, appears, moreover, to be necessarily the more remo the more univelsally the natives of North alld South America have been driven, by some cause hitllerto ulldiscovered, into so complete a subversioll of their original colllmunitiea (Volkermas sen), and illto a conftlsion of tongues so pregnant with mischief. Long contillued snigrations of single nations and tribes have doubtless taken place from a very early period throughout the whole continent of America, and they may have been especially the causes of dismemberment aIId corruption in the languages, and of a corresponding demoralization of the peopleX By as- suming that only a few leading nations were at first, as wvas the case svith the Tupi people, dispersed like so many rays of light, millgled to,!,ether and dissolved, as it were, into each other, by alutllal collision; alld that these Inigrations) divisions and subse- quent conlbinations have beell continued for countless ages, the present state of 1llankind in America may assuredly be accounted fbr; but the cause of this singular misdevelopment remains, no less on that account unknown aud enigmatical. Can it be CQu-



On theAbor?ginal Inhabitants of Braxil. 2Ds

jectured that some extensive convulsion of nature,- some earth- quake rending asunder sea and land such as is reported to have swallowed up the far-famed island of Atlantis-hfls there swept away the inhabitants in its sortex? Has such a calanlity filled the survivors with a terror so monstrous, as, handed down from race to race, must have darkened and perplexed their intellects, hardened their hearts, and driven them, as if flying at random fiom each other, far from the blessings of social life ? Have, per- chance, burning alld destructive suns, or oversvhelmillg iloods, threatened the man of the red race with a horrible death by famille, and armed him witEl a rude and ullholy hostility, so that, maddened against himself by atrocious and bloody acts of cannibalism, he has fallen from the godlike dignity for which hee was desiglledv to his present degraded state of darkness ? Qr is this ihumanness (Entmenschung) the consequence of deeply rooted pleterllatural wices, inflicted by the Genius of our race (with a severity, which to the eye of a short-sighted ob.server, appears tllroughout all natLIre like cruelty) on the inllocent as well as on the guilty?'

' On putting such questions, it is impossible entirely to discard the idea of some gelleral defect in the organizatioll of this red ra:e of men, for it is manifest, that it already bears within itself the gerlll of an early extinction. It appears as if destined by nature, like the representatiere of a certain step in human civilization, to remain stationary as an automaton ill the grent machine of the world, rather to deter than to act, The Americans, it canllot be doubted, exhibit symptollls of approaching dissolution. Other nations will live, when these unblessed children of the New World have all gone to their final rest in the long sleep of death, And what memorial will they have left behilld ? B7here are the crea- tiollsoftheirintellect? \hereare theirpoems and heroic lays? XVhere are the monuments of their arts and sciences ? Where are the precepts of their faith, or their deeds of heroic devotion to their countrv ? Evell now these questions remain unanswered; fol such noble fl uits have never yet perhaps beell brought to maturity by that race of mell; and whatever be the questiorls which posterity may put, an unsatisfactory reply is all that a melancholy echo can return. The songs of those nations have long ceased to resollnd, tlle imnlortalaty of their editices has lorlg been moulderilsg; and o elevated spirit has revealed itself in any lloble eiTusiolis from

thtlt quarter of the globe. Without being reconciled with the nations of the East, or with their OWI1 fortunes, they are already vallishing away; yes, it almost appears as if no other intellectual life were allotted to them, than that of calling forth our painful compassion; as if they existed ollly for the negative purpose of awakening * our astonishment, by the spectacle of a mhole race of

* 'the translator supposes erzweekes to bean error of thepress for eq^weckex (p. 85 ji




nlen, the inhabitants of a large portion of the globe, in a state of living decay.

' In fact, the present and future condition of this red race of men, sho wan(1er about in their native land, without house or covering,_ whom the most benevolent alld brotherly love* despairs of ever pro- viding with a home, is a nzonstrous and tragical drama, such as no fiction of the poet erer yet presented to our contemplation. A whole race of men is wasting away before the eyes of its commi- serating contetuporaries; no poster of princes, philosophy, or Christianity, call arrest its proudly gloomy progress towards a certain and utter destrtlction. oAnd from its ruins there arises, in tlle most motley combination, a new and reckless generation, anxious only to estrange, as completely as possible, their newly acquired country from its former masters. The East brings blood and blessings; social union and order; industry, science, and religion; but with selfish views, only for itself: for itself it erects a new world; while the race of men, which was oncehere the master, is fleeting away like a phantom from the circle of existence !'

' Tllese lessons, derived from the history of futurity, are importallt thougll humiliatillg; but man regains his cotlrage and cheerillg hopes, when he recurs to that noble reflection which gleams like a distallt meteor in the dark soul of the savage that the fortulles of mortal men are overruled by Eternal Justice.'

Such is the theory of Dr. Von Martius, of which it has been the object of this paper to give a faithful transcript. The ob- jections to ̂ ^hich it is liable could not perhaps with propriety be stated here, and it may be sufficient to add, that the author seems to have overlooked that leading difficulty,- its being entirely irre- concilable with the only authentic documents of the early history of mallkind now extant.

The author has added, in the form of an appendix, which some of his readers will perhaps consider as the most valuable part of his work, ' An Enumeration of the various Indian Nations, Tribes, and Hordes, at present found in Brazil.' It is, witll the exception of some unimportant omissions, as follows:-

1. Tupzst or Tupinambases: formerly the most powerful and

if it be not, the pas3age must be rendered ' for the purpose of making our as. tonishment, &c., its *)bject.'

* See the last message of President Jackson, at the opening of the tmrenty-second session of Congress.

+ In the orthography of the proper names, k and j have been substituted for qu asud :r, s for c or z w and, in a few instances, ng for o or n. The vowels must be pronounced as in Italian, the Gonsonants as in English, enscept kh which represents the Scotcha Irish, and German ch in loch, bach, &c. The accented syllables have the emphasis, wh^ is to be placed on the penultima in unaccented wordst




widely extended people in Brazil; at present, throut,h the predo- minance of the Whites, either losing its natiollality alad lanuage, or already extinct. (F'ol conjectures Oll the migratiolls and subdivisions of the Tupis, see Von Martius, Reise, iii. 1093, 1159, allcl the map attached to this Essay.) The rlame of this people has been variously interpt eted. Accol-ditlt, to Vasconcello3 (Ghronica do Brazil, p. 91.), the place from WlliCh they first came is called Tupi: this seelns to give the nlost colrect ety- mology. Tupijaba, commonly colltracted into Tujavva (Tuxaua), is the title of the chieS, and originally signified ' Lord of the Tupis (Tupiava).' The proper llanses of tlle Brazilian tribes generally end in a OJ' as, alld are used by the Poltuguese ill the plural number.

Accordillt, to the oldest Portuguese docutnent, the Noticia do Brazil, writtell ill A.D. 1$89, and pllblished ill the Collecgao de Noticias para a Historia e Geo^,ratia das Nagoes tlltralllarirlas, que vivem nos Donlinios Porttls uezes, &c. (Lisbon, jS25, tom. iii., palte i.), the Tllpis ere subdivided into the follossing, tribes: --

1. The l:amoyos, on the coast fJom Cabo de Sa11 ThomE to Angra dos Reys. (Llvid. p. 79, Soutlley, Hist. i. 184.) 2. r15he Papallasis in Epirito Santo aud POI'tO Seguro. (Noticia, p. 65.) 3. The Tupinikins, on the coast between Camamb and Rio (le San Matthells. (Ibid. p. 56.) 4. The Tupinaes, originally in the Recillcavo of Bahia7 on the coast, fiom whellce they had driven out the Killiulurd3; btlt subseqtlently having been themselves expelled by the Tupinambases, in the southern palt of the interior of the provillce of lSallia. (p. 308.) 5. rrhe Amoipiras Oll the southern bank of the Rio de Sall Fsancisco. (p 3]0.) 6. TheTupillambases fioln Cal1lam^ to ttle mouth of the Rio cle S. Francisco. (p. 273.) 7. Tlle Pitot,oares, ill the province of Parahyba do Norte. (p. iS.) 8. The Caites to tlae llortla of the Rio de S. Francisco in Parabyba, the Rio Grande do Nortet and cialA. (p !28*)

The accounts of these tribes givell in lhe Noticia are now entirely obsolete. They were transcribed by Moraes de Fonseca Pillto, in 1759; from whose MSS. extracts have been published by E. ATol1 Eschwege, in his Brasiliell die Neue Frelt. (i. 259.) See also Southey's History of Brazil (i. 42, cro1, 223).

De Laet, in 1633 (Novus Orbis, p. 546,), names the follow- ilog tribes of the Tupis: tlle Petiguares, Viatan, Tupillambas, Caetas, Tllpinakins, Tupiguas, TumminivS, Tamuias, and Carioes.

Vasconcellos (Chronica da Companhia de Jesu do Estado do Brazil, Lisboa, 166S, fol.), ill 166?, thus enumerates the tribes of tlie Tupi nation. The Tobayares, TupillambAs, Tupinakis, Tu- pigoaes, Tumiminos? Amoigpirag, Araboyaras, Rarigoaras} Poti-



206 On the Aboriginal Inhabifanfs of Bfaxil

guaras (with the hordes called Tiquari and Para-ibas), Tatnojfis (also called Ararapac, the Tamuias of De Luet), and the Cariyi)s (Carioes of De Luet), placed more properly amolig the Goyata- cases. The Apantos on the Amazons River, and the Tocantinos olwthe locantins, are also noticed as two tribes beloliging to the lnupis.

At present the state of the Tupi people is greatly changed, as only a nery small part of it has retained its freedom. From its extraordinary dispersion over a great part of Solith America, its remains, now frequently difficult to recognise, may be distributed int) J?ve distinct groupes? as Vater laas traced their languages to three main branches.

