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New Compounding Solutions for PremiumContact 6
Dr. Stefan Torbrügge,
Head of Global Tread Compound Development & Contact Friction Physics
www.continental-tires.com
TechnologyPerformance Overview
PremiumContact 6ContiSportContact 5
Handling 103%
Rolling Resistance
105%
Exterior Noise 110%
Interior Noise
102%
Wet Braking
100%
Mileage
115%
Hydroplaning
95%Dry Braking
100%
TechnologyPerformance Overview – Compounding Solutions
PremiumContact 6ContiSportContact 5
Handling 103%
Rolling Resistance
105%Exterior Noise 110%
Interior Noise
102%
Wet Braking
100%
Mileage
115%
Hydroplaning
95%Dry Braking
100%
TechnologyPerformance Overview – Compounding Solutions
PremiumContact 6 vs ContiSportContact 5
Performance Tire Compounding Solution
Handling 103% Similar or higher stiffness
Dry Braking 100% Crystal silica composition
Wet Braking 100% Crystal silica composition
Rolling Resistance 105% Base + tread compound
Mileage 115% Wear optimzed polymer
Typical Components of Tread Compoundsfor Passenger & Light Truck Tires
Rapeseed oil
Synthetic rubber
Natural rubber
Carbon black
Butadiene rubber
Sulfur
Ozone protecting waxAnti-ageing agent
Zinc oxide
Stearic acid
Silica
Accelerator
Activator
Resins
MES oil
Compound DevelopmentTarget Conflicts
Rolling resistance
Wet grip Wear
Compound
What is the origin of
these target conflicts
Viscoelastic properties of rubber:
› Hysteresis
› Abrasion resistance
Compound DevelopmentTarget Conflict
Rolling resistance
Wet grip Wear
Compound
Energy Dissipation in RubberHysteresis
What happens when a body is deformed?
Elastic body Viscous body
Δx
FelEnergy in
Energy out
v
=
Δx
F
Energy in
Energy out = 0
v
Lost Energy = 0 All Energy is lost
Energy Dissipation in RubberHysteresis
In viscoelastic materials energy is partially stored and partially transformed into heat
Δx
F Energy in
Energy out
Lost Energy
-
=
E
EiEE
E
E
storage modulus
loss modulus
Rubber slowly recovers from deformed state because of internal viscosity Energy dissipation
Energy Dissipation in RubberHysteresis
› In viscoelastic materials energy is partially stored and partially transformerd into heat
Δx
F Energy in
Energy out
Damping loss
-
=
Grip
Rubber deformation
during sliding on rough
road, high frequency
Rolling Resistance
Rubber deformation
in tire contact
patch, low
frequency
Load
Corresponding frequency [Hz]100101102103104105106107
Development target
Standard technology
Energy Dissipation in RubberTarget Conflict of Wet-Grip and Rolling Resistance
Braking
103…105 Hz
Rolling Resistance
10 Hz
Characteristic frequency
Braking and Rolling Resistance have different relevant frequency areas
› The hysteresis is determined by the frequency dependent loss-factor and
of the tread-compound.
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Lo
ss f
acto
r ta
n(d
)
Safety-optimized Silica Compounds Solution of Target Conflicts
PremiumContact 6 RR – Rolling ResistanceStandard
Wear
Wet Braking
RRHandling
Cap influence Base influencePremiumContact 6
Cap + Base + Pattern
Wear
Wet Braking
RRHandling
Wear
Wet Braking
RRHandling
schematic tread cross section
Tread compounding – ExerciseIdentify the Rolling Resistance Optimized Base Compound
Which compound has superior
rolling resistance properties
Compound DevelopmentTarget Conflict
Rolling resistance
Wet grip Wear
Compound
› Can be overcome by performance
dedication via cap + base approach
› Difference excitation frequency range
for grip and RR utilized in compounding
Rolling resistance is in
target conflict with grip
Compound DevelopmentTarget Conflict
Rolling resistance
Wet grip Wear
Compound
Tire & Rubber WearMultiscale Approach from Tire to Tread Block and Compound
Wear is a superposition of various phenomena happening at different scales
VehiclePolymers Contact WheelConstructionFillers
1 nm 1 µm 1 mm 1 cm 10 cm 10 m1 m
Thermal stability
Polymer Flexibility
Rubber Tear resistance
Stresses on Compound
Slip velocitySlip distance
Driving severityTire Forces
Influencing factors
Fatigue Cutting abrasion
v
Frictional wear
v
Safety-optimized Silica Compounds “Low Glass Transition Temperature Technology”: Wear Mechanisms
v
p0 p0 p0
Smooth surface
› Creep of material due
to frictional forces.