A. The Southern Tupis or Guaranis (i. e. Warriors) in Para- guai, Molite Video, and Rio Grande do Sul (i. e. Great South River). Their dialect is the purest and most copious (Vater's Mitl-lridates, iii. 2. p. 4.31; Von Eschwege, Bras. ii., 163).

The feeble remains of this once populous trilJe now consist of 1. The Pinares or Pinaris, south of the sources of the Uru-

..

gllal.

2. The Patos, formerly a clan of fishermen on the Laguna (le los Patos (Lagoon of tile Patos).

3. The Tapes or Tapis in the plains of Monte Video and on the Ybicuy in the province of Rio Grande do Stil.

4. The GuaicanEris ol G uanyanis (GmnhanEs, GuarlhanGs, GualinanGs), in the Campos de Vaccaria (Cow-fields) of the provilice of Rio Grande cRo Sul.

5. The Bittirunas (Black-faces? Night-men?), south of the Rio Curitiba.

6. The Guaranis Proper, between the rivers Parand and Paraguai,

B. Ishe Eastern or Proper Ttipis or Tupinambases, scattered principally along the sea-shore froril the Ilha de Santa Catharina (Isle of St. Catharine) to the mouth of the river of Amazons. 'rhey speak the proper Ttipi toligue, now called the lingua geraZ (general language) of Brazil, and reduced to grammatical rules l)y Anchieta and Figueila (Vater, Mithr. iii., 2, 4atl). In the southeinmost provinces, with perhaps the exceptionof San Palilo, tile foruler existence of this language is scarcely knorn even by tiadition, and the remains of the Tupi tribes are for the most palt assimilated with the rest of the population.

'l he tlibes belonging to this division, going from South to North, are- --

1. The Tamoj6s, formerly very llumerous alld powerful oll the leay of Rio de Janeiro, at present almost entirely extinct. Some remains of them inhabit the village of S. Lorellzo on the bay, and the Aldea da Escada (Reise7 i., 2133. The



On {he Aboriganal Ihabtanfs of Brawil. 207

Cafusos and Curibocas (or Caribocas), also called Cabres, frequently met wvith in the provilice of S. Paulo, are a mixed race, derived from Negros and Indians of this tribe. I11 Tierra Firmefi individuals of silch a mixed race are called Zamboloros; their children by Zlulattas, Saccalaguas; and the children of lMestizos by Indian women, Cholos.

2. Tlle Tupinikins or Tupinakis, formerly settled in Porto Seguro and the Comarca dos Ilheos (sea-holm district) nosv occupying villages in Belmonte, Camamb Valenga, &c. (Reise, ii., 677).

3. The Tupinas or ltupinaes, from whom the Indios mansos (taxne Indialls), in the Villa de Cachoeirs (Cataract Village), to the west of the Recincavo de Bahia, are descended.

4. The Tupirlambases, ancestors of the Indians last named, southwarcls and northwards along the coast from thence as far as S;ergipe d'El Rey.

5. The Obacatuaras (from Oba-catu-waras, i. e. good woodmen), who itlhabited the islands of the Rio cle S. Francisco. Their descendants llOW OCCUpy the coast in Sergipe d'EI lley, an(l the banks of the Rio de S. Fraxlcisco, especially the former Capllchine Missions.

6. Poti-waras (Potiguares or Pitigares of the older writers), properly Pito-wNras, i. e. tobacco-pipe men, from the aloe called Pita (Agave Americana) whence their pipes are made, or from Jpiter to smoke. Ilhey dwelt chiefly in Parahiba do Norte and CiarS, and northwards as far as the former Comarca de CumE in Maranhao (MananiAng). Their dialect seems to have difEered little from that of the southern Tupillambases, and their descelldants form the small Illdias population of the above-named provinces.

7. The Caites (CaetEs or Cahetes); once llumerous in Pernam- buco and CiarAs now either settled in villages Ol extinct. The Guanacas and Jaguaranas (Ourlce Indians) in Ciara; as well as the TramembEs ol Telemembes settled ill villages at Nossa Senhora da Conceigao (osr Lady of the Coll- ception) d'Almofalla, and the Kitarioris and Viatanis, noszJ extillct, were mentioned to Dr. Von Martius as subordinate horde3 of this tribe. Perhaps the Cahy-Gahys in Nlarallhao ale also a relic of the Caetes (Von Maltius Reise, ii, 82l.)

8. rl5v1pajaros (Tobbajares), properly Tupi-waras, i. e. Tupi men. This name was brmerly given especially to the Ttlpi Ttldians, inhabiting the northernmost provinces from Ciara to Maranllao (llld ParA and the Serra do Ybiapaba. Remains of them stil1 live in Pago do Lumiar (Threshold Court), Vinhaes on the Island of Maranhao the Villa de Mongao and along the Rio Itapiculd (Cazal, Corografia Brasil. ii. 223;



On the Ahoriggnal InhabztclnX of Brawil. 208

Spix und Martius, Reise, ii., 831). Perhaps the Gunjo- jaras) free Indialls at the sources of the Rio Mearim (Mear- ing), and the hordes of the Manajos, also free and established in the same place, and in the district of S. Bento dos Pastos bons, west of the Rio das Balsas as far as the Tocatins, and settled at Vinhaes, are remains of thc same tribe. Tabajari is a name which occtlrs in Guiana also (De Humboldt, Re- latioll Hist. iii., 173.)

C. The Northelll Tupis, remains of whom ale found in PslrA, CametA, alld on both sides of Amazons' river, as far as Topinam- lJarana. They speak a very peculiar dialect of the lingua geral, and were formerly divided into the foliowilig hordes:-

1. The Tarainambases, on the contillent between the rivers Tuly-agu (asu) and CaitE.

2. The Nhengahibas (Nyent,a-ibas, i. e. Tongue-men) on Marajo Islancl.

3. The Pacajases, illhabiting the continelit round that island) as did likevise, accordinO to Acunna, the Apantos.

4. The Mamayansases. 5. The Anajases, and 6. The Guazyanases, were all sea-faring hordes, also callecl

Igara-waras, t. e. Boat-men. 7. The Tocalitillos and 8. The Tochi, or Cuchi-waras, are said to have both come

dowtl the rivel Tocantins, alid settled at its mouth. 9. 'rhe Cambocas or Bocas lived on the Great Freshwater

Bay, east of the luouth of the Tocantins, thence called Bahia dos Bocas. 'rhey were settled in villages at Melgayo, Oeiras, and Porlel.

10. Plol)al)ly the Clipiniaros (Cupi-waras, i. e. Ant-ItIdians?) should be enumelated here as a particular branch of the Tupis. 1'hey are said to be still livilig in a state of inde- peudence on tile Tocantins, to the soutil of S. Pedro d'AI- cantal a.

'rhe Portuguese lsame the JuruGnas (i. e. Black-faces) also as a part of the Tupis formerly settled in this country; but Dr. Von Mal titls suspects they had beell drivell by the Europeans from tracts {:arther West, and were not derived fs om the salne stock. In that direction also there dwelt forlnelly still more hordes of the Tupi race, to which, among others, Acunna's accoullts refer (Von Martius, Reise, iii., 1159), but that writer's accuracy calllaot be depended upon.

l'o this place likewise belong- l l . Tlle Cachig-uaras Curig-ueres, Cumay-aris, Guacui-ariss

Guac-ares, Yacuma-aras, Cuchi-uaras. Agua-yras, Cani8i-

uras, and Pacajares of thawt writer. Of all these names ant



On the Abortginal l?habitanfs of Braril. goD

hordes no trace is any longer to be fiound on the Amazonst livel . The word Ymirayares or Ibirajares, nvhich appears on ulany old maps., sigllifies ill the lingua geral, WooaS-men (Ibira waraCt and is only the name of a particular trilJe or horde of the Tupls. They are mentiotled in the ' Noticia do l3Xazil ' (p. 311)> alld the author translates the worc:l correctly Sellhores dos ptios.

12. The Omaguas, Holnaguas or Campevas (Canga-apevas, i. c. Flat-heads), slligllt lJe considered as a branch ofthc Tllpi people, in some det,ree distincta alacl probably separated .lt an early period from the maill stem. They pelSaps descended alonb the :NIadeira river into the llortheln part of the valley of the Alnazons. The Sorimavisn Soliluoes, or Sorirllan (frozn whom tlle siver Solinloes takes its llame) as svell as the YurimaCIs or Yuru-maguns, are plobably hordes of this tribe, long since separated from their blethren who dwell farther to the south (see ATosl L>Iartiusn Reise, ii;. 1193, and Veigl ill Von Mtlrr's Reisen einiger Missionarien, p. 79). According to some accounts, the Tecunas or Ticll- nas also belong to this stock, (Vater, Mithrid. iii., 2? p. S97). These Tecunas ale, for the most partn still free; but the Omaguas ancl Campevas at lrabatinga Olivellza, and other places oll the Solinaoes, are settled in villages, becomillg a mised race, and beginlling to lose the lant,Xage of their forefather3.

D. The Celltral Tupls are now the ollly portion ]iViDe in a state of complete independence. Two of these tribes alone are positively kllowl: tl]e Apiacases and the Cahallilaas (Caa-ivas, . e Fo- restel s ?) They occupy the upper })l'tS of the Rio Tapajos3 below the lllouth of tlle Rio 3uruena, awltl give a frielldly lecep- tiOn to the few palties who go up tlle Tapajx3s from CujabE. A large aldea (villave), belollz,illg to them on the right batlk of tile Alillos, corlsisting of lofty huts, hAs been visited by travellers. Perhaps the Uhallias oll tlle lower Jllruena, the Ababas to the north of the Serra dos Parecis in Mato Grosso, and the Mull- druc.s ate derived faom the same stock. Concetnitlt, these Tupis we have no accurate or detailed ACCOUlltS.

E. The westeIn Tupis: to this cIass belonb those tribes 57WhO?

accorditlt, to Vater (Mithlid. iii., 473), alld Hervas (ldea delI' Ulziversos Roma, 1785, to. xvii., 23)} speak the west Gllalani diaIect. They are-

1. Tlle Chirivuallas (Chirihuanas, XirigUallos, or Siricuanos) in the province of Santa Crllz de la Sierra.

2. rl'he Cirionos alad 3. Tl e Gualayos (G^laIaJuz). To these last probably be-

lonbed tlle Sarayas or Xareis, who dwelt -in the arlntlally



Qn the Aborgirzal Inhabitanfs of Brazil. 210

illuzldated countries 011 tl-le Upper Paraguai (L.aguna dos Xareis). The llallle of Chiriguarlos haPs long since been givell, ill Upper Perti, to all unknown rude tribes addicted to callnibalism and living in hostility to tbe llldians settleci ill villat,es, jllSt as Btlqre ol 13otocudo is used in Brazil, (Garci^ lasso de 1a Vega, xii. c. 17). 'I'hus in S. ClU% de la Sielra, tlle Guaicusvis, svho ventule to make izlctlrsions, are called Xirivlatlos, (Prado, Jolnal o Patriota, 1814, Jul., p. 6; Spix und Martitlsn PteiseX i., 26Q).

The remailling tribes? blOt related to the Tup1s, are as follos: r. Between Rio de J alleir o and -Bahia, especially ill the

woody mountains on the botlndaries between WIinas, Rio de Ja- neiro, Espirito Santo, and Bahia.

1. The Ailnores (Aimborfes, Aimures, ol Gllaymtlres), now called by the Portugtlese, Botocudos. They call themselves Engeraecknung, and are llalned Bokayil by the C?rop6s, ;:and Bochorinbazsshulla by tlle CsroadosO Tlley are also calletl Abatir?s and Avakir'as. At present they inhabit principally the Serra dus Aimores (Mountain of the Aimoles) al1d the countrv eastJard, between tbe rivers Pardo and Doce. Olle family of this tribe is fornled by the Gherens, of w}lom solile fbeble remains are still foulid near the Rio Itahype (NIartitis, Reise, ii. 677, 683).

The Kininiures, who were driven by the Tupinikins from the distl ict of 13ahia, appear to have belonged to this tribe. (See Noticia do Brazil. c. clxxxii. p. 311 * Southey, Hist. of Brazil. i., 'v8 1. Cazal, Coro^,rafia Braziiicaw i. 56, 377, 394.)

2. Goltacas (Goyatcacaz, Guaitace, Waytaquases, in De Laet alid Knis7es), of whom three hordes are at prese1lt known:-

i. (;o'ltaca-n30pi, ii Goitaca-asu, and iii. Goitaca-J-acorito.

WIost of tilem are civilized, alid settled betsveen the sivers Macalle and Cabapuana. Otbers, still in a state of half-fiee- dolnX live in the nToods on the Rio Xipoto (Jipot6) ol Cho- poto, in :lVlinas Geraes. 'These are the Tlidians called Coroados (i. e. Tonsured). The Corcxpos call them Chak- wibtl. To these Goitacases, or, as tbey are still sometimes called, Goya-tapwtlja, the Goailiases, who live(l like the Goitacas ill subterralleatl caverns, undoubtedly belonged (Noticia do Brazil. i. 6a, 85). The older accounts, also, make freqvient menlion of another tribe which belon,:,ed to tilis people: viz. the Cari6s or Caryos (Carioes iu De Laet), who dwelt to the west of the Goyatacases, occupying the Calnpos de Goyatacazes beyoll(l the first woody chain of hills. The ullsubdued remaills of these Carios are 1Row called



On the A/vorigilal In7zabzfGlnts of .Brarll. 211

Gual us,* (Guarulhos, Garulios7 Saguarus, or Sacarus). Tlley wander about in small bodies in the woods on the Serra dos Orgaos (Organ, Beam, or Portctlllis Moulltains), and i the meadow3 of the provinces of San Paulo. Descendants from them, settled ill villages, are foulld, prol)ably, in the mission of Aldea da Escada (Stair-case villa*,Ye)7 ila the envi- rolls of Macahe, Ilha Grallde, and the islands of St. Sebas- tiao, and Santa Cclthelilla.

3. 'I'he Puris (Ptlrys, or Pories), fol the most part uncon- querecln but now at peace witll the European settlers, ocCtlpy tlle upper part of the risTer Paralba and the interior of tlle pl ovillce of Espirito Santo, letween the river so called alld that amecl above. Also with the Guanias, on tlae Rio Igtlassu

(Cazal, i. GC)S. ii. 59), alld vn the Rio Sipoto (Spix *lld tilartius, 1. c. p. 237o. VOll Eschwege, Jowllnal VOI1 Brazil).

4. 'rlle (Canalins, a snlall tribe, very little knosl-l, between tl-le Ptio WIucury and the Rio de Calavellas, ill the Comarea de Porto Seguro.

b. The WIajacaris (l\1axacaris, iIVInjacal'ls, or Machacarys) oll the Rio Belnlonte, and betweell it and the Rio do Prado in the sa1*ne district. They ^sTere forn)erly settled oll the Rio Mucury.

6. The Malalls, a small horde, lloxv settled ill villages in Passa- inha (Passainia), on the Rio Serully Pequeno, the 1lorther tributary of tlle Rio Doce, in the provinces of Minas Geraes (ptlblic milles).

7. Tlle Patajds (Patach6s, or Pataxos), on the Rio Mucury, alollt, the sea-coast, betweell it and the Rio de Porto Seguro (River of Safe Harbour), between the sources of tlle Rio Parclo and the Rio de Colltas, as well as Oll the declivity of the maritime cllain (Cordillera) to the west of Ilheos (Cazal ii. 74, 100. Prillz VOl1 Neuwied, Reise, i. 281).

8. Capojos, or Caposh6s (Capoxos, or Capoch6s), 1nigratory in the rocky mountaill-M700ds on the boundaries betssleen Minas Gerates alld Porto Seguro (Martius, Reise, ii. 49o).

9. Paniames (Panl1alllis, or Paniames), Oll the Serra das Es- meraldas (Emerald-n1oulltains), and at the sources of the Rio l\Iucury, mithout any settled habitatioll. Martius, 1. c

S 0> Tlle Canlacalls (Canlacaes), called Mowlgoy6s or Monxocos, (Mallgajas in de Laet,) by the Portuguese, live neal tlle Ca- poch6s, but principally betweell the Hio de Colltas and tlle

* The gua is here probably, as is ofteIl the case in Portuguese lvords, to be pr(l- nollnced ga. The English reader avill also recollect that j and x in that language are equivalent to the French j,-i. e. to zh or s in measure alld ch to our sh. For merly Z colresponded vvith our sh; and chn as in Spanish, vith our ch.

P 2



Jn tAle elboriginal InAclbitants of Braril. o l o

Rio Pardo in the province of Bahia. Tlle Afelaiells in Villa de Bellllotlte are a domiciled llorde of the Caluacalls. (Prins von Neuwied, Reise, ii. 212.)

11. The Catachois (Catachoys), or the llorth-western boundaries of Porto Set,uro, are little knowl1. 'hey are, probably, idelltical witll a holde lleal Collquista, on the Upper Pardo, named Cutaclsos, or Cotochis, to Messrs. Spi.s and Von Martius. rrheir languave} accordin^, to the specimells collected bfr those travellers, at,reed very nearly vith that of the Meniens, and S11C}\VS that they belollg to the Canlacalls, nhile the Patachos, of nhose tontue the Prince de NeuwiecI 113S

given a vocabulary (ReiseS ii. 319), speak a very dierent languagen alld canllot thel efore be derived fi oll-l the same stock, as Drj Von A1artius once supposed. (Reise, ii. 694.)

12. rRhe Cumanachos (Comailojos), a small tribe, lseighbollrs of

the Capochos. 13. The Sabujas (Sabuyas?) and 14. The Kiriris, fbrmerly in the interior of the provillce of

Bahia, to the south-west of the Villa de Cachoeira, now settled in +7illa:,es in Caranquejo (Carankejo), aled Villa cla Pedra Brallca. ( Martius, lleise, ii. (i l 5.)

15. The Macuallis (Macuallihs, Macoanis, Macullis, Macu nills, or Maconis), originally occtlpying, together svith the Culnanach6s, &c., the woody mountains on the boundaries of Minas, Porto Seg,uro, atld Bahia at presellt settled part]y oll the coast laear Caravellas, partly ill the lleidllbour- hood of the Qelartel of Alto dos Boys (Ox-heiOhts) in Mitlas Novas. (Martius, Reise, ii. 491.)

]6.- The Coropis (Cropos, or Carpos), nllo speak a lant,uate similar to tllat ()f tlle last-named tribe. Th-ey llOW live with the Coloados, alont, the Rio Xipot6, ill the Presidio de S. Jozo Baptista (Spis u. Martius, Reise, i. 37S. Von Esch- wege Journ. v. Bras.)

17. 'l'he Cacl1ines, or Cachinezes, a horde Oll the Serra Afanti- queira, in the province of lSIinas Geraes, now perhaps already extinct.

18. The Aralis (or Ararys), formerly Oll the Rio Preto (Black River), in the soutll-eastern an:,le of tbe province of Millas Geraes, now perhaps llO longer existing.