› Mass transport:
sticky film, rolls
Rough rounded surface
› Slow crack growth due to
deformation of rubber in
contact with a rough surface.
› Detachment of rubber particles.
Rough sharp surface
› Fast rupture of rubber.
› Tearing of large rubber pieces.
› Formation of abrasion pattern
and/or cracks on rubber surface
Test drums Long distance Severe application
10nm1mm 1µm
Flexible chains
Safety-optimized Silica Compounds“Low Polymer Glass Transition Temperature Technology” = Nano Technology
v
Glassy chains
Nano mechanism
nano
› Crack resistance improvement due to low polymer glass transition temperature TG
technology improves wear performance on nano-scale
› Significant wear improvement while keeping wet performance via shift of compound
glastemperature TG
The stiffness E‘ of rubber compounds varies as a function of
Temperature and Frequency dependency of rubberFlexible or Glassy Polymer Chains/Matrix?
Temperature T [°C]highlow
Stiffn
ess
E‘ [M
Pa
]
› Temperature T › Deformation frequency f
Deformation frequency [Hz] highlow
Stiffness
E‘ [M
Pa]
high high
glassy flexible flexible
glassy
Flexible or Glassy Polymer Chains?Temperature Dependence
Summer and Winter tread
compound with different glass
transition temperatures
Samples were cooled down to
T=-40°C
Flexible or Glassy Polymer Chains?Temperature Dependence
Temperature T [°C]highlow
Stiffn
ess
E‘ [M
Pa
]
high
– high Tg compound
– low Tg compound
glassy flexible
The stiffness E‘ of rubber compounds varies as a function of temperature
Flexible or Glassy Polymer Chains/Matrix?Frequency Dependence
Test sepcimen:
Corn starch (200g) + water
(150 ml)
Flexible or Glassy Polymer Chains/Matrix?Frequency Dependence
Test sepcimen:
Corn starch (200g) + water
(150 ml)
Flexible or Glassy Polymer Chains/Matrix?Frequency Dependence
Deformation frequency [Hz] highlow
Stiffness
E‘ [M
Pa]
high
– high Tg compound
– low Tg compound
flexible
glassy
The stiffness E‘ of rubber compounds varies as a function of deformation frequency
Flexible chains
Safety-optimized Silica Compounds“Low Polymer Glass Transition Temperature Technology” = Nano Technology
Glassy chains
Flexible polymer chains (= low Tg)
do not break under high local stress
Stiff polymer chains (= high Tg) break
irreversibly under high local stress
Polymer network degrades wear
Polymer Chain DesignMicro - Structure
Styrene Vinyl
ButadieneStyrene Styrene Butadiene Rubber+ =
SBR
Vinyl [%]
Sty
ren
e [
%]
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
10
20
30
Reaction scheme for
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Tg- Dependency of Styrene / Vinyl Ratio
00
+ =
R
+=
R
+ =
RR
Safety-optimized Silica CompoundsImpact of Polymer Parameter on Tg- Glass Transition Temperature
Butadiene
Micro - Structure FunctionalizationMacro - Structure
Styrene Vinyl - group Reactive - group
TechnologyOverview – A New Level of Comfort
Safety-optimizedsilica compounds
Safety
without compromises
Crystal silica
composition
Comfort-optimizedperformance footprint
Handling-optimizedpattern design
Feature
Technology
Customer
benefit
Extended driving convenience
over lifetime
Sporty driving
in every car
Wear
optimized
polymer blend
Smooth
pattern
stiffness
Advanced
macro-block
design
Asymmetric
rib geometry
A New Level of Comfort
Crystal silica composition
Compound Solution for safety without compromisesCrystal silica composition
› Highest quality grade with increased
homogenity of primary particles
› Highly dispersable even at very high filler
amounts in compound
› Tailored silica surface strcutrue for
enhanced bonding via Silane to Polymer
Matrix
Polymer – Filler – Interaction
Silica – primary particle Silane coupler Polymer
Silica
Wear optimized polymer blend
Compound solution for extended driving convenience over lifetimeWear optimized polymer blend
› Low Polymer Glass Transition
Temperature Technology
› Specially designed low Tg polymer
blend with tailor made micro and macro
structure
› Enhanced bonding to crystal silica
particles by functionalizatzion
Polymer - Structure
Butadiene Styrene Vinyl - group Reactive - group
Virtual Compound Development ExerciseSolve Target Conflicts at highest level
Rolling resistance
Wet grip Wear
Compound
Thank youfor your attention!
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