19. The Chllllletos; and 20. 'rhe Pittas; two hordes, the remains of which are said to

be domiciled at Valenga (Valensa), ill the province of Rio de Janeiro (St. Januarius's Rivel). (Cazal, ii. 2a.)

II. Ill the provinces of S. Paulo, Rio Gratlde do Sul, and at Afonte Video



0St {he Xboriginal InA2abitunts Df Brazil. 21o

]. The Voturont,s (Voturoes); 02. Tactayas ; and 23. Came.s, danterous ballelitti ill the grassy meads of Guara- poava, in the province of Sall Pavllo.

24. The Charruas; at first rotlncl tlle Lavoa Mirim, alld south- vZard as far as tlle Rio de la Plata; they afterwards retirecl fal'thEr illtO the illterior of the country.

c)5. The Minuanos, or Minuanes, domiciled at Grapuetan alld otler places to the south of the Etio IlJicui, in tlle plovillce of Rio Grande do Sul. One of their hordes is called Cassapa- Aylillualles.

26. Tlle kenvas (QwlenuEs, or Quinous), on the Uruguai, i the coulltry also inhabitecl by the Patos, Guaicanans, Gua- ranis, alld 'rappds, hordes belollt,ing to the Tupi race already mentiolled. 'l'he Abipon, or Abipolles, oribillally du!elt between the rivers Pilcomayo alld Vermejo (i. e. Vermilioll, alsv called Innate), on the bordels of Brazil; btlt tlley llave nor migrated farther southward. (VobrlzhoSer, Abipones ii. 4.)

1:II. In the province of Mato-Grosso (Grecat-Tlaicket). A. 011 the lvaraguai * (i. e. Parrot-Ptiver). 27. The GuaiculCIs, or NIbaya (Mbouyara), called Cavalleiros

(Horsemen) by tlle Spanialds alld Portugtlese; lvut Enaca- ^,as, or Eyibuayegi, l)y tllemselves. Azara, who asserts (Viaggio, ii. 27 3 ) that the Gualcul-vis are extinct, anfl diffe- lellt flom tlle Mbaya, appears ollly to have 11a(l a sillgle llorde ill IliS etre, fol tllis nation is still poptllotls. 'rhey 1low durell chiefly on the easterll side of the .l3arat,elai fiom 19? 2S' to 2o? Sfi' S. (Praclo, H;stolOia dos 12ldios Cavalleiros, in the Jolllllul o latriota, 1814> p. 14), and are sllb-divided into sevell hordes:

i. The Pagachoteo; ii. Chat,oteo (tlle two stroll3est); iii. Adioco; iv. Atiadeo; v. Oleo; vi. Laudeo; Ca- dioco.

Prado relnal-ks (1, c. p. 16), that tlle hordes living near the town of Assunlptioll, are called Lingoas neal that place, and Xrili- quallos, or Cambuz, xvhell marching in mallike expeditions towards Santa Cruz de la S;ierla (Lloly Closs in the !\1oulz- taills). For all account of the Guaiculils, see Voll E.schweOe, 3-OUII1. V. Blasilian; Spix u. Maltius, Reise, i. 26x; Cazal, Corografia Braz. i. 252, 275.

28. GuanG, or Guallans, fornaerl) ntlnlerotls antl ponTerful at Chaco, oll tlie west side of the Paraguai, llo betweell tlle Serra de Chairlez and the river, besides those tho are dis-

* The alames of tllirty-seven IlldiaIl tribes on the left axld tvexlty on the light of this river are given ill the ol(ler missioIlary reports from tllose coulltries but, as it appeals very incorrt?ctly.-(See 'Notice on the Chiquitos p. 182,)



214 - On flze Xbortginal Inhabifants of Braxil.

persed here and there and settled ill the Prezidio de Mi-

randa. Perhaps they belong to the following tribe.

29. The Cahans. This name, which does not appear to be that

assumed by the people themselves, seems to be corrupted

from Caa-huanas, i. e. woodnlen, ill the Guarani tongue. By

the Gualcur6s they are called Cajuvaba, or Cajababa, which

also signifies woodmen. They live near the sources of the

Amambahy, or Malllbaya, one of the svestern confluents of the

Rio Grande. The Portugllese call many of their hordes

Coroados, i. e. shorn, or tonsured. Another horde, living

near the sources of the Xingu (Jillgu), is also called by that

name; it perhaps belongs to the nation of the 130rolos}

anlong whom there are also shorn-headed tribes.

30. The LellgoNs, or LingoNs, between the Pilcomayo alld the

Paraguai, are sometimes represented as being a coOnate tribe

with the Guaicurbs, and, at others, as an entirelv distillct

people. 31. The PayagoS or Paya^,uEs, called by themselves NayagtlS,

alld divided into two hordes; Cadigue and Magach, partly

civilized and inhabitillg the banks of the Jarais (Xarais) or

anllually inundated meadows, especially to the south of tlle

:Evorte de Nova Coimbra. (See Mithr. iii., p. 4iS8. Spis

und Martius, Reise, i., 26.S.)

The Jarayes, Sacocies, Charneses, and Chakeses, who ill-

habited the 1leighbourhood of the Paraguai in the beginnillg

of tile sixteenth century, (Southey, Hist. of Brazil, i. 13a,)

are now extinct. So the Bayas, also, a horde svhich appeared

abollt the Fecho dos Morros (rocky ellclosure) in the middle

of the precedillg century. ( Cazal, i. 286. )

32. Tlle Guat6s, of a very fair complexion and friendly to the

Europeans; ill considerable z)umbers at the sources of the

Tacoary and the ridge which separates it from streams

fiOWillg in an opposite directioll; at the sources of the

Araguaya to the north of Camapuang (Camapuao), and

domiciled ill a civilized state here and there near the Paraguai,

e. g. at the mouth of the Rio de Lotlrenzo.

33. rrhe Guarayos (or Guarajuz), formerly settled in villages

on the Serra dos Guarajfiz, now at Torres alld Larangeiras.

(Orange-trees.) Perhaps this may be a horde of the

western Tupis ;* its lullguage is llOW said to differ very much

from the Guarani.

* West and south-vest ot the Paraguai, in the neighbouring territory, which

does not now belong to Blazil, there dwell:-

A. Between the Pilcomayo alld Paragua;: 1, the Akiteghedichaga (remains of

the Cacocy nation, according to Azara); 2, the Ninakila; 3, the Enimagas; 4, the



21a'

B. On the westerll side of the Campos dos Parecis, and on their declivity towards Guapord:-

34. The Callpeses or Callpes, on the Campos, to the west of Canlapuking. They are said to dwell in caverns, alld to stretch the skin of the abdomell so that it hangs dovvn ill fiollt like an apron. (Prado, c. i. p. l5.)

Q5. The Pacalekes, called by the Portuguese Campevas, i.e. Flat-heads. (Descendats from the Tupis ') At the sources of the Rio Molldego or Embetatohy.

36. The Gtlajis (GLlaxis), a srllall tribe at the sotlrce.s of tlle Rio Aranianyi, (Alanialllay).

37 The Cabijis, (Cabixi, Cabexi or Cabyxi,) a migratory tribe ill the meadows of the Chapada dos Parecis; but livillt in permanellt dwellings at the source ot the Guapore, Sararie, Piolio (Piolho), and Brallco.

38. The Cabijis vl Ajururis, (Red-stainecl Cabijis?) a mixed ho]de at the sources of the Janary and Jahira. (Ac- corcling to Franc. Ric. de Alnleisla Serra, ill the Patriota for Dec. 1831, p. 58., whence the fol]owinffl ellumeration of the other Illdiall tribes ill Mato Grosso is takell.)

39. rl'he Paresls (Parecls, or Paricys), fortnerly the predomi- nant nation ill the meadosTs of the table-]and of Mato Glosso, called from them Campos dos Parecis. Through the mis- conduct of the Portuguese, who took every opportullity of

Ghentusis; 5, the Yamrure; 6, the Machicuyos; 7, the lJlataguayes; 8, the Pitilagllas; 9, the Tobas; 10, the CamaclltXis; 11, the Corometes.

B. Ill the district of (.:hikitos: 1, the Chikitos, some of ^rhom are domiciled at Cazal Vasco, in Slato Grosso. They call themselves: NakinnoTlneis, (Nakinionyeis ?) 2, Chirivolles, (Cirigllanos, (r Cil iuanos, from the western TtlpiY ?) 3,Taos; 4, Bores; 5, Tal)yicas; (;, Taxlnopicas, 7, Hhuberesas; 8, Sumanucas; 9, Basorocas; 10, Pllntagicas; 11, Kibikit)as; 12, Pekibas; 13, ISoocas; 14, 1'ubacicas; 15, Aru- parecas; lS, Piococas, all of shom speak the Tao language.

17, The Piococas; 18, Kimecas; 1D, Quapacas; 20, Kitagicas; 21, Pogisocas; 22, Motakicas; 23, Semakicas; 29, Taurnocas, lvho all spoke the Pinnoco (PjT1iOCO ?) totlgtle.

25, The Manacicas; 2y, Sibacas; 27, Cucicas; 28^ Kimomecas; 29, Taptlcura- cas; 30, Yllracarecas * and 31, Yilitucas, mrhe spoke tIallaci.

32, The Samucos or Chamucoccos; 33, Hahellos; 34, Ugaranios, xvho speak the proper Samuco; and 35, the Calpotarade; 36, 'runachos; 37, Imonos; 3S, Tinli-

at)as, lvhose dialect of the Samuco is called Calpotarade. S9, The l\Iorotocas; 40, Tomoenos; 41, Cuctlrares or Cucutades; and 42, Pa-

nanas, speak the Morotoca-Samuco. B. AttIohhos: I, Pwlohhos; 2, Ballres; 3, zlolrimos (hIobimas); 4,Erilumas;

5, Tapacuras; G, ItoIlamas; 7, Hxvallayos (Gualavos ?) 8, caIlisSianas; 9, Bolepas; 10, Herecepocotlos; 11, Rotolonyos; l2, Pechuyos; 13, Coriciaras (Coarace-varcz, i.e. SUI1.mel1?) 14, Mekes; 15, Mures; 16, SaI)is; 17, Cayubabas (Gayrabas); 18, Caxlacures; 19, Ocorollos; 20, Chumallos; 21, tlayacamas; 22, Tibois; 23, Nalras; 24, Norris; 25, Pacaleal as (Paca-araras ?) 'V6, Pacanabas (Paca-abas ?) 27, Sinal)lls; 28, Culsaras; 29, Cal)inas. (Southev, Hist. of Bsazil, iii.200; flem the Lima Almanac.) There Mohhl)s speak eight diffeverlt languages according to the A]I1}naC; thilteerl) accooding to Hervas. Their names often appear to resembIe significant terms in the GuaraIli language.

On the Aboriginal InE(lbitants of Braxil.



6 On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Braxil.

hunting out and enslaving this peaceable and illdustrious people, it is now almost entirely extillguished. Fra^,nlents of it have united themselves to the Cabijls alld Mambares.

40. The Ababas; 41, Puchacas; alld 42, Guajejus, iwl the woods on the three upper branches of the Corumbiara. rl'he PtlchacEs are also found on the Juilla, to the north of the Tamares.

43. The Mekens (Mequens), a peaceful people on the Rio Mequells.

44. The Patitins, a numerolls and respected people alollg the Upper Mequens.

S. The Aricorones (Urucuryllys); and 46, the Lambys, numerous on the Rio de S. Simao.

47. The Tumarares, between the Rio de S;. Simao and Rio Jamary.

48. The Cutrias (Coturias), or a northern branch of the former river, towards the Juilla.

49. The Cautarios (or Cautaroz), 1lumerous alld suspicious, on the tl-lree streams of tlele Cautarios.

50. The A5ew Pacas on tloe Rio Pacas No^7as, a tribtltary to the Malllore.

C. 0n the eastern part of the Canlpos clos Parecis alld tlle northern declivity of this table-land:-

51. The MaturarEs, to the east of the Cabijis, as far as the sources of the Arinos.

52. The Mambares (Mambarez), livillt, partly mixed ulith the Cabijis on the Tamburilla, the eastern branch of the Juruena. (Tlle ApiacSs and Cahahibas, fiee Tupi tribes vtho live atthe confltlence of the Juruena and the Arinos, llave lJeen already mentioned above.)

53. Tlle Uyapas, a wild nation to the llortll of the foregoing. 54. The AlambriacEs on the Tal)ajus, still farther belou. 55. The lanlares, on the Juina and Alto Galela. 56. The Sarumas, betslreen the J amary alld the Tapaj6s. 57. The Ubahias or Ubayhas (Uba-ivas, z. e. woodmen ?) beloxv

the above. 58. The Jacuruinas (Xacurtlillas) on the river of the salne

name. 59. The Guajajas, or (Quajajas); alld 60, the Baculis (or

Pacllrys), on the Aril}os. Of the tribe from Yhich this river takes its name llo vestige now remains. (Cazal, i. 309.)

61. 'rhe Camarares, on the river of that name, a branch of the Jamary.

62. The Guariteres (or Qual iterds), at the sources of the Jamary and the opposite mountaills of Guapole.

63. The Baccahaz, at the sources of the J *sl uena.



On the Xboriginal Inhabitanfs of Brazil. El7

6a. Tlle Jllruenas, on the river bearillg that Ilame. 65. The Cuchipos, formelly oll the river Cjaba, alld at the

Hermicla de Fi. Gonsalo, on the road fl om S. Paule to G oyaz; now plobably estinct.

I\T. Ill the plovince of Govaz and tle neigllbouril,:, coulltlies. The Goyas (Guayazes, Goyazes or Guoyazes) fiom wllom the plovillce takes its rlame, formerly occupied tlle cotlntry about Villa Boa (good city); but they? as well as the Anicuns, ate now estilact.

66. The Cayapos (Caipis or Cajopbs)3 for tle most part large- eared, illhabit tlle meadows on eacll sitle of the Rio Grande, in the southern part of the plosZince of Gosaz, also between the Paral<E and Paragtlai (Spis u. PYIartius, Reise, i. 268, ii. 574); sometimes settled ill villages as ill the Aldea de S. Maria. This populous and widely-spread 1lation generally shows a hostile dispositioll tovalds liuropeall settlers.

67. The Borories, to the west of tlle sources of the Araguaya alld north of the district of Cujaba, .I numerous people wealadering abotlt ill small bands, and hostile to the Portugtlese. Two of their horcles are called Coroados arlct Balbados by the lJrazilians (Cazal, i. 802). They are dolniciled in (;oyazX Rio das Pedras, Lulllloso, Pisarrao, and elsewllere.

6S. The Baccahirvs, at tlae xources of the llio XintCI alld Rio das Mortes. rl'l- ey aê said to be sely fair, and a tlibe of the Parecis. (Clzal, i. o02.)

69. 'lthe Aroes c)r Arayes, on the Ptio Clalo das Dviortes) alld otller sotltllelll tlibtltaries to the Araguas-a.

70. rrhe Tappirapes or Tapirakes; alld 7 1, tlle Cllimbisvas (Nimbiuas or Ximboas), oll tlle westerll bank of the Araguaya.

72. The Guapindat,es or Guapilada-as, betveen the Alaguaya and SIngu.

73. l'he Javahe orJavaies, to the east of the Ilha de S. Anlla ill tlle Araguaya, and settled at tlle villat,e of San Joze de Mossamedes,-ale said to be now almost extillet.

740 The Chavalltes (or Xavante), numerous; ,elleralIv free, alld ellemies to the Blazilians. They ale scattered osZer a great palt of Goyaz arld the contiguous cc)untries. Some are settled in the Aldea de Pedro Terceilo at Caletao, in Govaz.

75. Cherelltes or Xelentes, also ca.lled Cherel3tes de CuS (Qui), like the last, nunlelous alld widely scatteleci, especially betweell tlle Arat,uava and Tocalltills. Thei. largest sillages ale ill the plailus on the east side of tlle Tocantins, above the mouth of the Rio SIalloel Alvez Glaa]de. Tlley eveu extelld from that poiat beyolltl tlle Iid,,es wbich separate



On the Aborigtnal Inhabitants of Brarit. 218

the Tocantins from the streams runnillg ill all opposite direction.

76. The Pochetys or Puclletys, cannibals living to the nolth of tlle two last, and somatimes wallderino northwards as far as the Ptio Moju.

77. The Carayas, to the vest of the Araguaya and on the island of Santa Allna (Martius, Reise ii. 575);-fortnerly do- m;ciled in the Aldea da Nova Beira, lont sillce abandoned, and in San JozE de Mossamedes.

78. The CortTst a small nation between the Tocantills and Araguaya.

79. The Ges (Gez), a great nation, of wllich many very populous hordes and tribes ale known. They occupy the territory between the Tocantills and Araguaya as ir as thirty leagues south of S. Pedro d'Alcalltara, and often wander as far northwards as Para. Generally speakins, they have not yet been subdued; but a few hordes begin to hold some com- merce with travellers. Their wild predatory habits rellder them dangerous to the settlers. Their subdivisions are :_ i. Norogua-Ges; ii. Apina-Ges; iii. Canacata-Ges; iv. Mannacob-Ges; v. Poncata-GEs; vi. Paicab-GEs; vii. Ao Ges; viii. Cricata-Ges also called Gaviao (Hawk) Indians; ixS Crall-Ges.

80. The Cralls, plobably in former times a blallch of the last, m7ith which it is said to have nearly the same lansuage. (Martius,Eleise, ii. 822.) The Brazilians call tliem Tum- biras (Timbiras, Embiras, or Imbiras), probably becallse tlley orllamellt their arms and legs with narrow bands of the inller bark (Embira) of trees. They are subdivided illtO the following tribes and hordes:-

A. The Timbiras da M ata (Forest Timbiras) . i. Saccame-Crans, between the ris7ers Balsa and Itapicuru.

B. Timbiras de Catlella fina (fine Cinnamoll). ii. Corrume-Cral s, atld iii. Crurecame-Crans, in the plaills

between Alto Mearim, Alpercatas, and Itapicuru. C. The Timbiras de Bocca furada (bored-mouth)*

iv. Aponegi-; v. Poni-; vi. Purecame-; vii. Pal agramma-; wiii. Macame-(CarawAs or CaroWs); ix. Sapi-, and x. Jocame-Cralls.

All these tribes and hordes inhabit each bank of the Tocantins, itl the northernmost part of Goyas to the borders of the native forest (Urwaldung; in Portuguese Mata Geral). They are said to agree in language, manners, and customs. They make hostile incursions fal- into the provinces of 1 arN and MaranyAllg, (Maranhao).-(Frauc. Josg Pinto in the Patriota of Septenlber, 1813, p. dl.)



0n the Xboriginal Ithabitanfs of Braxil. el9

81. The TapacoNs, on the eastern motintainous lzank of the Tocantills.

82. The Ctlacriabas, or (Xicriabas), originally oll the Rio Pleto in tile provilice of Perilaulbuco; but nos about 800 stront,, settled in nine aldeas (villages) in tile district of Desem- boque, and ill sitigle falnilies in Duro, Mossamedes, Rio das Velhas, and }'ortniba (Eschwege, Brasilien, i. 93). They 5rere probal)ly at first a part of the salue nation as the l\1alulis on the coast.

V. In Piauhy, Maranial, (Maranho)) and the interior of Bahia.

8,C3 The Acroas (Aruas ol Acruazes) at tlle sollrces of the Rio Parllallyba in Piauhy, between it, the Tocantitis and the Ivio das Balsas. It is dividecl into tsvo hordes:

i AcroN-asstl (Great AcroN); and ii. Acroa-miling (Little Acroa).

The latter are still free; the former settled at Duro, For miga, and Mossamedes in Goyaz, and at S. Gongalo d'Amaralite ill Piauhy (Martius, Reise, ii. 807).

84. The Masacaras, formerly dwelling on the -Rio de S. Fran- cisco to the 5011th of the Serra dos Dous Ilmaos (Moulitains of the Two Brothers)t now sepalately in the ;Nlission of Joazeiro, at Villa Real de Santa :Nlaria, at Nossa Senhora d'Assumgao, and at Quebrobo (Martius, Reise, ii. 74], 762).

85. The AcrayEs, formerly on the Rio de S. Francisco oll the western side of the provillce of Ballia (the Bay), llOW ill a civilized state; but very rarely at Hio Grande, Urub6, &c. Perhaps they are the same as the Acroas.

86. Tlle AracujAs, and 877 the Pontas, as the foreg;oing. 88. The Goghes, or Gheghes (GODL16S, (;uet,uEs), between

the southernmost parts of the Rio Palllahylean Rio do Somno, and the Tocalltills. They are domiciled at S. Gollalo d'Amarante in Piauhy, and speak the same language as the Acroas

89. The Jaicos (Jahycos or Geicos), originally on tlle Rio Gorguea, llow settled in villages at Nossa Senhora dus Merces, ill Piaully, and at the mission of Cajueilo.

90. The Pinlenteiras$, betveen the solllces of the Piauhy alld the Gorguea. They are IlOzt a11 settled in the province of Piauhy ( Martius, Reise, ii. 805).

91. The Chocos or Chucurus, originally on the Rio Pajehu, novv settled in villat,es at Oroloba (Simbres).

92. The Garanyuns (Garanhuns), on the Rio de S. Francisco.

* Pepper or Pimento Indians: the author is not acquainted with their real name.



20 On t.he Xboriginal ln71a1vitanfs of Braxil.

93. The Cairiris (Cayriris or Cayris), on the Serra dos Cayriris (Cazal, ii. 183). In part settled at Collegio.

94. The Ceococes, alld 95, the Rotnaris, formerly inllabited the Serra do Pao cl'Assucar (Stlgar-wood mountains) in the province of Pernanlbtlco; btlt llOW OCCUpy villages at Pro- piha and S. Pedro Oll the Rio de S. Francisco (Cazal, ii. 150).

96. The Acconans, on tlle Lagoa cot1lprida (Long morass), a few len,ues to the ssest of Penedo, and settled in villages at Collegio (Cazal, ii. 182).

97. The Carapotos, on the Serra Cuminaty, alld at the Parro- quia do Collegio.

9S. The Pannaty, on the Serra de Pannaty ill the plovince of Rio Grande do Norte.

VI. 1X1 Para, alon^, the Rio das Amazonas and its confluents. A. On the south side of the river. 99. The Bos or Bus, called Ganlellas (Bowls) by the Por-

tuguese, with whom they live in a state of amity, are divided into two hordes or tlibes:-

i. The Acob-Bus on the Tury-asA alld Pinare (Maltius, Reise, ii 823).

ii. The Temelllb-BAs. ?0- The Coyacas, a doubtftll race of people on a hill beteen the Rio Mearins and the Guajahu (Ibid.)

101. The Anlmanius, on the Rio Moj4, between the'rury-asu alld the Tocantills.

102. The GuanapAs, on the Rio Guanapu. A tribe ofthe Bbs? 103. The Pacajas, on the Rio Pacajaz. 104 The Tacanyopes (Tacanhopbs or TaquallhopEs), between

tlle rivers Pacsljaz and Gtlanapt, and ill the territory of tlle S;llgA (Jing?). This nal1le is given in the Lillgua geral to Indians, +ho wear a leaf rolled in a peculiar mallner (Taconya-oba): their re;l name is not known to the author. In his trasels (iii. 1047), he has referred these, and the two preceding tribes, to the Tupi race; whetllel correctly ol llOt, futule travellers must decide,

105. Tlle Tacuhullos (Tactlahunas Ol Tat,uahunos)7 on the Rio Tacuhunos, a tributary to the Tocantins. Ill the Litagua geral, tagua signifies ' yellow ;' this name is, therefore, perhaps equivalellt to ' Yellow-mell.'

106. The JacundS.s or Yacundasy between the riser so calledn and the Tocantins.

107. The Curiares (Cariberis or Curiveres); l08. JtlruAnas (i. e. Black-faced); 109. Cvrsaris or Cossaris; ll0. Javi ptljas; anci 111. Quaruarvas? are all still nlelltioned as inha-



On the Aborigtnal Intaclbitanfs of Brczzil. 1

bitinc the woods l)etween the JII184 and the Tocalltills. They aie partly settled itl tlle missiorls of the Jesuits and Captlellines, and partly extillet. Perhaps tlley are also a relic of the Tttp1s.

112. The Tapajis or Tapajocos, oll the riv-er which takes its a2ne from them have now probably entirely pelished (lleise,

lii. OaC)).

113. The Yavaillgs or Javaills; 114. the \vasapas; 115. tlle Tapocoras; 1l6. the Pitikitas; 117. the Swariranas (narned perhaps from the Sawari7 i. e. Caryocar nllcifeluln). 118. tlle Sacopes; 119. the JacarE 'rapwtlja (Cainlall Irlclians); a11d 120. the \Vara-piranga (Pted-men), of wllom t}le three last are callllibals, all live llear the Tapajoz (A1altius, Ileise, iii. 1053).

121. The Mundrucds or l!duturicfis7 called ly their neighbours Pai2:,hize, i e. DecapitatorsJ live llear the rrapajbz, and between it and the Rio Mauhe. For the most part free; btlt in palzt collected in the gleat aldeas on the 'lzapajdz: tlley alrea(ly keep up all illtercoalrse with the Whites. Do they belor}, to the Tupi l ace ? (Reise, iiI. 13 j 0, l 337).

122. The Mauhes, on the Rio Maulle alld the Furo Iraria (Ibid. 1317). Theirhordesare: i. theTatus (Armadillo- Illdialls); ii. the Tasiwas; iii. the Jwrupali Pereira (Devil's- Illdians); iv. the Mucuillt,s (1lamed fiom all insect); v. tlle Jubaras; vi. the Wu-tapvtlyas (io e natives); sii. the Gllaribas (Roarillg-ape Indinlls); Yiii. tlle Illamb-us (fiom a bircl so ealled); ix. tlle JasalêtE (Oullee-Ialdialls), x. the Saucanes; xi. the Pira-Peleiras (Fish-Itldians); and xii. the Caribtlnas (perhaps a horde of Caribis; they are said to be monorchides).

1Q3. The Jumas; and 124. the Parelltintins, at tlle sollreaes of the Rao Calluma, alld fi om thellce sotlthwards. Sillt,-le tamilies are settled as villagers at Moura, Akrellos, E>a &c.

12a. The Pammas or Pamas; 126. tlle Andiras (Bat Illdialls); and 127. the Aralsas (Axa-Illclialls), all illllulxit tlle uppe territory, betweell the Tapajvz and the Madeira.

12S. The Mulas, at filst OJ1 tl1e llpper Macleira; at preselat scattered neat tl:lat river, tlle Solitnoes, atld Amazons, alld in nlany othes placfS. They ale geael ally mit,ratory; but attempts }ave beell lately made to settle them in villaoes Oll

the Amazons river (Martitis, Reise, iii. 1070). 129. Tora (Torazes or rrurazes) formerly living with tlle fol e

going tribe oll the Madeira; but IlOW no longer lleard of o< the banks of that and tlle 1leigilbouring livers.

130. Tlae Ita-tapwtlja (Stone-Ilidians, plobably because they



2 01^ fAe Aboriginal InAclbitanfs of Brazil.

wear a stone ill their lo^ser lip), on tlle Capand, and other tributaries to the Madeila.

131. The Amamatys, between the Madeila, the Purbst alld the Capana.

:El. On the llorth sile of tlle Amazons liver 132. The Aluicuanos at the solltces of the Anawirapucu. 133. The Armabut6s fEt the same placen allci fal^tizer uTestward,

nosx almost extinct. 134. The Tucujus on the RiQ TuerE. 1 3o. The Wayapis (Oaiapis., Uajapis) oll the J ari antl its

branch, the Guarataburu. 136 The sApamas on the llio Pard tc) the west of the foregoillt,

trlbes.

137 The AracajAs at tlle same place. Both these trilves ale domiciled at the Villa Almeirim,, Alemqvlel and Moutale,,re.

138. The Harytrahes at the sou^ces of the Gtlrupatuba. 139 I'he Cariguallos (Cari-mens i. e. Caraibs ?) at the sotlrces

of the Rio das Tlotubetas. 140. The \Vanibas (Uanibas or Anibas), folmerly on the Mio

Aniba, btlt said to be llow quite estinct. 141. The TerecumEs ol (Taractlm), laetneen the Rio Uatuma

alld the Anavilhana. 142. The Arwakls (Aroaquls or Aruaquis Arawacks?), calleci

by the Portuguese Orellltlulos (long-eared)) between tlle Rio NhamundE (Nanlunda) and the Rio Negro, settled at Serpat Silves, Arrayolos., &G. (Martills, Reise, iii. 1080, 1114),

143. The Caripullas (Caripuras, Caribes, or Calaibs), in several places at the soulces of the tributaries to the Elio Essequebo (Essekebo) and the Amazons, betss een the Rio Negl o and Trombetas. Caraibs are said also to durell near the YuruS to the south of the Catukinas (Catuquinas)

144. rri}e Curllaji; 14a, Sare or SarE; 14t;, AllicorE; 147, 1\ ponariS ; 1 48 ,Tururi ; 1 49 , J uki ; ] 50, U rupa; 1 51, Parakls ; 152, Comanis; antl 53, the Baeuna (Bacuna?), are norv perhaps vely feeble, or for the most part extinct hordes anal tribes, formerly settled at Serpa, SaracA and the Barra do Rio Negro (Reise, iii. 1080, 1087).

VI:t. [n the province of the Rio Net,lo. A. On the Solimoes (Solitnongs ?) alld its southern tribufaries. 154. The Puru-purAs on the tower Purt, partly having a

piebald skin (Heise, iii. 1 175) . 55. The IrijAs? and 156, the Tiaris Oll the Purfl, or domiciled at Selspa and Alvellos.

157. rthe Wamanis (Uamallys or Amanys) on the vlpper Mamia; forlerly settled at Ak;ellos, llOw perhaps extinct.



On {he ilboriginal Inhabitants af Brazit. Gc>o

]58. The Catavijis (Catauixis, Catauaixis or Catauxis), on tTle upper Pulu anfl on tlle Yulwci, a numerous and warlike people, settled at Nogtleila and E1t,.

l 59. The Catukinas (Catuqt inas or Catoquinos) oll the Yurwa, above tlle foregoil, tribes.

160. The WValaic-us (UalaicAs or Alauicl'ls) on the Ytlrua, farther southwards thall tlle fole^,oing, valld settled at Font.e 130a alld other places oll the Solimoes.

161. Tlle Tapajanfas (Tapasallas) on the 1lpper Yurs^!a and tl}e Jutally.

162. The AlarauFas (Maralltis or WIaraullas) in tlle sall-le place, and settled occasiol}ally; e. g. at Fonte lSoa.

163. Tlle AXInturwas; 164, Wacalaullas; 16a, Jemi'ls; 166, Tokedas; 167, Chibaras; 168, Bujes ; 1 (j9, Apenaris; 170, Ulxbus (Falcol1 Indians) i and 171, tbe Canamerint, or Conan1arEs Ol1 the Jutally; of all which tribes the Alarawftis, who are very fail ill complexion, the Catawijis, Catokilias, and Callamerin,:,, are the most ulinzerous.

172. The Pacunas, formerly met with at 13ache Icabos alid aftervvards at Follte Bon, are llonv perhaps no louver extant.

173. The Sirus (Cirds) oll the Solimoes, formerly settled at Nogueira, now perhaps extil1ct.

174. 15he Tamualaas, ill the salne state, formerly at Ega. ] 7t5. The Ambt as, ditto, formerly at Alvaraes. 176. 1'he WIo1llanas, ditto, at Fonte Bcxa. ] 77. The Achwaris (Acllouarys or Achoarys) and Cuchi-waras,

(llready mentiolled, now perhaps hordes of the northeril Tlipis. They inbabited villages at Ega, Nogueiltl, &c. The case uras the same with tl1e Sorinzoes (Solimoes) or Sori- nlan (perhaps witl1 the Yuremads, or Jurimaguas, Omaguns, and Campevas), who formerly inhabited the islancis in the Solimoes (see Martius, Reise, iii. 1 1 9o) .

] 78. 'lnhe Tacunas (Tecullas, 1'ico1las, or Tuculias) on the Jlitally, settled at Olivenga, Fol1te Boa, alld Castro d'Avelans (Reise, iii. 1196).

179. *he Culisos (Culilias ol Gulinos) on the Yavaly, distill- guisheci by tileir rotind faces and laige eyes (Ibid. iii. 11S8). 'rtimbiras occur hele like5?ise, as in Maranxant,.

180. The CuxuamA.s, and 181, the Chinzasios on the uppe Yavary.

8(2. The Yanzeos Ola the boundaJies of Brazil, toslTards RInilias (see Von Murr, Reisen einige1 Missionarien, p. 71).

183. Tl-le Majorilnas (M3X0rtillas or Majironas) on the Yavalv (Reise, iii. 1 195) .

1SD. The rlnoron1oulis at the sources Qf tile Yavary 13. Betneen the rivers Solimoes alld Negro.



On the Slboriginal InAzabitants of Braril.

18o The Cat^tijanas (Cauixallas or Cayus7icenas), and 1867 the Pavianas (Payanas), laoth oll the Rio Mauapiri and tlle Tonallltin, the first also on the lake Acunauhy, and in the territor) bet^^teen the Yupuran Auati-ParanS, Iga (Isa) and Joami. They Tere folmerly settled at Fonte Boa (AIar- tius, Reise, iii. 1 lDl, 1215).

187. The Isas (IgEs), and 188, the Caca-Tapwujas on the river Isa (Iga)> of whom the former are alleady extinct. Caca? in the Kichwa tont,ue, sigynifies mountain, and'rapve7uja in the Brslzilian, a llative Indilln; this nanle is therefore probably a compound from the tssro langunges, corresponding v.itl the Spanish phrase, Illdio del monte.

The Warwe-coca (coca-nzell, who use the coca or ypadA powfier ?), formellv settled at A.lvaraes, are now qtlite extinct.

189. The Portuguese speak of a wild natioll on the Iga, WhOIll they tern] Orelhudos; by the Spaniards those Indialls ale caIled Orejones, but the autllor n7as not able to learn their llative llAnle.

190. The Ekitos, oll the R;o Iga. I91. The AlarwE betssteen the Asz7ati-Parana, YupurS, alld

Solitnves, formerly settled at AIvaraes. 192. The Julnallas (Ol Xumanas) Oll tlle IsaS letween it, tlle

Joami and the Ptlreos. These Illdians are esteemed itl the aldeas, oll the Solimoes, and Rio Negro, as quiet, industrious people; they are settled also at Maripi, Oll the YlxptllE ( Reise, ii;. 1006). Their hordes are:-

i. CarwanG; ii. WYarawanla; iiI. Jocactlrama; iY. La1na rama; v.Urissamma; vi.Jajdnarea; vii.Picdarna; viii. Ja- molapa; is. Malinuma.

19o. I'he Mariaralla,betweenthelowerYupulE and the Rio Negro formerly numerous in the aldeas} now almost es- tillCt.

94. The Wainumas, sometimes also called NVainzA related to the two fore;oing7 livint in freedom between the Upi) a tributary to the lsE, alld the Couvillari, which falls into tlle YupurE. They call themselves Inabissana (Martius, Reise, ibi. 1208.) Theil hol des are:-

The i. }liriti-; ii. Pupunya-; iii. Assai-; iv. Moira-; v. Jawarete-; vi. Jacami-Tapmruya. The three last are, the Forest Ounce, alad 1acatul Illdians; the other three are natned from thlee kinds of palms.

] 95. The Yuris (or Jus is), a nation still considerable in slulBbers, ON tlRe YUPUIÊ, arld between it and the IsE (Martius, Reise, iii. 1023, 1 236). 111 tlle Kicllwa tongue fathers called their sons Churi (Garcilaso de la Vega Comm. Real, 1. 115), Their hordes ol tribes ale - >



On thc Aboziginal Inhabitanfs of Brszzil. gQs

i. J Llrl-coma-; ii. Cacao-; iii. Moira-; iv. Assal-; v. Tucano-; vi. Curas's, i. e. Sun; vii. Oira-asA (Great Bird); viii. Ubi- (Reed Palm); ix. Webit4- (\Vind); x. Taboca-(Mouth-tap) 'rapvuja (Indians).

196. rrhe Passes, related to the fore^,oint tribes, inhabiting principally the westerl1 bank of the Rio Iei and its motlth, al1d settled ill solne places at Maripi, the Barrn do Rio Negro, Fonte Boa, Olivenza, &c. (Reise, iii. 1]90).

197. 'Rlle Coretus Ol1 the upper Apapuris, and betsveell it and the Miriti-Parana, settled at Ega and other places (Reise, iii. 1 222) .

198. The Coerunas, on the WIiriti-Parana, a tributaly to the Yupul*S, alld especially near the Caritajd, and in the districts to the north of S. Joao do Pril1cipe (Reise, iii. 1202); pretty lltlmerous also in aldeas.

199. The YupuEs Oll the Tota (rrhothE), an arm of the Apapuris; they are related to the Coretfis (Ibid. iii. 1274).

200. The Mepurys, settled at Castanheiro, &c. between the rivers Cunicuriab and MariE, tributaries to the Rio Negro.

201. 'lAhe Airillys, settled at Nossa Selahora de Nazareth, &c. in the neighboul}lood of the Mepurys.

202. The Yucul1as (or Jucul1as) to the west of tlae sources of Miriti-Parana.

203. The Miranyas (Miranhas), on the upper YupurS, as far as the Fall of Arara-Coara, between that river ancI the Isa (Reise, iii. 1242). Their llordes are:-

i. The V\era-asu- (Great Bird); ii. Caraparla- (Mosquito); and iii. Muriates-Tapwuja (Indians) atsvar with the others (Reise, iii. 12(;6),

204. The Umawas (Mauas, Uluauhas, or Maguas,) Oll the Yllpura, beyond the I1all of Arara-Coara (Reise, iii. 1255).

205. The Macus, settled in N. S. de Nazareth, St. Antonio do Castanheiro, &c. betweell the rivers Tiquie (Tikye) and Uaupe (WaUPe)

206. The Jaullas, west., and 207, the Tariana, llortll of tbe

.

tore,o olng.

008. Tlle Tayassb-I'apwuja (Wild-boar Indialls), betweell tlle sources of the Apapuris.

2Q9. l'lle Cajaruanas to the north, and 210, tbe MacunGs to tlle west of those last l1amed (Reise, iii. 1274).

211. The AetoniEs (AethoniSs) at the sources of the Apapuris. 2 1 2. Tl1e Pacas; 21 3, the loracuEs, and 2 14, the Caravatanas,

inhabit the same district, without any fixed places of abode. 215. 'rhe Jeberos (Neberos or Cllibaros), in the directioll of

Caguan, Ol1 the plains, to the west of the Rio dos Ellganos.



6 On the Abf:)ritinal Inhabitants of Braxil.

216. Tlle SiroNs lJetmeen tl}e sotllces of tloe Apapllwis alld the Cayairi, tlae western arm of tl-le \\=aupe.

217. The Desanas (Decauns), bet^Teell the Guasiale alld tlle upper Mraupe .

218. 'the \F aupes (Guaopes, Avlopes, Oaiupis ?) Ol1 the r ive of that llame, fornwerly settled at Not,ueira.

219. rI'he Ariguanes (Areqelenas, U ariqllel,as, or IJereqllellas), to the south-east of tile foreU,oing; also Ol1 the \Vejie (Eleise, iii. 1302).

220. The Cawiaris (Cana.ris or Cavlyaris); 021 the Isall1zas (Iyallllas); alld 222) the SIanllas (13allilas or Alanivas), all three on the Ptio lSanna, alld betweell it and the Ijie (I;ie), formerly llOt rare in places oll the Rio Neg;ro.

i23. The Cocuannas, (or Cllcuallas) to tlle south of the Rio Iganllan settled at S. Joaquirn de Goane, alld at DvIoura.

i24. The Mendos on the Wejie and t()5, the Capllenas at its sources.

C. To the north and 1lorth-east of the Rio Negro. 226. The Tarumas) (or Tartlman,) formerly llumerous at tl-le

mouth of the Rio Negro, llOw no longer heard of. it7.'rheManaos, (orMalloas)foltnerlyllumetous and posverfllln

especially 011 the Rio I?aciauariX where the horde of the Ore-, or Ere-Manaos still remain. I'lle rest have now beell lost by illtermistllre with \hites on the Rio Negro (Reise, iii 1129).

ii8. 'lzhe 13ares, formelly, together ̂s7itll the foreg;oing, the most powerful Illdians on that river, now melted a^say lilve ti-en-X.

229. The Yabaanas (Hyabahanas), betm een the Inabu and AIaraviA northern tributaries to the Rio Negro.

v30. The Curallaos (Caraalaaos or Curanafl), Oll the river AbuarA.

23l. The Carajas or Carayais. 232. The Marapitanas (Marabutenas, Marizipalaas, or A1ara

bytanas), on the boundaries of Rio Neoro towards the Cas- slqularl.

233. Tlae IJjaquas (on the Isb. ?); a few settled in willages in tlle Prezidio on the Isa, and on the Rio NeCro.

234. The Airinis (or Arihinys), to tlle south-east of dhe lWara- pitanas, with the four followinb small tribes, as yet little known: viz. 235. the Waipialla; 236. the Cawasirisena; 237. the Waranacoasena (Alaranacuacena), formerly settled at Carvoeiro; alld 238. the Bayallahys (Bayallas or Bay- anais), formerly settled at Pofares.

239. The Paravanos (or Paravillsanos), formerly nsasters of the coutltry lotllld the lower part of the Rio Brallco (0Nllsite



0?} the AboriginstI Inhabitanfs of Braril. i27

River), 1low for the most part settled in villages; but in a state of independelace on the Uraricoera (Reise, iii. 1302).

240. Tlle \;tabijanas i 241. Paujianas; 242. Tapicales; 24o. Anallais; alld 244. Macllllls, are small mit,ratoly (fluchtit,e) tlibes ln tlse territory of the Rio Branco*.

Pally other llames also are foulld- iil Brazilian MSS.; btlt as tlley often appeal to haxre arisen melely flom errors of trazlserip- tiotl, they have beell purposely omitted hele.

: In the list of the Indialls of Gllialla, given by I. de Humboldt (Ptelation EIis- toriqe, iii. 173), the follolving llames of tribes OI1 the Rio Negro occur, lVhich are plobal)ly, in part at least, the same as the ab(vve, but alteled l)y the lZrAy in avhih the Spaaliards pronollnce theln:-Alinavis, BelepaqwliIIavis) chapoEIlas) CogellasX

Oeesanils, Davicowlllas, Equinalis or 15:1a1abitanas, Guamirnanases} GuasurioIsnes A.laJJepien., 31aysanas, Manisipitallas.

.,w, ., . , i,

III.-Nofices of t7ae Indians settted in the Znterior of Britialb Guiancz. 13y William Hilhov1se, Esq., Surveyor, Demerara.* Communicated by Captaill J. E. Alexander.

' THE Inclian population, vithin the limits traced by the liver RippanooeyX nlay be estimatec; at frotn 15 to 20,000; of +N 1Rolll, tlle number that s eceive triennial pre3ents from, alld COllCeiVe themselves undel tlse protection of our colollial goverl- nent, snay be alsollt4 or 5000. rthe remainder are migratory, unattached to any partictllar go&ernment, alid removing from the Olonoque to the Bxazils, Cayenne, or Sulinam, as necessity or in- clinatioll may impel them. The whole force capable of bearing alms may amoulit to 5000; and that at the clisposal of the colony 1000 able to serve, if willing.

( 'rhe differelit llatiOllS inhabiting within the lJoundary are- 1. Araiaraak, - b. Macusi, 2. Accalvay, 6. Patamulli, 3. CalabiceX 7. Attaraya, 4. WMarroar, 8. Attamacka.

' Tlle Araunaaks denzand our first consideration as living in t}le imnzediate wicinity of the plalatations, beinS, the most civilized, .Ind whose se1vices have been tile luost frequelitly lequired. As + e al e also most famillar Witil them, tlleir chal"acter will serve as a llsodel of gelaeral approximation fol all tlle other tribes.

LSee p. GU. 1. 32. Blr. I-Iilhollse's book szras pl1blished in 1825, but is very little

ktl(Xxvn; alltl luis statements, v}wich ale follnded on a vers intimate acquait:nce 55tit]-l tlle peoy}le lte descIibes, thlozr additional liglut on the suNect of the preceding paper.]

0?} the AboriginstI Inhabitanfs of Braril. i27

River), 1low for the most part settled in villages; but in a state of independelace on the Uraricoera (Reise, iii. 1302).

240. Tlle \;tabijanas i 241. Paujianas; 242. Tapicales; 24o. Anallais; alld 244. Macllllls, are small mit,ratoly (fluchtit,e) tlibes ln tlse territory of the Rio Branco*.

Pally other llames also are foulld- iil Brazilian MSS.; btlt as tlley often appeal to haxre arisen melely flom errors of trazlserip- tiotl, they have beell purposely omitted hele.

: In the list of the Indialls of Gllialla, given by I. de Humboldt (Ptelation EIis- toriqe, iii. 173), the follolving llames of tribes OI1 the Rio Negro occur, lVhich are plobal)ly, in part at least, the same as the ab(vve, but alteled l)y the lZrAy in avhih the Spaaliards pronollnce theln:-Alinavis, BelepaqwliIIavis) chapoEIlas) CogellasX

Oeesanils, Davicowlllas, Equinalis or 15:1a1abitanas, Guamirnanases} GuasurioIsnes A.laJJepien., 31aysanas, Manisipitallas.

.,w, ., . , i,

III.-Nofices of t7ae Indians settted in the Znterior of Britialb Guiancz. 13y William Hilhov1se, Esq., Surveyor, Demerara.* Communicated by Captaill J. E. Alexander.

' THE Inclian population, vithin the limits traced by the liver RippanooeyX nlay be estimatec; at frotn 15 to 20,000; of +N 1Rolll, tlle number that s eceive triennial pre3ents from, alld COllCeiVe themselves undel tlse protection of our colollial goverl- nent, snay be alsollt4 or 5000. rthe remainder are migratory, unattached to any partictllar go&ernment, alid removing from the Olonoque to the Bxazils, Cayenne, or Sulinam, as necessity or in- clinatioll may impel them. The whole force capable of bearing alms may amoulit to 5000; and that at the clisposal of the colony 1000 able to serve, if willing.

( 'rhe differelit llatiOllS inhabiting within the lJoundary are- 1. Araiaraak, - b. Macusi, 2. Accalvay, 6. Patamulli, 3. CalabiceX 7. Attaraya, 4. WMarroar, 8. Attamacka.

' Tlle Araunaaks denzand our first consideration as living in t}le imnzediate wicinity of the plalatations, beinS, the most civilized, .Ind whose se1vices have been tile luost frequelitly lequired. As + e al e also most famillar Witil them, tlleir chal"acter will serve as a llsodel of gelaeral approximation fol all tlle other tribes.

LSee p. GU. 1. 32. Blr. I-Iilhollse's book szras pl1blished in 1825, but is very little

ktl(Xxvn; alltl luis statements, v}wich ale follnded on a vers intimate acquait:nce 55tit]-l tlle peoy}le lte descIibes, thlozr additional liglut on the suNect of the preceding paper.]



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Von dem Rechtszustande unter der Ureinwohnern Brasiliensby C. F. Ph. von Martius